- •Table of Contents
- •Objectives
- •Embedded Microcomputer Applications
- •Microcomputer and Microcontroller Architectures
- •Digital Hardware Concepts
- •Voltage, Current, and Resistance
- •Diodes
- •Transistors
- •Mechanical Switches
- •Transistor Switch ON
- •Transistor Switch OFF
- •The FET as a Logic Switch
- •NMOS Logic
- •CMOS Logic
- •Mixed MOS
- •Real Transistors Don’t Eat Q!
- •Logic Symbols
- •Tri-State Logic
- •Timing Diagrams
- •Multiplexed Bus
- •Loading and Noise Margin Analysis
- •The Design and Development Process
- •Chapter One Problems
- •Organization: von Neumann vs. Harvard
- •Microprocessor/Microcontroller Basics
- •Microcontroller CPU, Memory, and I/O
- •Design Methodology
- •The 8051 Family Microcontroller
- •Processor Architecture
- •Introduction to the 8051 Architecture
- •8051 Memory Organization
- •8051 CPU Hardware
- •Oscillator and Timing Circuitry
- •The 8051 Microcontroller Instruction Set Summary
- •Direct and Register Addressing
- •Indirect Addressing
- •Immediate Addressing
- •Generic Address Modes and Instruction Formats
- •8051 Address Modes
- •The Software Development Cycle
- •Software Development Tools
- •Hardware Development Tools
- •Chapter Two Problems
- •Timing Diagram Notation Conventions
- •Rise and Fall Times
- •Propagation Delays
- •Setup and Hold Time
- •Tri-State Bus Interfacing
- •Pulse Width and Clock Frequency
- •Fan-Out and Loading Analysis—DC and AC
- •Calculating Wiring Capacitance
- •Fan-Out When CMOS Drives LSTTL
- •Transmission Line Effects
- •Ground Bounce
- •Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing
- •Interfacing TTL Compatible Signals to 5 Volt CMOS
- •Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet
- •Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example
- •Chapter Three Review Problems
- •Memory Taxonomy
- •Secondary Memory
- •Sequential Access Memory
- •Direct Access Memory
- •Read/Write Memories
- •Read-Only Memory
- •Other Memory Types
- •JEDEC Memory Pin-Outs
- •Device Programmers
- •Memory Organization Considerations
- •Parametric Considerations
- •Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Memory
- •Error Detection and Correction
- •Error Sources
- •Confidence Checks
- •Memory Management
- •Cache Memory
- •Virtual Memory
- •CPU Control Lines for Memory Interfacing
- •Chapter Four Problems
- •Read and Write Operations
- •Address, Data, and Control Buses
- •Address Spaces and Decoding
- •Address Map
- •Chapter Five Problems
- •The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- •Memory Selection and Interfacing
- •Preliminary Timing Analysis
- •External Data Memory Cycles
- •External Memory Data Memory Read
- •External Data Memory Write
- •Design Problem 1
- •Design Problem 2
- •Design Problem 3
- •Completing the Analysis
- •Chapter Six Problems
- •Introduction to Programmable Logic
- •Technologies: Fuse-Link, EPROM, EEPROM, and RAM Storage
- •PROM as PLD
- •Programmable Logic Arrays
- •PAL-Style PLDs
- •Design Examples
- •PLD Development Tools
- •Simple I/O Decoding and Interfacing Using PLDs
- •IC Design Using PCs
- •Chapter Seven Problems
- •Direct CPU I/O Interfacing
- •Port I/O for the 8051 Family
- •Output Current Limitations
- •Simple Input/Output Devices
- •Matrix Keyboard Input
- •Program-Controlled I/O Bus Interfacing
- •Real-Time Processing
- •Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- •Burst vs. Single Cycle DMA
- •Cycle Stealing
- •Elementary I/O Devices and Applications
- •Timing and Level Conversion Considerations
- •Level Conversion
- •Power Relays
- •Chapter Eight Problems
- •Interrupt Cycles
- •Software Interrupts
- •Hardware Interrupts
- •Interrupt Driven Program Elements
- •Critical Code Segments
- •Semaphores
- •Interrupt Processing Options
- •Level and Edge Triggered Interrupts
- •Vectored Interrupts
- •Non-Vectored Interrupts
- •Serial Interrupt Prioritization
- •Parallel Interrupt Prioritization
- •Construction Methods
- •Power and Ground Planes
- •Ground Problems
- •Electromagnetic Compatibility
- •Electrostatic Discharge Effects
- •Fault Tolerance
- •Hardware Development Tools
- •Instrumentation Issues
- •Software Development Tools
- •Other Specialized Design Considerations
- •Thermal Analysis and Design
- •Battery Powered System Design Considerations
- •Processor Performance Metrics
- •Benchmarks
- •Device Selection Process
- •Analog Signal Conversion
- •Special Proprietary Synchronous Serial Interfaces
- •Unconventional Use of DRAM for Low Cost Data Storage
- •Digital Signal Processing / Digital Audio Recording
- •Detailed Checklist
- •1. Define Power Supply Requirements
- •2. Verify Voltage Level Compatibility
- •3. Check DC Fan-Out: Output Current Drive vs. Loading
- •4. AC (Capacitive) Output Drive vs. Capacitive Load and De-rating
- •5. Verify Worst Case Timing Conditions
- •6. Determine if Transmission Line Termination is Required
- •7. Clock Distribution
- •8. Power and Ground Distribution
- •9. Asynchronous Inputs
- •10. Guarantee Power-On Reset State
- •11. Programmable Logic Devices
- •12. Deactivate Interrupt and Other Requests on Power-Up
- •13. Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues
- •14. Manufacturing and Test Issues
- •Books
- •Web and FTP Sites
- •Periodicals: Subscription
- •Periodicals: Advertiser Supported Trade Magazines
- •Index
227APPENDIX B
References, Web Links, and Other Sources
Click italicized reference to locate it on the web.
Embedded Computer Engineering. The web site for embedded classes we teach at UCSD extension is: www.hte.com/uconline
Embedded Computer Hardware Design. This is the class that this book was originally created for: www.hte.com/uconline/ecd
Miller-Freeman Publishing’s Embedded Web Site. This site is hosted by the publisher of the trade magazine “Embedded Systems Programming.” This web site has some useful technical information, but you have to work to find it, as it’s buried under a lot of advertising. www.embedded.com
Periodicals: Subscription
Circuit Cellar Ink, published monthly, covers embedded systems topics with practical, design oriented articles that often include schematics and code for working projects. This magazine leans to the practical, hands-on side of design, including the sorts of things like single chip microcontrollers that make traditional computer scientist types sputter uncontrollably.
FORTH Dimensions. This is the bi-monthly newsletter of the Forth Interest Group, and covers Forth, a very unique language. Forth is a very different and yet powerful language which is very well adapted to the embedded computing environment. This is the sort of thing that can turn a politically correct computer scientist absolutley apoplectic. On the other hand, I’ve never met anyone who really understood the language that didn’t like it! Some people would characterize Forth fanatics as religious, but I’d say they’re just sensitive because they understand the capabilities of the language and are frustrated by the common view that Forth is not an appropriate language. If you like a good fight, just yell “Forth” into a room full of Forth advocates and computer scientists!
Microcomputer Journal, Midnight Engineer, and Robotics Digest, all published whenever Bill Gates gets around to it. (No, he’s not that Bill Gates!) This fellow is a really efficent, one-man publishing empire who does everything, including printing and binding the magazines himself. He uses his knowledge of embedded systems to help automate the publishing process. Lots of practical information in these, though the publications probably won’t outlive Bill.
228EMBEDDED CONTROLLER
Hardware Design
Click italicized reference to locate it on the web.
Periodicals: Advertiser Supported Trade Magazines
EDN Magazine, an advertising supported trade publication, covers embedded computing and general electrical engineering topics. Every September they publish a directory of microprocessors and microcontrollers that is a very useful source of information on the incredible number of devices that’s out there. They also have a web site with all of their articles and other useful information at www.ednmag.com
Electronic Engineering Times, is a newspaper-like weekly trade journal which covers all EE topics including embedded systems.
Embedded Systems Programming, published monthly, covers the software aspects of embedded systems. This magazine leans to the high end and embedded x86 PC software market, and is dominated by the high-level language computer science types.
Electronic Design, a monthly EE oriented magazine is similar to EDN but with less coverage of embedded topics.