Добавил:

fench Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Сумский государственный университет

Предмет:

Нормальная анатомия

Файл:

Color Atlas of Neurology

.pdf

Скачиваний:

201

Добавлен:

11.08.2013

Размер:

18.87 Mб

Скачать

☆

<<< < Предыдущая 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4142 / 4542 43 44 45 > Следующая >>>

					Appendix

Table 71 Metabolic myopathies (p. 340) (continued)

Myopathy/Gene Locus		Defect/Inheritance		Features

Mitochondria
!	CPEO3	! mtDNA deletion in ca. 50% of		!	Ptosis, external ophthalmople-
			cases		gia, tapetoretinal degenera-
					tion, cardiac arrhythmias, pro-
!					ximal myopathy
!	KSS4	!	mtDNA deletion/	! Onset before 13th year of life,
		!	duplication		ataxia, hearing impairment,
					CSF protein, endocrine distur-
					bances, otherwise identical to
!	MERRF5	!		!	CPEO
!	MERRF5	!	mtDNA point mutation	!	Myoclonus, ataxia, seizures
!	MELAS6	!	mtDNA point mutation	!	Episodic vomiting, focal
					seizures, dwarfism, proximal
!					muscle weakness
!	LHON7	!	mtDNA point mutation	! Acute/subacute bilateral loss of
!	MILS8	!		!	vision, eye pain
!	MILS8	!	mtDNA point mutation9	!	Developmental delay, ataxia,
					dystonia, visual disturbances,
					respiratory disturbances10

1 Adult type. 2 Carnitine palmitoyl transferase; defect located on outer mitochondrial membrane in type I, and on inner membrane in type II. 3 Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. 4 Kearns–Sayre syndrome; cardiac pacemaker implantation may be necessary in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. 5 Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers. 6 Myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and “strokelike episodes”. 7 Hereditary hepaticoptic neuropathy. 8 Maternally inherited Leigh syndrome. 9 Autosomal recessive and sporadic forms are also found. 10 T2-weighted MRI reveals bilateral symmetric lesions (brain stem, periaqueductal region, cerebellum, basal ganglia)

Table 72 Drugs that can aggravate myasthenia gravis (p. 342)

Drugs That Can Aggravate Myasthenia Gravis	Alternatives

Antibiotics: tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polymy-	Cephalosporins, chloramphenicol
xins, gyrase inhibitors, penicillins
Psychoactive drugs: benzodiazepines, barbiturates,	Promethazine, thioridazine. Chlordiazepoxide, ma-
tricyclic antidepressants, chlorpromazine,	protiline, mianserin or carbamazepine can be used at
haloperidol, droperidol, lithium	low doses and with careful monitoring
Anticonvulsants: phenytoin, ethosuximide, barbitu-	Carbamazepine
rates
Cardiovascular agents: Quinidine, ajmaline, procain-	Digitalis, reserpine, methyldopa, tocainide, verapamil
amide, lidocaine, ganglioplegics, nifedipine, !-block-	(low-dose)
ers1
Miscellaneous: ACTH, corticosteroids2, D-penicil-	Aspirin, gold, indometacin, acetaminophen, di-
lamine, morphine and derivatives, magnesium,	clofenac, local/regional anesthesia, spinal anesthesia,
general anesthesia (muscle relaxants)	inhalant anesthetics/deeper general anesthesia
	(Selected drugs from McNamara and Guay, 1997)
1 Mask symptoms of myasthenia. 2 High starting dose.

Appendix

403

Appendix

Table 73 Myasthenia-related crises (p. 342)

Syndrome	Symptoms and Signs	Precipitating Factors

Myasthenic crisis	Restlessness, anxiety, confusion, respira-	Infectious diseases, surgical interventions,
	tory weakness, weak cough, dysphagia,	anesthesia, drugs, psychosocial stress, im-
	dysarthria, mydriasis, ptosis, tachycardia,	paired drug uptake (vomiting, diarrhea),
	pallor	disease progression, previously unde-
		tected myasthenia (and previously men-
		tioned factors)
Cholinergic crisis	Restless, anxiety, confusion, respiratory	Overdosage (relative) of AChE inhibitors;
	weakness, weak cough, dysphagia, dy-	acetylcholine poisoning
	sarthria, miosis, bradycardia, skin redden-
	ing, muscle fasciculation/spasms, saliva-
	tion, tenesmus, diarrhea

Table 74 Ancillary tests in myasthenia gravis (p. 342)

Test	Objective	Interpretation of Results

Edrophonium chloride test1 (Ten-	Increase in muscle strength (with	Marked improvement (beginning
silon, Camsilon)	improvement of ptosis, eye move-	30 seconds after administration
	ments, speech, and swallowing)	and lasting roughly 5 minutes)
		unequivocal response. Sensitivity
		for OMG2: ca. 86%, for GMG3: ca.
		95%
Electromyography (EMG)4	Documentation of impaired neu-	A decrement of 10% or more is
	romuscular conduction (decre-	pathological. Sensitivity of serial
	ment in amplitude seen with se-	stimulation in OMG: ca. 34%; in
	rial stimulation; jitter may be ob-	GMG: up to 77%. Prior muscle ex-
	served in single-fiber EMG)	ercise more pronounced decre-
		ment. Sensitivity of single-fiber
		EMG: ca. 92%
Serum acetylcholine receptor anti-	Documentation of presence of	Sensitivity: 50% in OMG, ca. 90%
body titer	acetylcholine receptor antibodies	in GMG. False-positive results may
		occur in Lambert–Eaton syn-
		drome, rarely in amyotrophic
		lateral sclerosis
Diagnostic imaging5	Measurement of thymus	Thymic enlargement due to thy-
		moma or hyperplasia
		(Phillips and Melnick, 1990)

1 Short-term inhibition of cholinesterase, given intravenously for diagnostic purposes. 2 Ocular myasthenia gravis. 3 Generalized myasthenia gravis. 4 Example: Repeated stimulation of accessory nerve (3/sec for 3 seconds) and recording of activity in trapezius muscle. 5 CT (contrast-enhanced) or MRI (younger patients, better differentiation of thymic hyperplasia).

404

Appendix

Table 75 Toxic myopathies (p. 347)

Syndrome	Substances (selected)

Muscle weakness with or without pain; rhabdomyolysis may occur

Alcohol, chloroquine, cimetidine, clofibrate, cocaine, colchicine, ciclosporin, disulfiram, emetine, ergotamine, gemfibrozil, induced hypokalemia (diuretics, licorice), imipramine, isoniazide, lithium, lovastatin, meprobamate, niacin, pentazocine, thyroid hormones, vincristine, zidovudine

Myalgia	Alcohol, allopurinol, cimetidine, clofibrate, clonidine,
	dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methyldopa, suc-
	cinylcholine, vincristine, zidovudine
Polymyositis, pseudo-lupus erythematosus	Bezafibrate, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, clofibrate,
	D-penicillamine, etofibrate, etofyllin clofibrate, fenofi-
	brate, gold, hydralazine, isoniazide, L-tryptophan,
	penicillin, phenytoin, procainamide, tetracyclines,
	zidovudine
Myotonia	Ciclosporin, 20,25-diazocholesterol, diuretics, D-peni-
	cillamine, fenoterol, pindolol, propranolol
Local muscle lesions (pain, swelling, local muscular	Heroin, insulin, meperidine, pentazocine
atrophy)

Appendix

405

Appendix

Table 76 Neuromuscular paraneoplastic syndromes (pp. 347, 388)

Site of Lesion	Syndrome		Symptoms and		Common		Lesions/
	Manifestation		Signs		Tumors		Antibodies

Motor neuron	Subacute muscular		Asymmetrical para-		Small-cell lung		Motor neurons/
	atrophy (hands,		lysis, muscle atro-		cancer, lymphoma,		Anti-Hu1
	bulbar muscles)		phy (p. 304)		renal cell carci-
	weeks to months				noma
Spinal posterior	Subacute sensory		Marked sensory		Small-cell lung		Spinal ganglia
root, ganglion	neuronopathy		loss, areflexia,		cancer, other lung
	weeks to months		ataxia, paresthe-		tumors
			siae, pain
Proximal peripheral	!	Acute poly-	!	Ascending sen-	!	Hodgkin disease	Segmental demy-
nerve		radiculopathy		sorimotor defi-			elination, neuritis
	!	hours to days	!	cits2	!
	!	Chronic poly-	!	Chronic pro-	!	Small-cell lung
		radiculopathy3		gressive/recur-		cancer, lym-
		weeks to		rent sensorimo-		phoma, my-
		months		tor deficits		eloma
Distal peripheral	!	Paraproteinemic	!	See p. 328	!	Plasmacytoma	!	Segmental de-
nerve		polyneuropathy						myelination
		weeks to
	!	months	!	Distal sym-	!	Small-cell lung	!	Mainly axonal
	!	Sensorimotor	!	Distal sym-	!	Small-cell lung	!	Mainly axonal
		polyneuropathy		metrical poly-		cancer, other		lesions
		weeks to		neuropathy		cancers
	!	months	!		!		!
	!	Neuromyotonia	!	Muscle stiff-	!	Thymoma, lung	!	Distal motor
				ness, cramps		cancer		nerve/Anti-
								VGPC4
End-plate region	!	Lambert–Eaton	!	See p. 342	!	Small-cell lung	!	See p. 343/
		syndrome				cancer; breast,		Anti-VGCC anti-
		weeks to				prostate or		bodies5
	!	months	!		!	stomach cancer	!
	!	Myasthenia	!	See p. 342	!	Thymoma	!	See p. 343/
		gravis weeks						Skeletal muscle
		to months						antibodies
Skeletal muscle	!	Polymyositis/	!	See p. 344	!	Various cancers	!	Myonecrosis,
		dermatomyosi-				(breast, lung or		lymphomono-
		tis months to				ovarian cancer,		cytic infiltrates
	!	years	!		!	lymphoma)	!
	!	Rhabdomyolysis	!	Rapidly progres-	!	Various cancers	!	Myonecrosis,
		days to		sive paralysis,				rare inflam-
		weeks		dysphagia				matory infil-
								trates

(Brown, 1998)

1 In small-cell lung cancer. 2 Similar to Guillain–Barré syndrome (p. 326). 3 Similar to CIDP (p. 328). 4 VGPC = voltage-gated potassium channel; EMG shows high-frequency discharges (150–300 Hz). 5 VGCC = voltage-gated calcium channel.

406

				Appendix

Table 77 Laboratory tests (p. 351)

Test/Objective		Risks		Comments

Antiepileptic drugs
!	Verify drug compliance	!	Laboratory error	Time of sample collection is deter-
! Assess for drug resistance		!	Misuse of measured values	mined by the pharmacokinetics of
! Avoid underdosage or over-			(the physician should be	the antiepileptic drug in question
!	dosage		guided by the clinical objective
!	Assess for drug interactions		of a seizure-free state, rather
			than by “therapeutic levels”)
Lumbar puncture
!	Measure CSF pressure	!	Increased intracranial pressure3	Suboccipital or lateral cervical
! Obtain CSF sample for analysis		!	Intraspinal mass4	puncture is very rarely indicated
!	Intrathecal drug administration	!	Postpuncture headache	(e. g. if a CSF sample is required,
!	Diagnosis (contrast agent1,	!	Intraspinal hemorrhage	but cannot be obtained by lumbar
	radioactive substances2)	!	(coagulopathy)	puncture, or for myelography
		!	Meningitis	above a spinal lesion). Myelogra-
		!	Discitis	phy and MRI have rendered
				Queckenstedt’s test5 obsolete

1 For myelography. 2 For scintigraphy. 3 Risk of transtentorial/cerebellar herniation. 4 Risk of acute spinal decompensation with paraplegia. 5 Compression of jugular vein to test for patency of subarachnoid space, which may be blocked, for example, by a spinal tumor.

Appendix

407

408

References

Suggested Reading

Aminoff, M. J. (ed.): Neurology and general medicine. Churchill Livingstone, New York, Edinburgh, London, Philadelphia, 2001.

Berg, B. O. (ed.): Principles of child neurology. McGraw–Hill, New York, 1996.

Bernstein, M., M. S. Berger: Neuro-oncology. Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 2000.

Bradley, W. G., R. B. Daroff, G. M. Fenichel, C. D. Marsden (eds.): Neurology in clinical practice (Volumes 1 and 2). Butterworth–Heinemann, Boston, Oxford, Singapore, Melbourne, Toronto, Munich, Tokyo, New Delhi, 2000.

Brazis, P. W., J. C. Masdeu, J. Biller: Localization in clinical neurology. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1996.

Brooke, M. H.: A clinician’s view of neuromuscular diseases. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1986.

Compston, A., G. Ebers, H. Lassmann, I. McDonald, B. Matthews, H. Wekerle: McAlpine’s multiple sclerosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, 1998.

Dyck, P. J., P. K. Thomas, J. W. Griffin, P. A. Low, J. F. Poduslo (eds.): Peripheral neuropathy (Volumes 1 and 2). W. B.Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993.

Engel, A. G., C. Franzini-Armstrong (eds.): Myology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.

Engel, J., T. A. Pedley (eds.): Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 1998.

Graham, D. I., P. L. Lantos (eds.): Greenfields’s neuropathology (Volumes 1 and 2). Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, 2002.

Haerer, A. F.: DeJongs’s The neurologic examination. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, New York, London, Hagerstown, 1992.

Hardman, J. G., L. E. Limbird, A. G. Gilman (eds.): Goodman & Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw, Hill, New York, 2001.

Hirsch, M. C., T. Kramer: Neuroanatomy. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1999.

Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell: Principles of neural science. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.

Katirji, B., H. J. Kaminski, D. C. Preston, R. L. Ruff, B. E. Shapiro: Neuromuscular disorders in clinical practice. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Oxford, Auckland, Johannesburg, Melbourne, New Dehli, 2002.

Low, P. A.: Clinical autonomic disorders. Lip- pincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 1997.

Lyon, G., R. D. Adams, E. H. Kolodny: Neurology of hereditary metabolic diseases of children. McGraw-Hill, New York 1996.

Polman, C. H., A. J. Thompson, T. J. Murray, W. I. McDonald: Multiple sclerosis: the guide to treatment and management, 5th edition. Demos Medical Publishing, New York, 2001.

Rosenberg, R. N., S. B. Prusiner, S. DiMauro, R. L. Barchi, E. Nestler: The molecular and genetic basis of neurologic and psychiatric disease. But- terworth-Heinemann, Boston, 2003.

Sadock, B. J.,V.A. Sadock: Kaplan and Sadocks’s Synposis of psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 2002.

Shapiro, C. M.: ABC of sleep disorders. BMJ Publishing Group, London, 1993.

Spillane, J. D., J. A. Spillane: An atlas of clinical neurology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.

Swaiman, K. F., S. Ashword: Pediatric neurology. Mosby, St. Louis, 1999.

Van Allen, M. W., R. L. Rodnitzky: Pictorial manual of neurological tests. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, London, 1981.

Victor, M., A. H. Ropper: Adams & Victor’s Principles of neurology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002.

Warlow, C. P., M. S. Dennis, J. van Gijn, G. J. Hankey, P. A. G. Sandercock, J. M. Bamford, J. M. Wardlaw: Stroke—a practical guide to management. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 2001.

Watts, R. L., W. C. Koller: Movement disorders: neurologic principles and practice. McGrawHill, New York, 1997.

Wiebers, D. O., A. J. D. Dale, E. Kokmen, J. W. Swanson (eds.): Mayo Clinic examinations in neurology. Mosby, St. Louis, 1998.

References

(numbers in brackets refer to appropriate pages)

Ackerman, M. J., D. E. Clapham: Ion channels— basic science and clinical disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997;336:1575–1585. [339]

Adams, R. D., J. M. Foley: The neurological disorders associated with liver disease. Proc. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1952;32:198–237. [387]

References

409

References

410

References

Asbury, A. K., D. R. Cornblath: Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 1990;27(Suppl.):S21–S24. [396]

Bain, P. G.: The management of tremor. J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry 2002;72(Suppl.1):13– 19. [62]

Barohn, R. J.: Approach to peripheral neuropathy and neuronopathy. Semin. Neurol. 1998;18: 7–18. [390]

Behin, A., K. Hoang-Xuan, A. F. Carpentier, J.-Y. Delattre: Primary brain tumours in adults. Lancet 2003;361:323–331. [264f]

Berger, M. (ed.): Handbuch des normalen und gestörten Schlafs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992. [113, 363]

Biller, J. (ed.): Iatrogenic neurology. ButterworthHeinemann, Boston, 1998. [314, 389]

Bogousslavsky, J., L. Caplan (eds.): Stroke syndromes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. [166ff]

Brandt, T.: Vertigo: its multisensory syndromes. Springer-Verlag, London, 1991. [89]

Brott, T., J. Bogousslavsky: Treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;343:710– 722. [174]

Brown, R. H.: Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. In: Fauci, A. S., E. Braunwald, K. J. Isselbacher, J. D. Wilson, J. B. Martin, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo (eds.): Harrison’s Principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Colorado Springs, Auckland, 1998. Chapter 103. [388, 406]

Bruni, J.: Episodic impairment of consciousness. In: Bradley, W. G., R. B. Daroff, G. M. Fenichel, C. D. Marsden (eds.): Neurology in clinical practice. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Oxford, Singapore, Melbourne, Toronto, Munich, Tokyo, New Delhi, 1996. 11–21. [200]

Compston, A., A. Coles: Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2002;359:1221–1231. [214f]

Compston, A., G. Ebers, H. Lassmann, I. McDonald, B. Matthews, H. Wekerle (eds.): McAlpine’s Multiple sclerosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, 1998. [220]

Conrad, B., A. O. Ceballos-Baumann (eds.): Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1996. [64,68]

Deuschl, G.: New treatment options for tremors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;342:505–507. [62, 357] Dichgans, J., T. Klockgether: Krankheiten des Kleinhirns. In: Kunze, K. (eds.): Praxis der Neurologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New

York, 1999. 411–443. [55]

Diener, H. C., O. Kastrup: Nebenwirkungen medikamentöser Therapie in der Neurologie. In: Brandt, T., J. Dichgans, H. C. Diener (eds.): Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln, 1998. 1275–1289. [389]

Ditunno, J. F., W. Young, W. H. Donovan, G. Creasey: The international standards booklet for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 1994;32:70–80. [380]

Donnan,G.A., S.M. Davis, B.R. Chambers, P.C. Gates: Surgery for prevention of stroke. Lancet 1998;351:1372–1373. [174]

Dubowitz, V.: Atlas der Muskelerkrankungen im Kindesalter. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991. [53, 305, 335, 339, 341, 345]

Duus, P.: Neurologisch-topische Diagnostik. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1995. [57, 79,85, 87, 111, 358–361]

Dyck, P. J., P. K. Thomas (eds.): Diabetic neuropathy. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo, 1999. [325] Ebe, M., I. Homma: Leitfaden für die EEG-Praxis. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York,

1992. [309]

Elble, R. J.: Origins of tremor. Lancet 2000;355: 1113–1114. [62]

Fauci, A. S., H. C. Lane: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease: AIDS and related disorders. In: Fauci, A. S., E. Braunwald, E. M. Isselbacher, J. D. Wilson, J. B. Martin, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo (eds.): Harrison’s Principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Colorado Springs, Auckland, 1998. Chapter 308. [241]

Ferro, J. M.: Cardioembolic stroke: an update. Lancet Neurology 2003;2:177–188. [172]

Fischbach, G. D., G. M. McKhann: Cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;344:763–765. [212]

Fishman, R. A.: Cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the nervous system. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo, 1992. [9, 163]

Fleetwood, I. G., G. K. Steinberg: Arteriovenous malformations. Lancet 2000;359:863–873. [178]

Frick, H., H. Leonhardt, D. Starck: Allgemeine Anatomie—Spezielle Anatomie I. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1992. [141]

Frisoni, G. B.: Structural imaging in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: problems and tools. J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry 2001;70: 711–718. [297]

References

Gautier, J. C.: Amaurosis Fugax. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993;329:426–428. [168]

Goadsby, P. J., R. B. Lipton, M. D. Ferrari: Migraine— current understanding and treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:257–270. [184]

Glaser, J.S. (ed.): Neuro-ophthalmology. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1990. [81, 159]

Gram, L.: Epileptic seizures and syndromes. Lancet 1990;336:161–163. [192, 194]

Grumme, T., W. Kluge, K. Kretzschmar, A. Roesler: Zerebrale und spinale Computertomographie. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, Wien, 1998. [269]

Hacke, W., M. Hennerici, H. J. Gelmers, G. Krämer: Cerebral ischemia. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. [171]

Hahn, A. F.: Guillain Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1998;352:635–641. [395]

Hakim, A. M.: Ischemic penumbra. Neurology 1998;51(Suppl. 3):S44–S46. [175]

Hardman, J. G., L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, R. W. Ruddon, A. G. Gilman (eds.): Goodman & Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill, New York 1996. [199]

Harms, L.: Tuberkulöse Meningitis. In: Henkes, H., H. W. Kölmel (eds.): Die entzündlichen Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. ecomed, Landsberg/Lech, 1993. II-10/1–II- 10/66. [233]

Harper, P. S. (eds.): Huntington’s disease. W. B. Saunders, London, Philadelphia, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, 1996. [383]

Hartje, W., K. Poeck: Klinische Neuropsychologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1997. [124, 126, 128, 132]

Henkes, H., H.W. Kölmel (eds.): Die entzündlichen Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. ecomed, Landsberg/Lech, 1993. [233, 249,251] Hichman, S. J., A. J. Lindahl: Minerva. BMJ

1999;318:408. [267]

Hoppenfeld, S.: Orthopädische Neurologie. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980. [320]

Huber, A., D. Kömpf (eds.): Klinische Neuroophthalmologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1998. [83]

Huber, G., M. Voges: Andere Mißbildungen und Entwicklungsstörungen. In: Sartor, K. (eds.): Neuroradiologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1996. 48–53. [48–53]

Huber, P.: Zerebrale Angiographie für Klinik und Praxis. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1979. [11–19, 169, 171]

Hudson, L. D., C. M. Lee: Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;348:745– 747. [347]

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). 1989 Revision, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992.

Inzitari, D., M. Eliasziw, P. Gates, B. L. Sharpe, R. K. T. Chan, H. E. Meldrum, H. J. M. Barnett, the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators: The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;342:1693–1701. [174]

Jankovic, J.: Extrapyramidal disorders. In: Wyngaarden, J. B., L. H. South, J. C. Bennett (eds.): Cecil Textbook of medicine. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo, 1991. 2129–2130. [211, 301]

Jankovic, J.: Tourette’s Syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:1184–1192. [68]

Jeffcoate, W. J., K. G. Harding: Diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet 2003;1–7. [324]

Jerusalem, F., S. Zierz: Muskelerkrankungen: Klinik—Therapie—Pathologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1991. [397]

Johns, D. R.: Mitochondrial DNA and disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;333:638–644. [341]

Johnson, R. T.: Viral infections of the nervous system. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 1998. [234, 239, 253]

Kahle, W.: Nervensystem und Sinnesorgane. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1979. [7, 9, 34–37, 55, 57, 71ff, 81, 95, 97]

Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell (eds.): Principles of neural science. Prentice-Hall International, London, 1991. [43, 77, 85, 147, 301] Kapoor, W. N.: Syncope. N. Engl. J. Med..

2000;343:1856–1862. [200]

Karnofsky, D. A., J. H. Burchenal, G. C. Armistead, C. M. Southam, J. L. Bernstein, L. F. Craver, C. P. Rhoads: Triethylene melamine in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Arch. Intern. Med. 1951;87:477–516. [264, 378]

Kaye, A. H., E. R. Laws Jr. (eds.): Brain tumors. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Hongkong, London, Madrid, Melbourne, New York, Tokyo, 1995. [257–261]

Keime-Guibert, F., M. Napolitano, J.-Y. Delattre: Neurological complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J. Neurol. 1998;245:695–708. [389]

Kleihues, P., P. C. Burger, B. W. Scheithauer: The new WHO classification of brain tumors. Brain Pathol. 1993;3:255–268. [377]

Kolb, B., I. Q. Whishaw: Neuropsychologie. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, 1996. [123, 125]

References

411

References

412

References

Krauseneck, P.: Neoplasien. In: Jörg, J. (eds.): Neurologische Therapie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1997. 242–293. [264f, 377]

Kretschmann, H.-J., W. Weinrich: Klinische Neuroanatomie und kranielle Bilddiagnostik: Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1991. [13, 17, 169]

Krstic, R. V.: Die Gewebe des Menschen und der Säugetiere. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1978. [3, 317, 331, 335, 337]

Kuhlenbäumer, G., P. Young, G. Hünermund, B. Ringelstein, F. Stögbauer: Clinical features and molecular genetics of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. J.Neurol. 2002;249:1629–1650. [332]

Lance, J. W.: Mechanism and management of headache. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1993. [183,189]

Lantos, P. L., S. R. Vandenberg, P. Kleihues: Tumors of the nervous system. In: Graham, D., P. L. Lantos: Greenfield’s Neuropathology. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, 1997, 583–879. [264] Layzer, R. B.: Muscle pain, cramps, and fatigue. In: Engel, A. G., C. Franzini-Armstrong (eds.): Myology. McGraw-Hill, New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Colorado Springs, Auckland, 1994.

1754–1768. [346]

Leigh, P. N., K. Ray-Chaudhuri: Motor neuron disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1994;57:886–896. [386]

Lempert, Th.: Synkopen—Phänomenologie und Differenzierung von epileptischen Anfällen. Nervenarzt 1997;68:620–624. [200, 374]

Levin, H. S., A. L. Benton, R. G. Grossman: Neurobehavioral consequences of closed head injury. Oxford University Press, New York, 1982. [269] Louis, E. D.: Essential tremor. N. Engl. J. Med.

2001;345:887–891. [62]

Low, P. A. (eds.): Clinical autonomic disorders. Lip- pincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 1997. [149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 370]

Lücking, C. H., C.-W. Wallesch: Phänomenologie und Klinik der Bewußtseinsstörungen. In: Hopf, H. C., K. Poeck, H. Schliack (eds.): Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1992. 2.1–2.18. [116, 119]

Ludin, H.-P., W. Tackmann (eds.): Polyneuropathien. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1984. [317]

Lyon, G., R. D. Adams, E. H. Kolodny: Neurology of hereditary metabolic diseases of children. McGraw-Hill, New York 1996. [304]

Mann, D. M. A.: Molecular biology’s impact on our understanding of ageing. BMJ 1997;315:1078– 1081. [299]

Martin, J. B.: Molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;340:1970–1980. [288]

Masuhr, K. F., M. Neumann: Neurologie. Hippokrates, Stuttgart, 1996. [293]

Matthes, A., H. Schneble: Epilepsien. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1992. [193, 195, 197, 199]

McDonald, W. I., A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H.-P. Hartung, F. D. Lublin, H. F. McFarland, D. W. Paty, C. H. Polman, S. C. Reingold, M. Sand- berg-Wollheim, W. Sibley, A. Thompson, S. van der Noort, B. Y. Weinshenker, J. S. Wolinsky: Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann.Neurol. 2001;50:121–127. [375]

McNamara, A. M., D. R. P. Guay: Update on drugs that may cause or exacerbate myasthenia gravis. Consult. Pharm. 1997;12:155–164. [403]

Medical Research Council: Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. HMSO, London, 1976. [52]

Mendell, J. R.: Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathies and related disorders. Semin. Neurol. 1998;18:41–47. [396]

Montagna, P., P. Gambetti, P. Cortelli, A. Lugaresi: Familial and sporadic fatal insomnia. Lancet Neurology 2003;2:167–176. [114, 252, 280] Moore, P. M., L. H. Calabrese: Neurologic manifestations of systemic vasculitides. Semin. Neurol.

1994;14:300–306. [180]

Moore, P. M., B. Richardson: Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1998;65:10–22. [180, 181]

Mumenthaler, M., H. Mattle: Neurologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1997. [93, 173]

Mumenthaler, M.: Neurologische Differentialdiagnostik. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1997. [61, 131, 374]

Mumenthaler, M., H. Schliack, M. Stöhr (eds.): Läsionen peripherer Nerven und radikuläre Syndrome. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1998. [33–37, 47, 153, 318–323, 357, 392] Netter, F. H.: Farbatlanten der Medizin. Band 6: Nervensystem II—Klinische Neurologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1989. [101,

155, 167, 209, 239]

Neville, B. G. R.: Epilepsy in childhood. BMJ 1997;315:924–930. [373]

Nieuwenhuys, R., J. Voogd, C. Van Huijzen: Das Zentralnervensystem des Menschen. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. [3, 15, 17, 23, 27, 31, 81, 141, 143, 145, 171, 211, 283]

<<< < Предыдущая 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4142 / 4542 43 44 45 > Следующая >>>

Соседние файлы в предмете Нормальная анатомия

#
11.08.201318.87 Mб201Color Atlas of Neurology.pdf
#
11.08.20133.26 Кб10Dirlister D_ANANOM 1.txt
#
11.08.201323.81 Mб26lubockii d n osnovy topograficheskoi anatomii.djvu
#
11.08.201327.86 Mб606Pocket Atlas of Sectional Anatomy, Volume 2 Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis.pdf
#
11.08.201332.99 Mб45SURGICAL ANATOMY by Joseph Maclise.pdf
#
11.08.201314.01 Mб242Атлас. Нервная система человека. Строение и нарушения.pdf