Offi-Guid-TOEFL

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

HIWGVMFMRK XLI TVSTSWEP XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI [MPP YWYEPP] TVIWIRX X[S VIEWSRW IMXLIV JSV SV EKEMRWX XLI TVSTSWEP 8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI MW FVMIJ YWYEPP] FIX[IIRERH [SVHW PSRK =SY [MPP FI KMZIR WYJJMGMIRX XMQI XS VIEH XLI TEWWEKI

-R XLI HMEPSKYI SV QSRSPSKYI XLEX [MPP FI TPE]IH EJXIV ]SY LEZI VIEH XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ]SY [MPP LIEV SRI SV X[S WTIEOIVWhYWYEPP] WXYHIRXWhWTIEOMRK EFSYX XLI WEQI EVXMGPI SV PIXXIV SV ERRSYRGIQIRX XLEX ]SY LEZI NYWX VIEH -J XLIVI EVI X[S WTIEOIVW SRI SJ XLIQ [MPP LEZI E WXVSRK STMRMSR EFSYX XLI TVSTSWIH GLERKIhIMXLIV MR JEZSV SJ MX SV EKEMRWX MXhERH [MPP KMZI VIEWSRW XS WYTTSVX XLEX STMRMSR 8LI HMWGYWWMSR MW FVMIJ ERH X]TMGEPP] PEWXW FIX[IIR ERH WIGSRHW

%JXIV ]SY LEZI VIEH XLI TEWWEKI ERH XLIR PMWXIRIH XS XLI HMWGYWWMSR ]SY [MPP FI EWOIH E UYIWXMSR EFSYX [LEX ]SY LEZI VIEH ERH LIEVH *SV I\EQTPI XLIVI QE] FI E VIEHMRK TEWWEKI XLEX HIWGVMFIW TPERW XS QEOI E RI[ YRMZIVWMX] VYPI ERH E GSRZIVWEXMSR MR [LMGL E TVSJIWWSV ERH E WXYHIRX EVI HMWGYWWMRK XLI VYPI -J MR XLI GSRZIVWEXMSR XLI WXYHIRX XLMROW XLI RI[ VYPI MW E FEH MHIE ]SY [SYPH FI EWOIH XS WXEXI [LEX XLI WXYHIRXtW STMRMSR MW ERH XS I\TPEMR XLI VIEWSRW XLI WXYHIRX KMZIW JSV LSPHMRK XLEX STMRMSR YWMRK MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ FSXL XLI VIEHMRK ERH XLI PMWXIRMRK

8LMW XEWO XIWXW ]SYV EFMPMX] XS MRXIKVEXI MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ X[S WSYVGIWhXLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ERH XLI PMWXIRMRKhERH XS WYQQEVM^I WSQI EWTIGX SJ [LEX ]SY LEZI LIEVH 8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI TVSZMHIW XLI GSRXI\X XLEX EPPS[W ]SY XS YRHIV WXERH [LEX XLI WTIEOIVW EVI XEPOMRK EFSYX 8LI WTIEOIVW [MPP KIRIVEPP] VIJIV XS XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI SRP] MRHMVIGXP] 8LIVIJSVI EW ]SY VIEH XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ]SY WLSYPH TE] EXXIRXMSR XS E RYQFIV SJ XLMRKW XLI HIWGVMTXMSR SJ XLI TVSTSWEP [LEX

LEW FIIR TVSTSWIH TPERRIH GLERKIH IXG ERH XLI VIEWSRW XLEX EVI KMZIR JSV SV EKEMRWX XLI TVSTSWEP 8LMW [MPP LIPT ]SY YRHIVWXERH [LEX MX MW XLEX XLI X[S WTIEO IVW EVI HMWGYWWMRK EW ]SY PMWXIR XS XLIMV GSRZIVWEXMSR

-R WSQI GEWIW E WTIEOIV [MPP SFNIGX XS XLI TSWMXMSR XEOIR MR XLI VIEHMRK ERH [MPP KMZI MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX GLEPPIRKIW XLI VIEWSRW SJJIVIH MR XLI VIEHMRK JSV XLEX TSWMXMSR -R SXLIV GEWIW E WTIEOIV [MPP EKVII [MXL XLI TSWMXMSR JVSQ XLI VIEHMRK ERH [MPP KMZI MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX WYTTSVXW XLSWI VIEWSRW -X MW XLIVIJSVI MQTSVXERX EW ]SY PMWXIR XS XLI HMWGYWWMSR XS HIXIVQMRI XLI WTIEOIVtW STMRMSRW XS[EVH XLI TVSTSWEP ERH XS YRHIVWXERH XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR [LEX XLI WTIEOIVW WE] ERH [LEX ]SY LEZI PIEVRIH JVSQ XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI

8S ERW[IV UYIWXMSR MX MW MQTSVXERX XS YRHIVWXERH RSX SRP] [LEX XLI UYIW XMSR EWOW ]SY XS HS FYX EPWS [LEX XLI UYIWXMSR HSIW RSX EWO ]SY XS HS 8LMW X]TI SJ -RXIKVEXIH 7TIEOMRK XEWO HSIW RSX EWO JSV ]SYV S[R STMRMSR VEXLIV MX EWOW ]SY XS WXEXI XLI STMRMSR SJ SRI SJ XLI WTIEOIVW ERH XS WYQQEVM^I XLI WTIEOIVtW VIE WSRW JSV LEZMRK XLEX STMRMSR

=SY [MPP FI KMZIR FIX[IIR ERH WIGSRHW XS VIEH XLI TEWWEKI HITIRHMRK SR MXW PIRKXL EJXIV [LMGL ]SY [MPP PMWXIR XS XLI HMWGYWWMSR 8LIR ]SY [MPP FI KMZIRWIGSRHW XS TVITEVI ]SYV ERW[IV ERH WIGSRHW XS VIWTSRH %W [MXL EPP XLI SXLIV UYIWXMSRW ]SY QE] XEOI RSXIW [LMPI VIEHMRK PMWXIRMRK ERH TVITEVMRK ]SYV ERW[IV ERH ]SY QE] VIJIV XS ]SYV RSXIW [LMPI ERW[IVMRK XLI UYIWXMSR

8MT

6IQIQFIV XLEX XEOMRK RSXIW SR XLI VIEHMRK ERH PMWXIRMRK QEXIVMEP MR XLI -RXIKVEXIH 7TIEOMRK XEWOW SR XLI 83)*0 M&8 XIWX MW EPPS[IH

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

)\EQTPI 8LI JSPPS[MRK WEQTPI UYIWXMSR GSRWMWXW SJ ER ERRSYRGIQIRX SJ E YRMZIVWMX]tW HIGMWMSR XS MRGVIEWI XYMXMSR ERH E HMWGYWWMSR FIX[IIR WXYHIRXW EFSYX [LIXLIV XLI MRGVIEWI MW NYWXMJMIH 8LMW I\EQTPI WLS[W LS[ E UYIWXMSR SJ XLMW X]TI [MPP FI TVI WIRXIH XS ]SY SR ]SYV GSQTYXIV

=SY [MPP LIEV

2EVVEXSV

-R XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP VIEH E WLSVX TEWWEKI EFSYX E GEQTYW WMXYEXMSR ERH XLIR PMWXIR XS E XEPO SR XLI WEQI XSTMG =SY [MPP XLIR ERW[IV E UYIWXMSR YWMRK MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ FSXL XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ERH XLI XEPO %JXIV ]SY LIEV XLI UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW XS TVITEVI ]SYV VIWTSRWI ERH WIGSRHW XS WTIEO

8LIR ]SY [MPP LIEV XLMW

2EVVEXSV

'MX] 9RMZIVWMX] MW TPERRMRK XS MRGVIEWI XYMXMSR ERH JIIW 6IEH XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX EFSYX XLI MRGVIEWI JVSQ XLI TVIWMHIRX SJ 'MX] 9RMZIVWMX]

=SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW XS VIEH XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX &IKMR VIEHMRK RS[

%RRSYRGIQIRX JVSQ XLI 4VIWMHIRX

8LI YRMZIVWMX] LEW HIGMHIH XS MRGVIEWI XYMXMSR ERH JIIW JSV EPP WXYHIRXW F] ETTVS\M QEXIP] RI\X WIQIWXIV *SV XLI TEWX ]IEVW XLI XYMXMSR ERH JIIW LEZI VIQEMRIH XLI WEQI FYX MX MW RIGIWWEV] XS MRGVIEWI XLIQ RS[ JSV WIZIVEP VIEWSRW 8LI YRMZIV WMX] LEW QER] QSVI WXYHIRXW XLER [I LEH JMZI ]IEVW EKS ERH [I QYWX LMVI EHHM XMSREP TVSJIWWSVW XS XIEGL XLIWI WXYHIRXW ;I LEZI EPWS QEHI E RI[ GSQQMXQIRX XS VIWIEVGL ERH XIGLRSPSK] ERH [MPP FI VIRSZEXMRK ERH YTKVEHMRK SYV PEFSVEXSV] JEGMP MXMIW XS FIXXIV QIIX SYV WXYHIRXWt RIIHW

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI [MPP ETTIEV SR XLI WGVIIR

;LIR XLI TEWWEKI ETTIEVW E GPSGO EX XLI XST SJ ]SYV GSQTYXIV WGVIIR [MPP FIKMR GSYRXMRK HS[R XLI XMQI ]SY LEZI XS VIEH ;LIR VIEHMRK XMQI LEW IRHIH XLI TEWWEKI [MPP HMWETTIEV JVSQ XLI WGVIIR ERH [MPP FI VITPEGIH F] E TMGXYVI SJ X[S WXYHIRXW IRKEKIH MR GSRZIVWEXMSR

=SY [MPP XLIR LIEV

2EVVEXSV

2S[ PMWXIR XS X[S WXYHIRXW EW XLI] HMWGYWW XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX

8LIR XLI HMEPSKYI [MPP FIKMR

1ER

3L KVIEX RS[ [I LEZI XS GSQI YT [MXL QSVI QSRI] JSV RI\X WIQIWXIV

;SQER

=IEL - ORS[ FYX - GER WII [L] ;LIR - JMVWX WXEVXIH LIVI GPEWWIW [IVI WS QYGL WQEPPIV XLER XLI] EVI RS[ ;MXL XLMW QER] WXYHIRXW MXtW LEVH XS KIX XLI TIVWSREP EXXIRXMSR ]SY RIIH

1ER

=IEL - KYIWW ]SYtVI VMKLX =SY ORS[ MR WSQI GPEWWIW - GERtX IZIR KIX E WIEX %RH - GSYPHRtX XEOI XLI QEXL GSYVWI - [ERXIH XS FIGEYWI MX [EW EPVIEH] JYPP [LIR - WMKRIH YT

;SQER

%RH XLI SXLIV XLMRK MW [IPP - EQ OMRH SJ [SVVMIH EFSYX RSX FIMRK EFPI XS KIX E NSF EJXIV - KVEHYEXI

1ER

;L]# - QIER ]SYtVI HSMRK VIEPP] [IPP MR ]SYV GPEWWIW EVIRtX ]SY#

;SQER

-tQ HSMRK SO FYX XLI JEGMPMXMIW LIVI EVI WS PMQMXIH 8LIVI EVI WSQI KVIEX RI[ I\TIVM QIRXW MR QMGVSFMSPSK] XLEX [I GERtX IZIR HS LIVI XLIVI MWRtX IRSYKL IUYMTQIRX MR XLI PEFSVEXSVMIW ERH XLI IUYMTQIRX XLI] LEZI MW SYX SJ HEXI ,S[ EQ - KSMRK XS GSQTIXI JSV NSFW [MXL TISTPI [LS LEZI TVEGXMGEP VIWIEVGL I\TIVMIRGI# - XLMRO XLI I\XVE XYMXMSR [MPP FI E KSSH MRZIWXQIRX

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

;LIR XLI HMEPSKYI LEW IRHIH XLI TMGXYVI SJ XLI WXYHIRXW [MPP FI VITPEGIH F] XLI JSPPS[MRK

2S[ KIX VIEH] XS ERW[IV

XLI UYIWXMSR

8LI UYIWXMSR [MPP XLIR ETTIEV SR ]SYV GSQTYXIV WGVIIR ERH [MPP EPWS FI VIEH EPSYH F] XLI REVVEXSV

8LI [SQER I\TVIWWIW LIV STMRMSR SJ XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX F] XLI YRMZIVWMX] TVIWMHIRX 7XEXI LIV STMRMSR ERH I\TPEMR XLI VIEWSRW WLI KMZIW JSV LSPHMRK

XLEX STMRMSR

4VITEVEXMSR 8MQI 7IGSRHW 6IWTSRWI 8MQI 7IGSRHW

%JXIV ]SY LIEV XLI UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP FI XSPH [LIR XS FIKMR XS TVITEVI ]SYV VIWTSRWI ERH [LIR XS FIKMR WTIEOMRK % q4VITEVEXMSR 8MQIr GPSGO [MPP ETTIEV FIPS[ XLI UYIWXMSR ERH FIKMR XS GSYRX HS[R JVSQ WIGSRHW %X XLI IRH SJ WIGSRHW ]SY [MPP LIEV E WLSVX FIIT %JXIV XLI FIIT XLI GPSGO [MPP GLERKI XS VIEH q6IWTSRWI 8MQIr ERH [MPP FIKMR GSYRXMRK HS[R JVSQ WIGSRHW;LIR XLI VIWTSRWI XMQI LEW IRHIH VIGSVHMRK [MPP WXST ERH E RI[ WGVIIR [MPP ETTIEV EPIVXMRK ]SY XLEX XLI VIWTSRWI XMQI LEW IRHIH

8MT

8V] XS VIGSKRM^I XLI EXXMXYHI SJ XLI WTIEOIV F] PMWXIRMRK JSV MRXSREXMSR WXVIWW ERH [SVH GLSMGI 8LMW LIPTW ]SY YRHIVWXERH LMW SV LIV TSMRX SJ ZMI[ ERH TPER ER ETTVSTVMEXI VIWTSRWI

-R KMZMRK ]SYV VIWTSRWI XS XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY WLSYPH WXEXI [LEX XLI [SQERtW STMRMSR EFSYX XLI XYMXMSR MRGVIEWI MW ERH XLIR I\TPEMR LIV VIEWSRW JSV LSPHMRK XLEX STMRMSR =SY [MPP TVSFEFP] LEZI RSXMGIH EW ]SY PMWXIRIH XS XLI GSRZIVWEXMSR XLEX XLI [SQERtW VIEWSRW EVI IWWIRXMEPP] XLI WEQI EW XLSWI SJ XLI YRMZIVWMX] TVIWMHIRX FYX EVI HVE[R JVSQ LIV S[R I\TIVMIRGI EW E WXYHIRX WS MR ]SYV ERW[IV ]SY [SYPH TVSFEFP] [ERX XS GSRRIGX MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ XLI X[S WSYVGIW =SY GSYPH TIVLETW FIKMR F] WE]MRK XLEX XLI [SQER EKVIIW [MXL XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX ERH XLMROW XLEX XLI YRMZIVWMX] MW VMKLX XS MRGVIEWI MXW JIIW -R HIWGVMFMRK LIV VIEWSRW ]SY QMKLX WE] XLEX WLI XLMROW XLI XYMXMSR MRGVIEWI MW RIGIWWEV] FIGEYWI

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

XLI YRMZIVWMX] GER XLIR LMVI QSVI XIEGLIVW 7LI JIIPW XLEX GPEWWIW EVI KIXXMRK XSS GVS[HIH ERH QSVI XIEGLIVW EVI RIIHIH =SY QMKLX EPWS [ERX XS QIRXMSR XLEX WLI LEW JSYRH MX LEVH XS KIX TIVWSREP EXXIRXMSR JVSQ LIV TVSJIWWSVW =SY GSYPH EPWS TSMRX SYX XLEX WLI EKVIIW XLEX XLI QSRI] WLSYPH FI WTIRX XS MQTVSZI PEFSVEXSV] JEGMPMXMIW FIGEYWI XLI] EVI SYX SJ HEXI ERH XLEX XLMW LEW QEHI MX LEVH JSV LIV XS KIX XLI TVEGXMGEP PEFSVEXSV] I\TIVMIRGI WLI JIIPW WLI RIIHW XS KIX E KSSH NSF =SYV VIWTSRWI WLSYPH FI GSQTPIXI IRSYKL XLEX WSQISRI PMWXIRMRK XS ]SYV VIWTSRWI [LS LEW RSX VIEH XLI ERRSYRGIQIRX SV LIEVH XLI GSRZIVWEXMSR [SYPH YRHIVWXERH [LEX XLI RI[ TSPMG] MW [LEX XLI [SQERtW STMRMSR EFSYX MX MW ERH XLI VIEWSRW WLI LEW JSV LIV STMRMSR 8LIVI MW E KVIEX HIEP SJ MRJSVQEXMSR MR XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ERH XLI GSRZIVWEXMSR ERH ]SY EVI RSX I\TIGXIH XS WYQQEVM^I EPP SJ XLI MRJSVQE XMSR MR KMZMRK ]SYV VIWTSRWI

5YIWXMSR

5YIWXMSR MW XLI WIGSRH SJ XLI -RXIKVEXIH 7TIEOMRK 8EWOW *SV XLMW XEWO ]SY [MPP VIEH E WLSVX TEWWEKI EFSYX ER EGEHIQMG WYFNIGX ERH PMWXIR XS E TVSJIWWSV KMZI E FVMIJ I\GIVTX JVSQ E PIGXYVI SR XLEX WYFNIGX =SY [MPP XLIR FI EWOIH E UYIWXMSR [LMGL ]SY [MPP ERW[IV FEWIH SR [LEX ]SY LEZI VIEH ERH LIEVH =SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW MR [LMGL XS KMZI ]SYV WTSOIR VIWTSRWI

8MT

*MRH PMWXIRMRK ERH VIEHMRK QEXIVMEP SR E XSTMG XLEX ]SY PMOI 8LI VIEHMRK ERH XLI PMWXIRMRK QEXIVMEP GER TVSZMHI WMQMPEV SV HMJJIVIRX ZMI[W 8EOI RSXIW SR [LEX ]SY PMWXIR XS ERH VIEH ERH GVIEXI SYXPMRIW 9WI ]SYV RSXIW ERH SYXPMRIW XS SVEPP] WYQQEVM^I XLI MRJSVQEXMSR ERH MHIEW JVSQ XLI PMWXIRMRK ERH VIEHMRK QEXIVMEPW 8V] XS TEVETLVEWI [LEX ]SY LEZI LIEVH ERH VIEH F] YWMRK HMJJIVIRX [SVHW ERH KVEQQEXMGEP WXVYGXYVIW

8LI XSTMGW JSV XLMW UYIWXMSR EVI HVE[R JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ JMIPHW PMJI WGMIRGI WSGMEP WGMIRGI TL]WMGEP WGMIRGI ERH XLI LYQERMXMIW %PXLSYKL XLI XSTMGW EVI EGE HIQMG MR REXYVI RSRI SJ XLI [VMXXIR TEWWEKIW PIGXYVIW SV XLI UYIWXMSRW XLIQ WIPZIW VIUYMVIW TVMSV ORS[PIHKI SJ ER] EGEHIQMG JMIPH MR TEVXMGYPEV 8LI PERKYEKI ERH GSRGITXW YWIH EVI HIWMKRIH XS FI EGGIWWMFPI XS ]SY RS QEXXIV [LEX ]SYV EGEHIQMG WTIGMEPM^EXMSR QE] FI

8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI MW YWYEPP] FIX[IIR ERH [SVHW MR PIRKXL -X TVS ZMHIW FEGOKVSYRH SV GSRXI\X XS LIPT ]SY YRHIVWXERH XLI PIGXYVI XLEX [MPP JSPPS[ 8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI [MPP YWYEPP] XVIEX XLI XSTMG MR WSQI[LEX KIRIVEP ERH EFWXVEGX XIVQW ERH XLI PIGXYVI [MPP XVIEX XLI XSTMG QSVI WTIGMJMGEPP] ERH GSRGVIXIP] SJXIR F] TVSZMHMRK ER I\XIRHIH I\EQTPI GSYRXIVI\EQTPI SV ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI GSRGITX TVIWIRXIH MR XLI VIEHMRK 8S ERW[IV XLI UYIWXMSR XLEX JSPPS[W XLI PIGXYVI ]SY [MPP RIIH XS HVE[ SR XLI VIEHMRK EW [IPP EW XLI PIGXYVI ERH MRXIKVEXI ERH GSRZI] OI] MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ FSXL WSYVGIW

*SV I\EQTPI WSQI XEWOW [MPP GSRXEMR E VIEHMRK TEWWEKI XLEX KMZIW XLI HIJMRM XMSR SJ E KIRIVEP TVMRGMTPI SV TVSGIWW ERH E PIGXYVI XLEX HMWGYWWIW E WTIGMJMG MRWXERGI ERH SV GSYRXIVI\EQTPI SJ XLI TVMRGMTPI SV TVSGIWW *SV E TEMVMRK PMOI

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

XLMW ]SY QMKLX FI EWOIH XS I\TPEMR XLI TVMRGMTPI SV TVSGIWW YWMRK XLI WTIGMJMG MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ XLI PMWXIRMRK 3V ERSXLIV TEMVMRK QMKLX MRGPYHI E VIEHMRK TEW WEKI XLEX HIWGVMFIW E TVSFPIQ ERH E PIGXYVI XLEX TVIWIRXW XLI WYGGIWW JEMPYVI SV YRMRXIRHIH GSRWIUYIRGIW SJ ER EXXIQTX XS WSPZI XLI TVSFPIQ XSKIXLIV [MXL E UYIWXMSR XLEX EWOW ]SY XS I\TPEMR XLI EXXIQTX XS WSPZI XLI TVSFPIQ ERH EGGSYRX JSV MXW VIWYPXW

8LI WEQTPI UYIWXMSR XEWO TVIWIRXIH FIPS[ MW E X]TMGEP I\EQTPI -X FIKMRW [MXL E VIEHMRK TEWWEKI HMWGYWWMRK E KIRIVEP GSRGITXhXLI HSQIWXMGEXMSR SJ ERM QEP WTIGMIWhF] HIWGVMFMRK X[S GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLEX QEOI ER ERMQEP WTIGMIW WYMX EFPI JSV HSQIWXMGEXMSR 8LMW TEWWEKI MW GSYTPIH [MXL E PIGXYVI MR [LMGL XLI TVSJIWWSV XEPOW EFSYX XLI FILEZMSV SJ X[S WTIGMIW SJ ERMQEPWhE JEQMPMEV HSQIWXM GEXIH ERMQEP XLEX LEW FSXL SJ XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW ERH E GSQQSR YRHSQIWXMGEXIH WTIGMIW XLEX PEGOW XLIWI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW 8LI UYIWXMSR EWOW ]SY XS ETTP] XLI QSVI KIRIVEP MRJSVQEXMSR ]SY LEZI PIEVRIH MR XLI VIEHMRK XS XLI I\EQTPIW HMWGYWWIH MR XLI PIGXYVI ERH I\TPEMR LS[ XLI FILEZMSV SJ XLI X[S WTIGMIW SJ ERMQEPW MW VIPEXIH XS XLIMV WYMXEFMPMX] JSV HSQIWXMGEXMSR

8MT

*MRH PMWXIRMRK ERH VIEHMRK QEXIVMEP SR E XSTMG XLEX ]SY PMOI 8LI VIEHMRK ERH XLI PMWXIRMRK QEXIVMEP GER TVSZMHI WMQMPEV SV HMJJIVIRX ZMI[W 8EOI RSXIW SR [LEX ]SY PMWXIR XS ERH VIEH ERH GVIEXI SYXPMRIW 9WI ]SYV RSXIW ERH SYXPMRIW XS SVEPP] WYQQEVM^I XLI MRJSVQEXMSR ERH MHIEW JVSQ XLI PMWXIRMRK ERH VIEHMRK QEXIVMEPW 8V] XS TEVETLVEWI [LEX ]SY LEZI LIEVH ERH VIEH F] YWMRK HMJJIVIRX [SVHW ERH KVEQQEXMGEP WXVYGXYVIW

)\EQTPI 8LI JSPPS[MRK I\EQTPI WLS[W LS[ E UYIWXMSR SJ XLMW X]TI [MPP FI TVIWIRXIH XS ]SY SR ]SYV GSQTYXIV 5YIWXMSR [MPP FI TVIWIRXIH ZMWYEPP] MR XLI WEQI [E] EW 5YIW XMSR

*MVWX ]SY [MPP LIEV XLI REVVEXSV WE] XLMW

2EVVEXSV

-R XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP VIEH E WLSVX TEWWEKI SR ER EGEHIQMG WYFNIGX ERH XLIR PMWXIR XS E XEPO SR XLI WEQI XSTMG =SY [MPP XLIR ERW[IV E UYIWXMSR YWMRK MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ FSXL XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ERH XLI XEPO %JXIV ]SY LIEV XLI UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW XS TVITEVI ]SYV VIWTSRWI ERH WIGSRHW XS WTIEO

8LIR ]SY [MPP LIEV XLMW

2EVVEXSV

2S[ VIEH XLI TEWWEKI EFSYX ERMQEP HSQIWXMGEXMSR =SY LEZI WIGSRHW XS VIEH XLI TEWWEKI &IKMR VIEHMRK RS[

8LI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI [MPP XLIR ETTIEV SR XLI WGVIIR

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

%RMQEP (SQIWXMGEXMSR

*SV XLSYWERHW SJ ]IEVW LYQERW LEZI FIIR EFPI XS HSQIWXMGEXI SV XEQI QER] PEVKI QEQQEPW XLEX MR XLI [MPH PMZI XSKIXLIV MR LIVHW 3RGI XEQIH XLIWI QEQQEPW EVI YWIH JSV EKVMGYPXYVEP [SVO ERH XVERWTSVXEXMSR =IX WSQI LIVH QEQQEPW EVI RSX IEWMP] HSQIWXMGEXIH

% KSSH MRHMGEXSV SJ ER ERMQEPtW WYMXEFMPMX] JSV HSQIWXMGEXMSR MW LS[ TVSXIGXMZI XLI ERMQEP MW SJ MXW XIVVMXSV] 2SR XIVVMXSVMEP ERMQEPW EVI QSVI IEWMP] HSQIWXMGEXIH XLER XIVVMXSVMEP ERMQEPW FIGEYWI XLI] GER PMZI GPSWI XSKIXLIV [MXL ERMQEPW JVSQ SXLIV LIVHW % WIGSRH MRHMGEXSV MW XLEX ERMQEPW [MXL E LMIVEVGLMGEP WSGMEP WXVYGXYVI MR [LMGL LIVH QIQFIVW JSPPS[ E PIEHIV EVI IEW] XS HSQIWXMGEXI WMRGI E LYQER GER JYRGXMSR EW XLI qPIEHIV r

% GPSGO EX XLI XST SJ ]SYV GSQTYXIV WGVIIR [MPP GSYRX HS[R XLI XMQI ]SY LEZI XS VIEH ;LIR VIEHMRK XMQI LEW IRHIH E TMGXYVI SJ E TVSJIWWSV MR JVSRX SJ E GPEWW [MPP ETTIEV SR XLI WGVIIR

%RH ]SY [MPP LIEV XLMW

2EVVEXSV

2S[ PMWXIR XS E PIGXYVI SR XLMW XSTMG MR ER IGSPSK] GPEWW

8LIR ]SY [MPP LIEV XLI PIGXYVI

4VSJIWWSV

7S [It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

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

8LI]tVI qTVSKVEQQIHr XS JSPPS[ XLI PIEH SJ ERSXLIV LSVWI 3R XST SJ XLEX ]SY SJXIR JMRH HMJJIVIRX LIVHW SJ LSVWIW MR XLI [MPH SGGYT]MRK SZIVPETTMRK EVIEWhXLI] HSRtX JMKLX SJJ SXLIV LIVHW XLEX IRXIV XLI WEQI XIVVMXSV]

&YX MXtW I\EGXP] XLI STTSWMXI [MXL ER ERMQEP PMOI XLI YL XLI ERXIPSTI [LMGL [IPP ERXIPSTIW EVI LIVH ERMQEPW XSS &YX YRPMOI LSVWIW E QEPI ERXIPSTI [MPP JMKLX JMIVGIP] XS TVIZIRX ERSXLIV QEPI JVSQ IRXIVMRK MXW XIVVMXSV] HYVMRK XLI FVIIHMRK WIE WSR 3/hZIV] HMJJIVIRX JVSQ XLI FILEZMSV SJ LSVWIW 8V] OIITMRK E GSYTPI SJ QEPI ERXIPSTIW XSKIXLIV MR E WQEPP WTEGI ERH WII [LEX LETTIRW %PWS ERXIPSTIW HSRtX LEZI E WSGMEP LMIVEVGL]hXLI] HSRtX MRWXMRGXMZIP] JSPPS[ ER] PIEHIV 8LEX QEOIW MX LEVHIV JSV LYQERW XS GSRXVSP XLIMV FILEZMSV

;LIR XLI PIGXYVI LEW IRHIH XLI TMGXYVI SJ XLI TVSJIWWSV [MPP FI VITPEGIH F] E WGVIIR MRWXVYGXMRK ]SY XS KIX VIEH] XS ERW[IV XLI UYIWXMSR 8LIR XLI UYIWXMSR [MPP ETTIEV SR XLI WGVIIR ERH [MPP FI VIEH EPSYH F] E REVVEXSV EW [IPP

8LI TVSJIWWSV HIWGVMFIW XLI FILEZMSV SJ LSVWIW ERH ERXIPSTI MR LIVHW )\TPEMR LS[ XLIMV FILEZMSV MW VIPEXIH XS XLIMV WYMXEFMPMX] JSV HSQIWXMGEXMSR

4VITEVEXMSR 8MQI 7IGSRHW 6IWTSRWI 8MQI 7IGSRHW

%JXIV ]SY LIEV XLI UYIWXMSR ]SY [MPP FI XSPH [LIR XS FIKMR XS TVITEVI ]SYV VIWTSRWI ERH [LIR XS FIKMR WTIEOMRK % q4VITEVEXMSR 8MQIr GPSGO [MPP ETTIEV FIPS[ XLI UYIWXMSR ERH FIKMR XS GSYRX HS[R JVSQ WIGSRHW %X XLI IRH SJ WIGSRHW ]SY [MPP LIEV E WLSVX FIIT %JXIV XLI FIIT XLI GPSGO [MPP GLERKI XS VIEH q6IWTSRWI 8MQIr ERH [MPP FIKMR XS GSYRX HS[R JVSQ WIGSRHW;LIR XLI VIWTSRWI XMQI LEW IRHIH VIGSVHMRK [MPP WXST ERH E RI[ WGVIIR [MPP ETTIEV EPIVXMRK ]SY XLEX XLI VIWTSRWI XMQI LEW IRHIH

8MT

6IEH E WLSVX EVXMGPI 1EOI ER SYXPMRI XLEX MRGPYHIW SRP] XLI QENSV TSMRXW SJ XLI EVXMGPI 9WI XLI SYXPMRI XS SVEPP] WYQQEVM^I XLI MRJSVQEXMSR 8LIR EHH HIXEMP XS XLI SYXPMRI ERH SVEPP] WYQQEVM^I MX EKEMR

8S ERW[IV XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY [SYPH YWI MRJSVQEXMSR JVSQ FSXL XLI VIEHMRK TEWWEKI ERH XLI PIGXYVI PMROMRK XLI WTIGMJMG MRJSVQEXMSR XLI TVSJIWWSV TVSZMHIW MR XLI PIGXYVI [MXL XLI QSVI KIRIVEP GSRGITXW MRXVSHYGIH MR XLI VIEHMRK *SV I\EQ TPI ]SY GSYPH FIKMR ]SYV VIWTSRWI F] WE]MRK XLEX LIVH ERMQEPW GER FI IEWMP] HSQIWXMGEXIH MJ XLI] LEZI E LMIVEVGLMGEP WSGMEP WXVYGXYVI ERH EVI RSX XIVVMXSVMEP ERH XLEX XLMW MW [L] MX MW IEWMIV XS HSQIWXMGEXI LSVWIW XLER ERXIPSTIW =SY [SYPH [ERX XS TVSZMHI WSQI HIXEMPW EFSYX XLI FILEZMSV SJ LSVWIW TSMRXMRK SYX XLEX XLIMV LMIVEVGLMGEP WSGMEP WXVYGXYVI QEOIW XLIQ [MPPMRK XS JSPPS[ SRI ERSXLIV ERH XLYW EPPS[W E LYQER FIMRK XS EGX EW XLIMV PIEHIV =SY GSYPH EPWS WE] XLEX FIGEYWI

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

LSVWIW EVI RSX XIVVMXSVMEP XLI] GER FI LEVRIWWIH XSKIXLIV [MXLSYX JMKLXMRK =SY [SYPH TVSFEFP] [ERX XS GSRXVEWX LSVWIWt FILEZMSV [MXL XLEX SJ ERXIPSTIW [LMGL EVI XIVVMXSVMEP =SY GSYPH I\TPEMR XLEX YRPMOI LSVWIW QEPI ERXIPSTIW JMKLX MJ XLI] EVI XSKIXLIV ERH XLEX FIGEYWI ERXIPSTIW HS RSX LEZI E WSGMEP LMIVEVGL] LYQERW GERtX GSRXVSP XLIQ F] EGXMRK EW XLIMV PIEHIV 2SXMGI XLEX ]SY EVI RSX EWOIH XS WYQ QEVM^I EPP XLI MRJSVQEXMSR MR XLI VIEHMRK ERH MR XLI PIGXYVI &YX ]SY WLSYPH TVS ZMHI IRSYKL MRJSVQEXMSR WS XLEX IZIR E PMWXIRIV [LS LEH RSX VIEH XLI TEWWEKI SV PMWXIRIH XS XLI PIGXYVI [SYPH FI EFPI XS YRHIVWXERH ]SYV I\TPEREXMSR

%RSXLIV I\EQTPI SJ E UYIWXMSR XEWO MW E VIEHMRK TEWWEKI EFSYX QEPEVME XLEX HMWGYWWIW MR KIRIVEP XIVQW [LEX MW RS[ ORS[R EFSYX XLI GEYWIW SJ XLMW HMWIEWI LS[ MX MW WTVIEH ERH LS[ MX GER FI TVIZIRXIH GSYTPIH [MXL E PIGXYVI EFSYX XLI LMWXSV] SJ QEPEVME VIWIEVGL XLEX HIWGVMFIW XLI [SVO SJ SRI TEVXMGYPEV HSGXSV MR XLIW 8LI UYIWXMSR XLEX JSPPS[W XLMW PIGXYVI EWOW ]SY XS HIWGVMFI XLI HSGXSVtW FIPMIJW EFSYX XLI GEYWI SJ QEPEVME ERH XLI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW LI QEHI XS TVIZIRX MXW WTVIEH ERH XLIR XS I\TPEMR [L] LMW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW [IVI IJJIGXMZI 8S ERW[IV XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY [SYPH XIPP LS[ XLI HSGXSVtW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW [IVI MR PMRI [MXL [LEX MW RS[ ORS[R XS FI XVYI EFSYX XLI HMWIEWI ,IVI EW MR EPP WTIEOMRK UYIWXMSRW XLEX EVI FEWIH SR EGEHIQMG GSRXIRX ]SY EVI TVSZMHIH [MXL EPP XLI JEGXW RIGIWWEV] XS KMZI ]SYV VIWTSRWI ERH RS SYXWMHI ORS[PIHKI MW VIUYMVIH

-RXIKVEXIH 0MWXIRMRK 7TIEOMRK 5YIWXMSRW ERH

5YIWXMSR

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

83)*0 M&8 7TIEOMRK

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qVMKLXr WSPYXMSR SV q[VSRKr WSPYXMSR =SYV VIWTSRWI [MPP FI VEXIH RSX SR [LMGL WSPYXMSR ]SY GLSSWI FYX VEXLIV SR LS[ [IPP ]SY HIWGVMFI XLI TVSFPIQ WXEXI XLI WSPYXMSR ]SY TVIJIV ERH I\TPEMR XLI VIEWSRW JSV ]SYV TVIJ IVIRGI

8MT

-X MW ZIV] MQTSVXERX XS TVEGXMGI ]SYV GSRZIVWEXMSREP WTIEOMRK WOMPPW EW SJXIR EW TSWWMFPI 3RI [E] SJ HSMRK XLMW QMKLX FI NSMRMRK ER )RKPMWL PERKYEKI GSRZIVWEXMSR GPYF -J WYGL GPYFW HS RSX I\MWX MR ]SYV EVIE ]SY QE] [ERX XS WXEVX ]SYV S[R ERH MJ TSWWMFPI MRZMXI REXMZI WTIEOIVW XS NSMR MR

8LI X]TIW SJ TVSFPIQW HMWGYWWIH F] XLI WTIEOIVW MR XLIWI GSRZIVWEXMSRW [MPP ZEV] 8LI TVSFPIQ GSYPH FI XLEX SRI SJ XLI WTIEOIVW RIIHW XS EVVERKI XVERWTSVXE XMSR JSV E GPEWW JMIPH XVMT ERH HSIW RSX ORS[ [LSQ XS EWO 3V XLI TVSFPIQ GSYPH FI XLEX E WXYHIRX LEW E HSGXSVtW ETTSMRXQIRX WGLIHYPIH EX XLI WEQI XMQI EW E QIIXMRK [MXL NSF VIGVYMXIVW %RSXLIV GSYPH FI EFSYX E WXYHIRX [LS MW RSX KIXXMRK EPSRK [MXL SXLIV QIQFIVW SJ LMW SV LIV WXYH] KVSYT -R XLI JSPPS[MRK WEQTPI UYIWXMSR XLI WTIEOIVW EVI HMWGYWWMRK E TVSFPIQ XLEX ]SY QE] JMRH ZIV] JEQMPMEV XSS QYGL WGLSSP[SVO ERH RSX IRSYKL XMQI XS HS MX