ELEMENTS

Elements 3965

abdomino-

, ‘of, in, for the abdomen’: abdōmin-(o/s of L abdōmen)+connective -o-. Cf ABDOMEN.

aberro-

: for aberration, as in aberrometer and aberroscope, instruments used in Optics. Cf ERR .

abio-

: a cpd c/f, as in abiogenesis: prefix a-, not+bio-, life, Cf bio-.

aborti-

, as in aborticide (cf -cide) and abortifacient (cf -facient): from L abortus, an abortion.

abro-

. A var of habro-, as in Abrocoma (cf -coma).

abysso-

, ‘(in) the depths of the sea’, as in abyssopelagic (cf archipelago): abyss-, s of L abyssus, from Gr abussos, abyss+the connective -o-.

ac-

, ‘a point’ (Gr akē, s and r ak-), occurs in acantho-, aceto-, acido-, acou(-o)-, acro-, qq.v. below, and also, as r, in such words as acerb, acies, acrid, acuity and acute. This r is general IE ak-.

acantho-

or, before a vowel, acanth-, ‘thorn(y), spine, spiny’: acanth(o)-, L acanth(o)-, adapted from akanth(o)-, c/f of Gr akanthos, L and E acanthus, a prickly herb: lit ‘spiny flower’ (cf the ac- of ACME, and anth(o)- below). Exx: acanthology, the science of spines; acanthopod, spiny-footed (cf -pod below). Adj: acanthoid (suffix -oid).

acari-

, acaro-, ‘an or the itch; mites’—as in acaricide (cf -cide) and acarophobia, a morbid fear of the itch; acaro- attaches the connective -o- to acar-, adaptation of akar-, s of Gr akari, a mite: o.o.o.: ? something not cut off or away, i.e. indivisible—cf ATOM. Adj: acaroid (cf suffix -oid).

accelero-

: for accelerate or acceleration, as in accelerograph and accelerometer.

-ace

, ‘a summit having (x) faces’, as in tessarace, a tetrahedral summit: cf tessara- below: - ace=Gr akē, a point, s ak-, as in acerb, acme, etc. Cf ac-above and aceto- below.

acephalo-

, ‘headless’: Gr akephalos, consisting of privative a- (prefix) +an adj form of kephalē, the head: Ex: acephalocyst. Adj: acephalous.

aceto-

or, before a vowel, acet-: from L acētum (s acēt-), acid, a derivative of the IE ak-, a point, hence sharpness: cf ac- and -ace above and esp ACID. Exx: acetolysis (cf -lysis at - lyse below); acetometer; aceturic, Cf:

achill(o)-

: for Achilles’ (tendon), as in achillodynia (cf -odynia).

acido-

, a c/f of ACID. Ex: acidophile—cf -phile below. Do not confuse with the acido- of

Origins 3966

acidology, the science, a knowledge, of surgical appliances: this acido- adapts akido, c/f of Gr akis, o/s akid-, a splinter, skin to akē, a point, q.v. at -ace above and acro- below.

acini-

: from L acinus, a grape or grape-stone, o.o.o. Ex: aciniform. Adj: acinose (L acinōsus).

acou-

, short form, and acouo-, long form, conn ‘hearing’: from Gr akouein (s akou-) to hear. Ex: acoumeter, an instrument for measuring the acuteness of hearing. Also -acousia, - acousis. ‘degree or quality of hearing’: Gr akousis, ability to hear: ex, dysacousia or - acousis, defective hearing. Cf ACOUSTIC.

acro-

; before a vowel, acr-: Gr akros, at the furthest point, esp vertically, from akē, a point. Exx: ACROBAT; acrocarpous, bearing fruit (cf -carpous at carpo- below) at the top; aerodrome, running (cf -drome below) to a point; acrophobia, a dread of heights; Acropolis, the high-set citadel (cf -polis) of Athens; acrostic (cf -stich below).

-actine

; actinio-, actino- or, before a vowel, actin-: resp ‘rayed’ (adj)—c/f of Actinia, a genus of sea anemones, formed of actin-+suffix -ia—‘ray(s), radiated structure’: cf actinium, a radioactive element (actin-+-chem suffix -ium). These c/ff come from Gr aktis, a ray, gen aktinos, o/s aktin-, akin to Skt aktus, light, (basically) radiance. Exx: pentactine (cf penta- below), 5-rayed; actiniochrome (cf chromo-); actinodrome (cf -drome), actinometer, actinospere, actinosome, actinotherapy.

acu-

: from L acus, a needle, as in acuclosure. Cf:

acuti-

, acuto-: from L acūtus, sharp(-pointed): cf ACUTE. Exx: acutifoliate, acutograve.

-adelphia

; adelpho-: ‘brotherhood’, as in Philadelphia (cf phil-); ‘brother’, as in adelpholite (cf—- lite): from Gr adelphos, a brother, (lit) of one womb. (See esp Boisacq.)

-aden

; adeno- or, before a vowel, aden-: resp ‘type of gland’ and ‘gland’ or ‘glandular’: Gr adēn, a gland, gen adenos, o/s aden-, akin to L inguen. Exx: thyraden (cf thyroid and, below, thyro-); adenoneural (cf neuro-): cf adenoid, Gr adenoeidēs, like, of the form of, a gland. Cf -oid in Suffixes.

adipo-

or, before a vowel, adip-: ‘fat(s)’ or ‘fatty tissue’: L adeps, fat (n), gen adipis, o/s adip-, akin to—indeed, perh from—Gr aleipha, fat. Ex: adipometer. Cf the adj adipose (from SciL adiposus) and its derivative n adiposity.

adreno-

: for adrenal; as in Biochem adrenotropic.

adversi-

: from ML adversus (L aduersus), opposite, as in adversifoliate (cf -foliate). Cf adverse; f.a.e., VERSE.

aegi-

; aego- or, before a vowel, aeg-: ‘goat’ or ‘goat-like’: Gr aix, a goat, gen aigos, o/s aig-;

Elements 3967

perh cf Skt ajd, female, and ajás, male goat; cf Arm aic, she-goat. Exx: Aigipan, (the goat-like) Pan; Aegopodium, a ‘goat-footed’ herb.

aeluro-

or, before a vowel, aelur-: ‘cat’ or ‘catlike’: Gr ailouros (s ailour-), a cat, perh lit ‘tailwagger’. Ex: aelurophobia, a dread of cats.

-aemia

. See haema-.

aeoli-

, aeolo-: from L Aeolus, god of winds. Exx: aeolipile (or -pyle), a primitive ancient steamengine: Aeoli, of Aeolus, pila, a ball, or Gr pulē, a doorway, in its ML form pylum or esp pilum; aeolomelodicon, a wind instrument.

aequi-

. An obs form of equi-, equal.

aero-

or aëro- or, before a vowel, aer- or aër-: ‘air’ or ‘aerial’; hence, ‘gas’ (or ‘gases’) or ‘gaseous’: Gr aero-, c/f of aēr, air, gen aeros, akin to Gr, hence L, aura and to Lith oras, air: cf AIR. Exx: aerobatics; which=aero-+ the -batics of acrobatics; aeromarine; aeronaut, lit ‘sailor of the air’; aeroplane; aerostat. The L form aeri- occurs in, e.g., aerify, to aerate.

aesthesi-

; aesthesio-. See asthesi-, esthesio-.

aetheo-

: from Gr aēthēs, unusual (a- not+ēthos, custom); as in Bot aetheogamous (cf -gam). Cf ETHIC.

aethio-

; aetho-: aethrio-: resp from Gr *aithios, bright; Gr aithos, light, fire (whence *aithios); Gr aithrios, light, clear: all akin to aithein (s aith-), to burn. Exx: Bot Aethionema (cf - nema); aethogen (cf -gen); aethrioscope (cf -scope).

aetio-

. See etio-.

aët(o)-

; -aëtus or -aetus: from Gr aetos (s aet-), an eagle. Exx: Aëtosaurus; Circaëtus.

-aeval

. See -eval.

Afro-

, occ Afr-: ‘African’ or, as in Afro-Asiatic, ‘African and’: from L Afer, African (adj). Cf AFRICA.

agamo-

or, before a vowel, agam-: ‘asexual’: from agamous, Gr agamos, unmarried: a cpd c/f: a- , not+gamo- (see -gam). Ex: agamogenesis.

agarici-

: from L agaricum, a fungus, from Gr agarikon, whence E agaric. Ex: agariciform, mushroom-shaped.

agath(o)

Origins 3968

: Gr agatho-, c/f of agathos, good, perh akin to Go gōths, OHG guot, Mod G gut, E, good: if the a- is merely formative, the division of the Gr word is a-+gath-+-os. Exx: agathod(a)emon, one’s good angel (or genius), Gr agathodaimōn (cf DEMON); agathology, the doctrine (cf -logy at -loger) of good.

agati-

: for agate, as in agatiferous, (of rocks) agate-producing, lit -bearing (-ferous at -fer).

aglao-

: from Gr aglaos, bright; as in Bot Aglaonema (cf -nema) and aglaozonia (zōnē, a girdle).

agnoio

:- from Gr agnoia, ignorance: cf AGNOSTIC. Ex: agnoiology, doctrine of ignorance.

-agogue

; -agogy: ‘leading’ (adj) or ‘leader’, hence ‘guiding, inducing’; the corresponding vn: Gr agōgos, (adj) leading, guiding; Gr agōgia, leading (n): from agein, to lead, to guide: cf ACT. Ex: pedagogue, L paedagōgus, Gr paidagōgos, childguiding (adj), hence a teacher—cf paedo-; pedagogy, via late MF-F pedagogic, from Gr paidagōgia.

-agonist

, adj -agonistic: from Gr agōnistēs (adj agōnistikos), one who contends for a prize in the games, hence of an actor; from agōn, a contest, from agein, to drive, lead, celebrate: cf AGONY. Exx: protagonist (cf proto-), Gr prōtagōnistēs, the first, hence most important, actor in a Gr drama, hence any notable leader or spokesman; deuteragonist (cf deutero-), the second actor, Gr deuteragōnistēs; tritagonist—see trito-.

agora-

, as in agoraphobia (cf -phobia): Gr agora, a place of assembly (s agor-), hence a marketplace, from ageirein (s ageir-), to assemble (e.g., the people): f.a.e., ACT.

-agra

: Gr -agra, denoting gout, hence (loosely) an access of pain; from agra, a seizing, a hunting. Exx: melagra and podagra (cf -pod).

agri-

, L c/f, and agro-, Gr c/f: L ager, a field, gen agri, s agr-, akin to Gr agros, a field: ‘of or pertaining to a field, hence of, in, by, for agriculture’. Exx: agriculture, L agricultūra, cultivation of a field; agronomy, field-crop production, from Gr agronomos, rural (cf - nomy). Cf:

agrio-

: ‘savage’ (adj and n): c/f of Gr agrios, (lit) of the field, (hence) uncultivated, (hence) wild, savage, itself from agros, a field—cf prec. Ex: agriology, a study—esp of the customs—of uncivilized peoples.

agro-

. See agri-.

aitho-

: from Gr aithos, burnt (dark) brown—cf aetheo-. Ex: aithochroi (cf -chroia), peoples coloured a reddish brown.

aitio-

. See etio-.

akro-

Elements 3969

. An old spelling of acro-.

albi-

; alb(o)- or, before a vowel, alb-: ‘white’: L albus, q.v. at ALB. Exx: albiflorous, whiteflowered; albocracy, government (cf -cracy) by white men. Cf:

albumini-

; albumin(o)-; occ shortened to albumo-; ‘albumen’ or ‘albumin’: L albūmen, white of egg, from albus, white (cf prec)+ suffix -men (q.v. in Suffixes); L albūmen has o/s albūmin-. Exx: albuminimeter (cf -meter); albuminoscope (cf -scope) and albumoscope.

alco-

: for alcohol, as in alcogel(-atin) and alcovinometer (cf vino-).—Also alcoholo-, as in alcoholomania.

aldo-

: for aldehyde, as in aldomin and aldohexose.

alectoro-

; alectryo-: from Gr alektōr, var alektruōn, a cock (bird). Exx: Alectorpodes (-podes, pl of -pous, c/f of pous, a foot); alectryomachy, cock-fighting, a cock fight (-machy).

aletho-

: ‘true’: Gr alētho-, c/f of alēthēs, true, which consists of privative a- (Prefixes)+lēth-, derived from lanthanō, I forgot: cf LETHE. Exx: alethoscope, an instrument that, for viewing pictures, has a lens that makes objects seem natural; alethiology, the science of truth, esp of evidence, from the derivative abstract n, alētheia, truth.

aleuro-

: ‘flour’: Gr aleuro-, c/f of aleuron, flour. Exx: aleuromancy, divination (cf -money) by flour; aleurometer, an instrument for assessing the quality of flour.

alexi-

: ‘counteracting’ or ‘counteraction; antidote’ : adopted from Gr, where it is a c/f of alexein (s alex-), to ward off: cf Skt rákśati, he protects. Exx: alexipharmic, adj and n, ‘(serving as) an antidote to poison’, from Gr alexipharmakos (cf PHARMACIST); alexipyretic, a febrifuge; cf alexin (chem suffix -in), a defensive or protective substance.

alg-

, short for algo-; -algia (obs -algy), -algic; algio-: ‘pain’: Gr algos, pain. Both -algia and alg(o)- come direct from Gr; algio- derives from -algia; adj -algic=alg-+-ic, q.v. in Suffixes. IE r: *aleg-, which becomes Gr alg-; cognates in L. Exx : neuralgia, nerve- pain—cf neuri-, neuro- below; neuralgic; algiomuscular; algogenic, pain-producing (cf - genic at -gen); algometry, the measurement of pain.

ali-

: ‘wing’: L ala, armpit, shoulder, (predominantly) wing, akin to axis and therefore possessing numerous IE cognates. (The adj is alar, L alāris.) Exx: aliferous, aligerous, winged—cf -ferous at -fer, and -gerous at -ger; aliform, wingshaped; alinasal (cf NOSE); aliped, wing-footed, as the bat; alitrunk (cf TRUNK).

-alia

: ‘a realm (of animal life)’: Gr halia, an assembly. Ex: Bassalia, the abyssal zone, from L bassus, deep.

alieni-

Origins 3970

: L aliēni-, c/f of aliēnus, belonging to another (cf ALIEN). Ex: alienigenate, L aliēnigenus, foreign by birth.

allago-

: from Gr allagē, a change, an exchange, from allassein, to (ex)change. Exx: allagophyllous (cf -phyllous at -phyll), alternate-leaved. Cf the rare syn allasso-, as in allassotonic.

allant(o)-

, a very learned c/f occurring only in Chem and An, in ref to allantoic, the adj of allantois, an organ in embryos: Gr allas, a sausage, o/s allant-.

allasso-

. See allago-.

allelo-

: Gr allēlo-, c/f of allēlōn, one another, from allos (cf allo-); in E ‘reciprocal(ly)’. Ex: Bio allelomorph (cf -morph).

all(o)-

: ‘difference, differentiation’ or ‘extraneousness’ or ‘reversal’: adoption of Gr all(o)-, c/f of allos, other, (hence) different, akin to L alius; IE s al-. Exx: allochromatic, accidentally pigmented; allomorph (cf -morph); allopathy, opp homeopathy—cf -pathy at path(o)-; allotropy (cf -tropic).

alni-

: from L alnus, an alder tree: s aln-, extn of IE r *al-. Ex: alniresinol.

alpha-

. See Dict at ALPHABET.

alphito-

: from Gr alphiton, barley meal: cf Alb el’p, barley. Ex: alphitomancy, divination (- mancy) thereby; alphitomorphous (cf -morph).

alpi-

: from L Alpes, the Alps: cf ALPINE. Ex: alpigene (cf -gene at -gen), growing on mountains.

alterni-

, ‘alternate(ly)’: from L alternus, alternate. Ex: alternipetalous. Cf ALTER and:

altero-

: from L alter, another (cf alter ego, one’s other I or self); as in alterocentric, opp egocentric.

alti-

,‘high’: adopted from L alti-, c/f of altus, high, orig the pp of alere, to nourish, cf OE alan, ON ala. Exx: altigraph; altiloquent (cf eloquent); altimeter; altisonant.—Also alto-

,as in altocumulus (clouds).

alumini-

; alumin(o)-: the former, ‘alum’ or ‘aluimin(i)um’; the latter, ‘alumin(i)um’ only. See ALUMIN(I)UM. Exx: aluminiferous, containing either alum or alumin(i)um; aluminiform, having the form of an alum; aluminothermy, a heating (cf -therm) process in metallurgy. The shorter form alumo- is rare.

alyeoli-

Elements 3971

; alveol(o)-: An and Zoo ‘alveolus’ or ‘alveolus and’ or the adj ‘alveolar’ (alveol-+ adj suffix -ar): ML alveolus (s alveol-), L alueolus, a small cavity, dim of alueus, a cavity, akin to aluus, ML alvus, belly, itself akin to Gr aulos, a flute. Exx: alveoliform; alveolectomy, alveololabial, -lingual, -nasal.

[amb(i)- (1), ‘about’ or ‘around’. See Prefixes.]

ambi-

(2), ‘both’: a c/f adopted from L, from the pronoun ambō, both. Exx: AMBIDEXTROUS, ambivalent, ambivert (midway between extrovert and introvert). Cf amph(i)-, ampho-.

ambly(o)-

: ‘dull’ or ‘dulled’; hence ‘obtuse (-angled)’: Gr amblu-, c/f of amblus, blunt, dull, for *amlus, from amalos, weak, soft, akin to malakos, soft, weak. Exx: amblyopia, weak sight (cf -opia at -ope); amblyoscope, a remedial instrument for weak sight.

ambo-

(1): ‘both’, as in ambosexual and amboceptor. Cf ambi- (2).

ambo-

(2): in ref to Gr ambōn, an edge, a rim, hence a pulpit: as in Ambocoelia. (Very rare; as also is ambo- for Med ambos, G Amboss.)

ambulo-

, as in ambulomancy, divination (-money) by walking, comes from L ambulāre, to walk. Cf AMBLE.

amenti-

: from L amentum, a catkin (or, in Bot, ament): o.o.o. Exx: amentiferous (cf -ferous at - fer), catkin-bearing.

ametr(o)-

: from Gr ametros (privative a-+ metron, a measure), irregular. Exx: ametrometer, an instrument for determining ametropia (cf -opia at -ope), irregular refraction of the eyes. F.a.e., MEASURE.

amid(o)-

: c/f of the chem cpd amide (ammonia+ the chem suffix -ide). Ex: amidophosphoric. Cf:

-amin(e)

; amino-: c/ff of the chem cpd amine (ammonia+the chem suffix -me). Ex: aminophenol. Cf prec.

ammino-

: for ammine (ammonia+chem -ine).

amm(o)-

: ‘sand’: Gr amm(o)-, from ammos, sand, a var of amathos, ? for *samathos (cf SAND). Ex: ammophilous, (of plants) sand-loving.

ammoni(o)-

: ammon(o)-: c/ff, the former of ammonia or ammonium; the latter of ammonia only.

ammoniti-

: for ammonite, a fossil shell, as in ammonitiferous (cf -ferous at -fer).

amni-

: L amni-, c/f of amnis, a stream; app of C origin. Ex: amnicolous (cf -colous).

amnio-

Origins 3972

: ‘(of) the amnion’ a Gr word for a caul: akin to Gr amē, a pail. Ex: amniomancy (cf - mancy).

amoebi-

; amoebo-: ‘amoeba’ (SciL, from Gr amoibē, a change). Exx: amoebicide—cf -cide at - cidal; amoebiform; amoebocyte, cf -cyte.

ampel (o)-

: Gr ampel(o)-, c/f of ampelos, a vine (app pre-Gr), as in ampelotherapy, the grape cure.

amph(i)-

, ampho-: ‘both’: from Gr amphō, both, amph(i)- being a c/f already in Gr: cf ambi- (2). Exx: amphanthium (cf antho-); amphitheatre, amphophilic.

amplexi-

: from L amplexus, an encircling (hence, an embrace), prop a cpd of am(bi-)+plectere, to twine, enlace; as in amplexicaul, (of a leaf) clasping a stem (cf cauli-).

amygdal(o)-

: ‘(of) the tonsil(s)’: L amygdala, an almond, hence a tonsil: a word prob from Asia Minor. Ex: amygdalectomy, cf -ectomy at -tome.

amyli-

; amyl(o)-: ‘(of) starch’: L amylum, better amilum, from Gr amulon. Exx; amyliferous, cf

-ferous at -fer; amylodextrin, amylogenesis, amylolysis, and other chem terms.

amyo-

, as in amyotrophy. cpd of privative a-+ myo-.

analytico

:- for analytic (and).

anarcho-

: either for anarchy; as in anarchosyndicalism, or for anarchic, as in anarchoindividualist (ic).

anatomico-

: ‘anatomic’ or ‘anatomic and’, as in anatomicobiological: L anatomicus. See ANATOMY.

ancylo-

: from Gr ankulos, curved, akin to E (Geom) ANGLE. Ex: Ancylokeras (Gr keras, horn). Also ankylo-, q.v.

andr(o)-

; -andria, -androus, -andry: ‘mankind’ or ‘man the male’: base, andr-, the o/s of Gr anēr, gen andros, a man, cf Arm air. The bot n-comb -andria corresponds to the adj - androus, as does the general -andry, from Gr -andria. The comb andro-or, before a vowel, andr- is an adoption from Gr. Exx: androcentric, with the male predominant; androgynous, Gr androgunos, (lit) man-woman-ish, of both sexes; androphagous, maneating, cf -phaga; poly andria or polyandry, Gr poluandria, itself from poluandros, several-husbanded, whence polyandrous.

anem(o)-

: ‘wind’, occ ‘current of air’ or even ‘inhalation’: Gr anem(o)-, from anemos, wind, akin to L animus and Skt anilas, breath, wind, of echoic origin. Exx: anemometer, an instrument measuring wind-force; bot anemophilous. Cf anemone, Gr anemōnē,

Elements 3973

derivative from anemos.

angelo-

: c/f, adopted from Gr, of ANGEL. Exx: angelocracy, angelology.

angi(o)-

: ‘(of) a seed or blood or lymph vessel’, as in angiocarpous (cf -carpous at carpo-)— angiology—angioneurosis—angiotomy (cf -tome): Gr c/f angeio-, from angeion, a vessel, perh akin to L angulus. Cf -angium (from angeion), denoting ‘type of vessel’, as in gonangium (cf the 2nd -gon).

Anglo-

: ‘English’ or ‘English and’: LL Angli, the English. Cf ENGLISH. Ex: Anglo-French.

angui-

, ‘snake’ or ‘snake-like’: L anguis, a snake, s angu-, with cognates, none very close, in many other IE languages. Exx: anguiform; anguiped, L anguiped-, o/s of anguipes, snake-footed. The L dim anguilla, an eel, has c/f anguilli-, as in anguilliform.

angulato-

; anguli-, angulo-: resp ‘angulate(ly)’ or ‘angulate and’, and ‘angle’: from L angulātus, angled, itself from angulus, an angle, whence, obviously, anguli- and angulo-: see ANGLE. Exx: angulometer, anguliferous, angulatosinuous.

angusti-

; ‘narrow’: L angustus (s angust-), narrow: cf ANGUISH. Exx: angustifoliate, narrowleaved; angustisellate, (lit) narrow-saddled (L sella, a saddle).

anhydr(o)-

: ‘deficiency of water’: Gr anudros, waterless, which=an- (for privative a-)+hudōr, water+ adj suffix -os. Ex: anhydremia (cf -emia).

anilido-

, for anilide; anilino-, for aniline; anilo-, for anil. Only in Chem.

anis(o)-

: ‘unequal’ or ‘dissimilar’: adopted from Gr anis(o)-, from anisos, unequal, which consists of an- (antevocalic form of privative prefix a-)+isos, equal: cf iso-. Exx: anisogamous (cf -gamous at -gam); anisogeny, anisometric; anisotropic.

ankyl(o)-

: ‘bent, crooked’ or ‘crookedness’: Gr ankulos, curved (see ANGLE). Exx: ankylenteron

(cf -enteron at entero-); ankylosaurus (cf -saurus at -saw). Also ancylo-, q.v.

anni-

: L anni-: see ANNIVERSARY.

[ano- (1): ‘upper’: Gr anō, up, upward. Strictly a prefix. Ex: anocarpous. cf -carpous at carpo-.]

ano-

(2): ‘anus’ or ‘anal’ (or ‘anal and’): L ānus (s ān-), a ring, hence the fundament, akin to OIr ānne or āinne, ring. Ex: anoscopy, cf -scopy at -scope.

anomal(o)-

: ‘irregular’: from Gr anōmalos (s anōmal-), uneven, irregular, anomalous; anomalous itself =L anomalus, from Gr anōmalos, which consists of an-, not (var of privative a-)

+homalos, even, an extension of homos, same; anomaly= L anomalia, from Gr anōmalia,

Elements 3975

-anthus

. See anth-.

antr(o)-

: ‘cavern’ or, esp in Med, ‘cavity’: L antrum, from Gr antron (s antr-), prob akin either to Gr anemos, wind (cavern=blow-hole) or to L ancra, a depression. Ex: antroscope (cf SCOPE). Adj: antral.

aort(o)-

: c/f of aorta, a SciL reshaping of Gr aortē, from airein (s air-), to heave or lift. Exx: aortolith, a calculus (cf -lith at litho-) in the aorta; aortotomy (cf -tomy at -tome). The adj aortic has c/f aortico-, ‘aortic and’.

aperto-

: from L apertus, open(ed), but used for E aperture, as in apertometer.

aphan(o)-

: from Gr aphanēs (a-, not+-phanēs, visible: cf -phane and PHENOMENON); as in aphanophyre (cf -phyre). There is a var apheno-, as in aphenoscope (cf -scope).

-aphia

; a SciL c/f, from Gr haphē, touch or a touching, from haptein (s hapt-), to touch, akin to Skt yabh-. Ex: oxyaphia, acuteness (cf oxy-) of touch.

aphidi-

: for aphid (a plant-sucking insect), as in aphidivorous (cf -vorous at -vora). Aphid derives from Aphid-, o/s of SciL Aphis, a genus of plant lice, perh (Webster) from Gr apheidēs, lavish.

aphno-

: from Gr aphnos, wealth, as in aphnology, the doctrine or science (cf -logy at -loger) of wealth.

aphoto-

: from Gr aphōs (gen aphōtos), lightless (a-, not+phōs, light), as in aphototropic (adj), avoiding light by turning away from it (cf -tropic at -tropal). Cf PHOTOGRAPH.

aphr(o)-

: Gr, from aphros, foam, with possible Skt cognates. Exx: Aphrodite, The Foam-Born (cf

-ite in Suffixes); aphrolite (cf -lite).

api-

: c/f of L apis (s ap-), a bee, perh akin to BEE itself. Exx: apiculture, bee-keeping, and apiphobia, a dread of bees. Apiary=L apiarium.

apico-

: c/f of L (hence E) apex, summit, o/s apic: cf APEX. Ex: apicectomy, the excision (cf - ectomy at -tome) thereof.

aplano-

: c/f from Gr aplanēs, fixed (esp of stars), which consists of privative a-+planos, errant

(c) Nor flana, to wander here and there: Hofmann). Exx: aplanobacter (cf -bacter) and aplanospore (cf -spore).

aplo-

. A var of haplo-, as in aplobasalt.

appendic(o)-

Elements 3977

arcto-

: Gr arkt(o)-, c/f of arktos, a bear, as in Arcturus (Gr ouros, a guard), or the North, as in Arctogaea (Gr gaia, land). Cf ARCTIC.

areni-

: ‘(of) sand’: L arēna or harēna, sand, o.o.o. Ex: arenicolous, dwelling—or burrowing— in sand.

areo-

(1): ‘Mars’ or, in Astr, ‘Martian’: Gr Arēs (gen Areas), the god of war. Exx: areography, Areopagus (the hill of Ares or Mars).

areo-

(2): Gr araios, thin, (hence) rare, o.o.o. Ex: areometer.

areto-

: c/f from Gr aretē, virtue, akin to areiōn, better, and aristos, best. Exx: the obs aretology, ethics; the rare aretalics, the science of virtue.

-arge

. See argyro-.

argenti-

, argent(o): resp ‘silver’ and “containing silver and’: L argentum (s argent-); cf the poetical argent (n and adj), silver. Exx: argentiferous; argentometry (-metry, q.v. at - meter). Cf the next and argyro-.

argillaceo-

, c/f of argillaceous, clayey (L argillāceus, s argill-); argillo, c/f of argillous (L argillōsus) and denoting ‘containing clay and’. The basic L word is argilla (clay), adopted from Gr which forms it from argos, white, akin to L argentum, silver, and to:

argyr(o)-

, adopted from Gr argur(o)-, the c/f of arguros, silver, from argos, white. Only in SciL words. The end c/f -arge has the same origin, as in litharge (cf -lith at -lice). Cf argenti-.

arist(o)-

, adopted from Gr: c/f of aristos, best, akin to areiōn, better; of very ancient IE descent, with cognates in Skt and OPer. Ex: aristocracy (-crat, -cratic, qq.v. at -crat).

Do not confuse with the rare aristology, the art and science of dining—from Gr ariston, breakfast or lunch.

arithmetico-

, c/f of L arithmeticus or of E arithmetical; -arithm, c/f from—arithm(o)-, c/f of—Gr arithmos, number, itself from IE r *ar-. Exx: logarithm—cf logarithmo-; arithmomania, obsession with—esp the counting of—numbers; arithmometer, a calculating machine. Cf ARITHMETIC.

armi-

; ‘of or in or by weapons’: L c/f of arma, weapons (cf ARMY). Exx: armigerous, bearing, or entitled to bear (cf -ger), heraldic arms; armipotent, potent in weapons, mighty in battle.

arsenico

, c/f of arsenic, as in arsenicophagy, arsenic-eating (habit); arsen(o)-, another c/f of arsenic, as in arsenotherapy. Cf ARSENIC.

Origins 3978

arteri(o)-

, adopted from the Gr c/f of artēria, artery: ‘artery’ or ‘arterial (and)’. Ex: arteriosclerosis, hardening (cf sclero-) of the arteries. Cf ARTERY.

arthr(o)-

, adopted from Gr c/f of arthron, a joint—cf Gr artios, complete, L artūs, joints, all of ancient IE origin. Ex: arthrology, the science of (the body’s) joints; cf arthritis, direct from Gr, with adj arthritic (Gr arthritikos). Cf artio-.

arti-

(1), as in artifact: c/f of L ars, art, o/s art-(see ART).

arti-

(2), as in artiphyllous (cf -phyllous at -phyll): cf of L artūs, joints. Cf arthro-.

artio-

: c/f of Gr artios, even (s art-): IE *ar-, to join. Ex: artiodactyl, (an) even-toed (mammal).

arto-

: adopted from the Gr c/f of artos, bread: o.o.o. Ex: artophagy, the practice or habit of eating bread.

arundi-

: L arundi-, c/f of arundō, a reed; as in arundiferous, reed-bearing.

arvi-

: from ML arvum, L aruum, cultivated land, a (cultivated) field, from arāre (s ar-), to plough. Exx: arvicoline (or -colous, q.v.), field-dwelling; arviculture, the growing of field crops.

Aryo-

: c/f of Aryan, from Skt ārya, noble (cf Gr aristos, best): denotes ‘Aryan and’, as in AryoIndian.

aryteno-

: c/f of aryenoid, lit ‘ladle-shaped’, Gr arutainoeidēs, from arutaina, a ladle.

asci-

or asco-; ascidi(o)-: resp ‘bag, bladder’ and ‘(of or like a) bladder-shaped plant organ’: SciL ascus (s asc-) from Gr askos (s ask-), a wine-skin, bag, bladder; SciL ascidium, from Gr askidion, dim of askos. Exx: asciferous orascigerous, bearing asci (fungus sacs); ascogenous; ascidiferous, ascidiform. Gr askos is o.o o.; perh akin to sakkos (L saccus), from Sem saq.

ascidi(o)-

. See prec.

asperi-

, as in asperifolious, rough-leaved: from L asper, rough. Cf ASPERITY.

aspid(o)-

; -aspis: ‘shield’ or ‘shield-like’: borrowed from Gr, where they are c/ff of aspis, a shield, o/s aspid-, perh from spidios, wide. Exx: aspidomancy (cf -mancy) and Odontaspis, a nametype found only in a few erudite terms.

Assyrio-

, Assyro-: c/ff of L Assyria and Assyrius, from resp Gr Assuria or Assuriē (gē, land) and

Elements 3979

Gr Assurios, adj from Assurioi, the Assyrians. Exx: Assyriology and Assyro-Babylonian.

-aster

; aster(o)-; astri- or astr(o)-: resp ‘star’; ‘star’; ‘of the stars; astral’: resp Gr astēr, a star; Gr aster-, astero-, from astēr; from L astrum (Gr astron); Gr astr-, astro-, from Gr astron, a star, var of astēr: for all, cf STAR. Exx: such Bot, Bio and Zoo names as clypeaster, disaster; (Pal) Asterolepis; astriferous, star-bearing; ASTRONOMY, astrophysics.

-asthenia

; asthen(o)-: ‘debility’; ‘(of) debility’: Gr astheneia, debility, from asthenēs, weak, whence astheno-. Lit, asthenēs=privative a-, not+sthenos, strong. Exx: neurasthenia, nerve-weakness (cf neuro-); asthenology, the scientific study (cf -logy at -loger) of debility,and asthenosophere, a ‘zone of weakness’ far below the earth’s surface.

astragal(o)-

: ‘relation to or connexion with the astragalus’, a tarsal bone: L astragalus; from Gr astragalos, a vertebra, akin to Gr ostrakon, a hard shell. Exx: astragalotibial; astragalomancy, divination (-mancy) by small bones—or by dice.

astri-

, astro-. See -aster.

ataxo-

: for ataxia (Gr, ‘lack of arrangement, disorder’), as in ataxo-phemia, imperfect speech: privative a+taxia, akin to taxis, arrangement—cf TAX.

atel(o)-

: ‘defect of development or structure’ (esp in An and Med): from Gr atelēs, imperfect, a-, not+telos, end, purpose (cf tele-). Ex: atelocephalous (cf cephalo-).

athero-

, as in Bot Atherosperma (cf -sperm), comes from Gr other (gen atheros), a beard of corn; in Med, it=atheroma, itself ult of same origin.

athro-

: from Gr athroos (adj), collected, as in athrogenic (cf -genic at -gen).

Atlanto-

, Atlo-; atloido-. Whereas Atlanto-denotes either ‘Atlantal (of Atlas) and’ or ‘Atlantic (and)’, Atlo- denotes only ‘Atlantal and’; Atloido denotes ‘Atlantal and’. The base is Atlas, the mountain (see ATLAS), whence Atlo-; from the c/f Atlant- comes Atlanto-. Exx: Atlanto-Mediterranean, Atlantosaurus (cf -saur), atloido-occipital (atlas in its derivative An sense).

atmid(o)-

: from atmid-, o/s of Gr atmis, smoke or vapour, akin to atmos, q.v. in next entry. Ex: atmidometer, an atmometer or evaporation-measurer.

atm(o)-

, adopted from Gr, atm(o)- being the c/f of atmos, vapour—cf ATMOSPHERE. Ex: atmo-graph, atmology.

atomi-

or atomo-; atomico-: ‘atoms’; ‘atomic’: from atomic, from ATOM. Exx: atomiferous, atombearing (cf -ferous at -fer); atomology.

Origins 3980

atra-

. See atro-.

atrio-

: ‘atrium’ or, in An, ‘atrial and’: from L ātrium, the principal room in an Ancient Roman house; hence a term in An and Zoo; ātrium, either Etruscan or from L āter (see atro-). Ex: atriopore (cf PORE).

atro-

: ‘black and’: from L āter, black, o/s ātr-, app orig ‘blackened by fire’—cf Av atars, fire. Ex: atrosanguineous, black-blooded (cf SANGUINE). The var atra- occurs in atrabiliar,

F atrabiliaire, from L ātra bīlis, black bile.

-atrophia

: ‘a (specified) type of atrophy’: SciL formation from Gr atrophia, lack of food (privative a-+-trophia, q.v.). Ex: splenatrophia (cf SPLEEN).

au-

. See avi-.

audio-

: ‘hearing’ or ‘of hearing; audible’: a Sci c/f from L audīre (s aud-), to hear, perhaps suggested by audiō, I hear; audi- also occurs; cf AUDIBLE. Exx: audiogram, audiometer; audiphone.

aulac(o)

: Gr aulak(o)-, c/f of aulax, var of alox, a furrow. Ex: aulacocarpous (cf -carpous at carpo-).

aulo-

: ‘a tubular object or structure’: Gr aulo-, c/f of aulos (s aul-), a flute—cf L aulu(u)s, flute, and Lit aulys, a beanstalk. Ex: aulophyte (cf -phyte).

aureo-

auri-

(1). See prec.

auri-

(2): ‘the ear’ or, in An and Physio, ‘aural and’: L auris, the ear, s aur-, an extension of IE au-, itself with a var ou-. Exx: auriform, aurinasal. The adj is aural. Cf:

auriculo-

: ‘auricular and’: L auricula, auricle (external ear; a chamber of the heart), lit the dim of auris, ear. Ex: auriculocranial.

auro-

(1). See aureo-.

auro-

(2); ‘wind’: Gr aura, wind, akin to Gr aēr, air. Ex: aurophore (cf -phora).

Austro-

: ‘Austria and’, as in Austro-Hungary. But also, as in Austro-Malayan, ‘Australian and’. Cf AUSTRIA and:

Elements 3981

austro-

: ‘the south wind’, as in austromancy (cf -mancy), or ‘south (and)’, as in Austro-Asiatic, South-Asiatic: from L auster, the south wind: cf AUSTRALIA. Cf prec.

auth-

. See:

aut(o)-

; auth- or authi-, only before aspirated words: ‘of or by or for or in oneself’: Gr aut(o)-,

aut(h)-, c/f of autos, self or, as adj, same, perh akin to Gr au . Exx: autocrat(ic); autodidact, a self-taught person: cf DIDACTIC; AUTOGRAPH; AUTOMATON; AUTOMOBILE; authigenic (Gr authigenēs, born on the spot).

Hence, short for automobile, as in autocar.

automat (o)-

: adopted from Gr: c/f of automatos, self-acting: cf AUTOMATIC. Ex: automatograph.

-auxe

; auxo-: ‘enlargement of a part’ (specified); ‘concerned with or due to increase or growth’: Gr auxē, increase; Gr c/f auxo-, from auxein (s aux-), to increase, cf IE *aug- or

*augs- and L augēre (s aug-), to increase. Exx: enterauxe (cf entero-); auxograph, auxotonic.

aveno-

: from ML avēna, L auēna, oats (cf F avoine)—cf OSl ovǐsŭ and OPr wise; prob non-IE. Ex: avenolith (cf -lith at -lite).

avi-

: ‘bird’: ML avis, L auis (s au-), a bird, akin to Vedic vés. Exx: avicolous (cf -colous), aviculture. The s au- yields also auspice, whence auspicious: F auspice, L auspicium, from auspex, a bird-inspector, i.e. an augur, from auis+specere or spicere, to see.

axi-

; axio-; ax(o)-; axono-: L c/f axi-, from axis (s ax-), axle, axis; mod c/f; Gr ax(o)-, from axōn (s ax-), axis; axon-, o /s of axōn+connective o: all denote ‘axis’. L axis is intimately akin to Gr axōn. See AXIS. Exx: axilemma; axiolite; axostyle; axonometry.

axino-

: from Gr axinē, an axe, as in axinomancy (cf -mancy).

axio-

(1). See axi-.

axio-

(2), as in axiology, the science of values: Gr axios, of like value, worthy—cf AXIOM.

axo-

, axono-. See axi-.

az(o)-

: chem c/f of azote, nitrogen, ‘so named by Lavoisier because it is incapable of supporting life’ (Webster), It occurs only in chem terms. Another c/f of azote is azot(o)-, similarly restricted : cf azoxy-, which=az-+oxv-.

azygo-

: c/f of azygous, odd (not one of a pair): lit ‘unyoked’—Gr a-, not+zug(on), a yoke—cf YOKE. Ex: azygospore.

Origins 3982

bacci-

: ‘berry’: L bacca or bāca, a berry: a word either of Medit stock or akin to the wine-god

Bacchus, from Gr , imperfectly appre-hended. Exx: bacciferous, from L bac(c) ifer; bacciform; baccivorous (cf -vora).

bacilli-

; bacill(o)-: ‘(of) a bacillus’, SciL from LL bacillus, var of L bacillum, dim of baculum, a staff or a stick, akin to Gr baktron, a form indicating that the IE s is *bak-. Exx: bacilliform, bacilligenic; bacillophobia. Cf baculi- and:

-bacter

; bacteri(o)-: ‘a bacterial organism’; ‘bacteria’ or ‘bacterial’: bacteria is the pl of bacterium, SciL for Gr baktērion, dim of baktron, a staff, akin to L baculum (cf baculi-): bacteria are tiny rod-shaped organisms. Exx; nitrobacter (cf nitro-); bactericide (cf -cide at -cidal); bacteriology, the science of bacteria; bacterioscopy (cf -scopy at -scope). Cf prec.

baculi-

: ‘rod’ or ‘staff’, as in baculiform, or ‘cane’ or ‘reed’, as in baculiferous: L baculum, rod, staff. Cf bacilli- and -bacter.

balaeni-

, balaeno: ‘whale’: L balaena, from Gr phallaina, itself prob akin to phallos (L phallus); IE s *bhel-, to swell.

balani-

, balan(o)-: ‘acorn’ and, in Med, ‘gland’: balani-, from L balanus, acorn; balano- from its Gr original, balanos (s balan-), akin to L glans. Exx: balaniferous; balanophore (cf - phore).

balneo-

: irreg from L balneum, a bath, app for the var balineum, itself from Gr balaneion, neu n from adj *balaneios (s balan-), wet, dripping—cf Skt galanas, dripping (drop by drop). Ex: balneology, the science of (therapeutic) bathing.

balsami-

: for balsam, as in balsamiferous, balsam-producing (cf -ferous at -fer).

-bar

, adj -baric; bari-, bar(o)-, bary-: ‘weight’; ‘heavy’: Gr baros, weight, and barus (s bar- ), heavy, themselves akin to L grauis (ML gravis) and Go kaurus. The truly Gr c/f is bar

(o)-; bary-is LL, and bari- a var thereof. Exx: isobar (cf iso-), from baros; centrobaric; baritone, barytone, It baritono, Gr barutonos, from barus; barograph, barometer (barometrical), baroscope, all from the n baros.

basi-

, baso-: ‘the base’ or ‘forming a base’; (An) ‘relating to the basion’—basi- only; ‘walking’ (n): L basis, from Gr basis, from bainō, I go or walk: see BASE, n. Exx: basicranial (cf cranio-); basipetal (-petal); basophobia, a dread of walking. Cf:

basidio-

: ‘basidial’ (of a basidium, a fungus form): c/f of basidium, SciL dim from Gr basis, base. Ex: basidiospore. Cf prec.

-bat

Elements 3983

(n); -batic (adj): Gr -batos, -walking (adj); -bat+suffix -ic. Cf ACROBAT.

batho-

; bathy-: ‘depth’; ‘the ocean depths’ or, in An and Med, ‘the body’s inner parts’: c/f from Gr bathos, depth (whence the E bathos); c/f from Gr bathus, deep, prob akin to Gr bēssa, Doric bassa, a glen. Exx: bathophobia, a dread of depths—opp acrophobia, q.v. at acro-; bathysphere.

bato-

(1): from Gr batos, a bramble (o.o.o.); as in Batodendron (Gr dendron, a tree).

bato-

(2): from Gr batos, passable, from bainein, to walk, to step, to go. Prob in batophobia (cf -phobia at -phobe), a dread of passing close to high buildings.

bato-

(3): from Gr batos, a skate or a ray (fish); as in Batocrinus (cf -crinus).

batrach(o)-

: adapted from Gr batrakh(o)-, c/f of batrakhos, a frog, of echoic origin. Ex: batrachophagous, frog-eating (cf -phaga).

-bdella

; bdell(o)-: ‘leech’: Gr bdella, a leech, akin to bdallein, to milk, to suck: ‘the sucker’. Ex: bdellotomy (cf -tomy at -tome).

Belgo-

: for Belgium and Belgian. Ex: Belgophile (cf -phil).

belli-

: ‘war’: c/f of L bellum, war, o.o.o. Exx: belliferous, bringing war; belligerent, waging war, hence n; bellipotent, powerful (cf POTENT) in war, all three words having L forebears: cf the adj bellicose (L bellicōsus, from bellicus, of war) and the war goddess

Bellona.

belo-

; belono-: resp from Gr belos (s bel-), an arrow, and from its extension (? dim) belonē (? bel-+formative element -on-+ē, f sing), a needle. Exx: belomancy, divination (-mancy) with arrows; belonosphaerite (cf -sphaera; Min suffix -ite).

[bene-: ‘well’: the L adv bene. See Prefixes.]

benz(o)-

: a chem c/f of benzene. Ex: benzoperoxide.

-bet

. See ALPHABET.

beta

, only in Chem: Gr bēta, the letter b. Exx: beta-glucose, beta ray.

betaino-

for Chem betaine, itself =L bēta, beet+ chem -ine. Ex: betainogen.

bi-

or, before vowels, bin-: ‘two’, hence ‘twice’ (cf prefix bis-): L bi-, for *dwi-, from duo, two, akin to E TWO. Exx: bicycle, (a device with) two wheels (cf cyclo-); bifurcate (cf FORK); bilateral.

-bia

Origins 3984

, pl, and -bia, f sing, -bium, neu s, -bius, m sing; adj -bious; bi(o)-: ‘life’, ‘living organisms’: Gr bios (Gr c/f bio-), s bi-: see BIOGRAPHY. Exx: aerobia, pl of aerobium, an aerobe—an organism that can live only where oxygen is present; Zenobia (cf zeno-); AMPHIBIOUS (Gr amphibios); BIOGRAPHY, BIOLOGY. Cf -by.

Biblico-

: c/f of Biblic(al). See BIBLE. Cf:

biblio-

: Gr biblio-, c/f of biblion, a book: cf BIBLE. Exx: bibliography (cf -graphy at -graph), bibliolatry (cf -latry at -later), bibliomania (cf -mania at -measure), bibliophile (cf -phil).

bicro-

, ‘one billionth’, as in bicrofarad: anl with micro-.

bili-

: ‘bile’ or, in Biochemistry, ‘derived from bile’: L bīlis (s bīl-), cf E BILE. Ex: biliverdin, a green pigment found in bile.

bin-

. See bi-.

bio-

; -bious. See -bia.

[bis-, twice. See Prefixes.]

bismuto-

, bismutho: chem c/ff of bismuth, G Bismuth.

-blast

; -blastic; -blasty;—blast(o)-: ‘a formative cell’; ‘formative, germinating’; ‘germinal formation’;—‘a budding; budding’, ‘(of) the early embryo’: all four relative to Bio: Gr blastos, a sprout or shoot; E adj in -ic, used only as a 2nd element; Gr c/f -blastia; Gr c/f blast(o)-. Exx: odontoblast (cf odonto-); epiblastic (epi- in Prefixes); heteroblasty (hetero-); blastoderm (-derm), blastospore (cf -spora).

blenni-

; blenn(o)-: ‘of mucus’; ‘presence of, or connected with, mucus: Gr blenna, cf OIr blinn, slaver, pus. Exx: blenniform; blennogenous.

blephar(o)-

; -blepharon; ‘eyelid’; ‘(specified) disease of the eyelid’: blephar(o)-, direct from the Gr c/f of blepharon, an eyelid, akin to—? from—blepein (s blep-), to glance or see. Exx: blepharotomy; varicoblepharon.

-bola

, -bole, -bolic, -bolism, -bolist; bolo-: generically, ‘(a) stroke, stroking’: resp LL -bola; Gr -bolē; Gr -bolikos; Gr -bolismos; Gr -bolistēs; c/f of Gr bolē, (lit) a throw(ing) or cast (ing), (hence) a stroke, from ballein (s bal-), to throw or cast. Exx: geometrical parabola, (perh via LL parabola) from Gr parabolē, (lit) a cast to the side; ME parabole, a parable; parabolic, LL parabolicus, LGr parabolikos; holograph, bolometer.

boni-

, c/f of L bonus, good, as in boniform, partaking of, or resembling, good; Boniface. Cf BOON.

bor(o)-

Elements 3985

: a chem c/f of boron, itself from borax (via F from Ar from Per būrah). Ex: borocarbide.

botan(o)-

, a c/f adopted from Gr, from botanē, a plant: see BOTANY. Ex botanophile.

bothri(o)-

; bothr(o)-: ‘sucker’, as on a tapeworm, c/f of bothrium, from Gr bothrion, dim of bothros, ‘trench’ or ‘trough’—perh akin to Gr bathus, deep—whence the c/f bothro-, as in bothrodendron.

botry(o)-

: ‘cluster of grapes’: perh via L botru(u)s; certainly from Gr botrus, c/f botru(o)-, o.o.o. Ex: botryogen (-gen), botryolite (-lite).

botuli-

, as in botuliform, sausage-shaped: L botulus, prob of Oscan origin: cf botulism, (lit) sausage-poisoning.

bovi-

,a c/f adopted from ML bōv-, L bōu-, o/s of bōs, an ox, akin to Gr boós or bous—cf BOVINE. With denotation ‘cattle’, it occurs in, e.g., boviculture, boviform. The c/f bovo-

,as in bovovaccine, answers to the adj bovine.

-brach

; brachisto-; brachy-: ‘short’; ‘shortest’; ‘short’: brachisto-, as in brachistocephalic, (lit) shortest-headed, represents Gr brakhistos, sup of brakhus, short, whence both the end-

element -brach, as in amphibrach, a trisyllabic metric foot () that is short at both ends, and the front element brachy-, as in brachy cephalic, shortheaded, and brachypterous, short-winged (-pterous at -ptera). Gr brakhus, s brakh-, is akin to L breuis, s breu-, and also to Gr brakhiōn, forearm, arm; therefore cf:

brachi(o)-

: ‘the arm’ and, in An, ‘connexion with the arm; of the arm and’: L brachium or bracchium, from Gr brakhiōn, forearm or arm. Exx: Brachiopod (cf -pod), one of the molluscs, lit ‘arm-footed’; Brachiosaurus, a huge dinosaurus with forelegs longer than its hind legs. Cf prec.

bradyrepresents Gr bradu-, c/f of bradus (s brad-), slow, sluggish, perh akin to L gurdus, heavy, stupid. Exx: bradycardia (-cardia), sluggish (action of the) heart; bradycrotic, slow-pulsed (-erotic).

branch

; -branchia, adj -branchiate; branchi-, branchi(o)-: ‘a branchiate creature’, as in cirribranch (cirri-); ‘gills’, as in podobranchia (podo-, q.v. at -pod)’, ‘gills’, as in branchicolous, ‘living (-colous) parasitically upon gills’; ‘relation to, or connexion with gills’, as in branchiocardiac and branchiosaur. The L branchia transliterates Gr

brevi-

, adopted from ML brevi (L breui-), c/f of brevis (L breuis), short, brief: cf BRIEF. Exx: breviloquence, ML breviloquentia, a brief manner of speaking; breviped (-ped), shortlegged; brevipennate, short-winged.

Brito-

Origins 3986

: ‘British’: from Briton—cf BRITAIN. Ex: Brito-Icelandic.

brom(o)-

: Gr bromo-, brom-, c/ff of bromos (s brom-), var brōmos, a stink: in Chem, ‘bromine’, a blend of F brome, bromine+E chlorine. Ex: bromomania.

bronchi-

; bronchi(o)-; bronch(o)-: ‘a bronchus, or the bronchi’, c/f from Gr bronkhos, windpipe; ‘bronchial’, c/f of bronchium, the sing of bronchia, the bronchial tubes; ‘bronchial’ or ‘bronchial and’, adapted from Gr bronkho-, bronkh-, c/ff of bronkhos (whence bronchus, a subdivision of the windpipe). Exx: bronchiloquy, ? wheezy speech; bronchiospasm, bronchotomy (-tomy, q.v. at -tome).

bronte-

, bront(o)-: ‘thunder’: Gr brontē, c/f bronto-, bront-, akin to Etrusco-Latin frontesia (Hofmann); orig echoic (?). Exx brontephobia, var of brontophobia, dread of thunder.

broto-

, as in brotocrystal: from Gr brōtos, gnawed, to be eaten, prob the pp of bibrōskein (r brōsk-), to eat up.

bry(o)-

: adapted from Gr bru(o)-, c/f of bruon (s bru-), moss, app akin to bruein, to gush forth. Ex: bryology, the science of mosses.

bu-

, as in bucentaur (cf CENTAUR), Bucephalus (the ‘ox-headed’ horse of Alexander the Great), Buceros (cf -ceros): Gr bou-, c/f of bous, ox: cf BOVINE.

bucco-

: ‘of the cheek and’: L bucca, cheek, perh of C origin (r *buc-, to swell). Ex: buccolingual, of cheeks and tongue.

bulbi-

, bulbo-: ‘bulb’ and ‘of (or like) a bulb and’: the former, regularly from L bulbus, the latter a SciL c/f from bulbus, itself a derivative of Gr bolbos. Exx: bulbiferous, bulbifrom; bulbospinal.

-bulia

: ‘a (specified) state of the will’, Gr boulē, s boul- (Hofmann compares ballein, to cast). Ex: hyperbulia, excessive (cf hyper- in Prefixes) desire for action.

bulli-

: from L bulla, a bubble, akin—sem, at the least—to L bulbus (cf bulbi-). Ex: bulliform, puckered.

buno-

: from Gr bounos, mound, hill, akin to boubōn, (a swelling in) the groin. Ex: bunodon, (adj, hence n), having tubercles on the molar teeth, pl Bunodonta.

Burmo-

, for ‘Burma’ or ‘Burmese and’, as in Burmo-Chinese.

bursi-

, as in bursiform, purse-shaped: from L bursa, a purse: cf PURSE.

but-

; butyr(o)-: the former, only in Chem, e.g. butane, butene, butyl, and pragmatically short

Elements 3987

for butyro-, the c/f of butyric, of or from butter: see BUTTER for L būty rum, Gr bouturon.

-by

: perh via L -bium, from Gr -bion, as in cenoby, usu coenoby, perh via LL coenobium, a convent, from Gr koinobion, community life. See -bia.

byssi-

, bysso-: from L byssus, fine flax, (hence) fine linen, from Gr bussos, with cognates in Ham and Sem. Exx: byssiferous (cf -ferous at -fer) and byssogenous (cf -genous at gen), both with E sense ‘tuft’.

-cace

; each-; cac(o)-: adaptation of the Gr c/f -kakē, for kakē, badness—in E, vitiated condition, as in arthrocace (cf arthro-); each- (Gr kakh-), the aspirated form of cac- (Gr kak-), the prevocalic shortening of caco- (Gr kako-), from kakos, bad, perh from kakkē, human excrement, cf L cacāre (s cac-), to cack or defecate; kakkē and cacāre are nursery words. Exx: cachexia, from Gr kakhexia (cf hexi-); cacophony, dissonance, discord.

cacti-

: for cactus, as in cactiform, cactus-like.

cadmi-

, cadm(o)-: for cadmium (cf the Chem suffix -ium), a ductile metal, from cadmia, itself from Gr kadmeia, from the Gr myth character Kadmos (Cadmus). Exx: cadmiferous (cf - ferous at -fer); cadmopone (after ‘lithopone’).

caduci-

: (lit) ‘falling’, (hence) ‘deciduous’: L cadūcus, falling (adj), failing, from cadere (s cad- ), to fall; see CADENCE. Ex: caducicorn (cf -corn), having deciduous antlers.

caeci-

; caec(o)-, mod ceco-: ‘of the caecum’ (the blind gut); ‘the caecum’ (adj caecal) or ‘caecal and’: base, L caecus (s caec-, ModE cec-), blind, akin to OIr caech and Go haihs, one-eyed; caecum is n from the neu of the adj. Exx: caeciform, shaped like the caecum; caecotomy; cecograph.

cael(o)-

. See coel(i)-.

caen(o)-

. See ceno-.

Caesaro-

; caesaro-: for Caesarian; from CAESAR. Exx: Caesarotomy (cf -tomy at -tome); caesaropapism or -papacy, the exercise, by secular rulers, of power over the Papacy.

cain(o)-

. See ceno-.

calami-

, calam(o)-: ‘a reed’ or ‘reeds’: resp L calamus and, origin of the L word, Gr kalamos, a reed. Exx: calamiferous, Calamospermae (cf -sperm).

calathi-

: from L calathus, from Gr kalathos, a basket narrow at the base, (perh) a cup, as in calathiform, cup-shaped; cf Skt kathina-, a saucepan.

Origins 3988

calcaneo-

: In An and Zoo, ‘of the calcaneum (a bone) and’: LL calcāneum, the heel, from calx, o/s calc-, the heel. Ex: calcaneotibial. Cf calcari-.

calcareo-

; calci-; calcio-; calc(o)-: resp ‘calcareous’; ‘lime’ or ‘calcium’; ‘presence of calcium’; ‘lime’ or chalk: resp L calcārius, of or with lime, calcareous; L calx, gen calcis, o/s calc-, lime; c/f of calcium; (calco-) irreg from L calx, calc-, lime, akin to and perh from Gr khalix, a pebble, limestone, of ancient IE stock. Exx: calcareo-sulphurous; calciferous, calcimeter; calcography, art of drawing with chalks. Calcium is a SciL formation from calx, lime.

calcari-

: ‘spur’ (of cock bird): L calcar, a cock’s spur, from calc- o/s of calx heel (cf calcaneo-). Ex: calcariferous.

calcei-

: ‘shoe, slipper’: L calceus, shoe, from calx, o/s calc-, heel. Ex: calceiform, (in Bot) slipper-shaped. Cf calcaneo- and calcari-.

calci-

; calcio-; calco-. See calcareo-.

calculi-

: ‘pebble’: L calculus, either a dim or a reduplication of calx lime(stone). Ex: calculiform, pebble-shaped.

cal(e)-

; cali-; calori-: ‘warm’: from L calēre (s cat-), to be warm; calidus, warm; color, warmth, heat; words with an IE s *kal. Exx: calefactory, adj (L calefactōrius) and n (ML calefactōrium), and calelectricity; caliduct; calorigenic, calorimeter.

cali-

(1). See prec.

cali-

(2). See calli-.

cali-

(3): irreg for calidi- (L calidus, very warm), as in caliduct.

calici-

: ‘cup’, hence ‘bell’: L calix (o/s calic-), a cup, a goblet, akin to Gr kalux, a flower’s calyx, which is cup-shaped. Ex: caliciform, bell-shaped. Cf calyci-.

calio-

: from Gr kalia (s kal-: cf calypto-), a hut, a nest. Ex: caliology, a study—the science—of birds’ nests.

calli-

, occ callo-; calo-: resp Gr kalli-, c/f of kallos, beauty, as in calligraphy (Gr kalligraphia), callipygous (Gr kallipugos); as in Callorhynchus, ‘fair-snouted’ (fish); Gr kalo-, c/f of kalos, beautiful, as in calotype. The c/f cali-, as in calisthenics (callisthenics), is a var of calli-. With Gr kalos and kallos, cf Skt kalyas, healthy.

calori-

. See cale-.

Elements 3989

caly-

. A shortened—and rare—var (as in calyphyomy) of:

calyci-

; calyc(o)-: ‘calyx’: calyci-, from L calyc-, o/s of calyx; calyco- or, before a vowel, calyc-, from Gr kaluko-, kaluk-, from kalux (o/s kaluk-), calyx of flower. Exx: calyciflorous; Calycophora (cf -phora). Cf calici-.

calypt(o)-

: ‘covered’: Gr kaluptos, covered, hidden, as in calyptoblastic. Cf calyptri-, calyptro-, c/ff of Gr kaluptra, a covering, as in calyptriform and calyptrogen. Gr kaluptein, to hide, has s kalupt-, an extension of IE *kal- or *kel-, to cover, shelter, hide, as in L celāre, to hide, and E cell.

cambi-

, cambio-: c/ff of the SciL sense-adaptation (in Bot) of LL cambium, exchange—cf ML cambiāre, to exchange; a word of app C origin: r *camb-, to turn. Ex: cambiform, cambiogenetic.

Cambro-

: c/f of Cambrian, adj of ML Cambria, Wales, from W Cymra, itself prob from Cymry, the Welsh (people), pl of Cymro: cf CYMRIC, Ex: Cambro-Briton.

camelo-

. See camelopard at CAMEL.

-campa

; campo-: from Gr kampē, a caterpillar. Only in Zoo techh.

campani-

, campano-: c/ff of LL campāna, a bell, of echoic origin. Exx: campaniform, bellshaped, and campanology, science (cf -logy at -loger) of bells, art of ringing bells.

camph(o)-

, camphor(o)-: c/ff of camphor (perh via MF camphore): ML camphora; Ar kāfūr, Mal kāpūr. Exx: camphocarboxylic; camphoroyl (cf -yl).

campi-

: c/f of L campus, a field—cf campto- and esp CAMP. Ex: campimeter, a term in Psy.

campo-

. See -campa.

campto-

(in Bot and Zoo): Gr kamptos, flexible, akin to kamptein, to bend or curve, and kampē, a bend (in a river); akin also to cambio- and perh to L campus, a field (cf prec entry). Ex: camptodrome, (Bot adj) having a bent course (cf -drome). Cf:

campyl(o)-

: Gr c/f kampulo-, kampul-, from kampulos, curved; akin to campto-, cambio-, prob campi-. Exx: campylodrome, campylotropous (cf -tropic).

canali-

, ‘canal’: from L canālis, a canal or a channel: cf CANAL. Ex: canaliform, canal-like.

canceri-

, cancero-; cancri-: the first two, c/ff of E CANCER; the third, of L cancer, a crab. Exx: cancerigenic (-genic at -gen)—cancerophobia; cancriform, cancrivorous. Cf carcino-.

Origins 3990

cannabi-

: for L cannabis, hemp, as in cannabinol (cf -ol).

canth(o)-

: c/f of SciL canthus, eye-corner, from Gr kanthos, prob of C origin, with IE s *kanth-: cf campto-. Ex: canthotomy (-tomy at -tome).

capilli-

: c/f of L capillus, hair, perh related to caput (head), o/s capit-, and to pilus, a hair. Exx: capilliculture, capilliform. Cf the adj capillary (L capillāris).

capno-

: c/f of Gr kapnos, smoke, of ancient IE stock. Ex: capnomancy, divination (cf -mancy) by smoke.

capri-

, adopted from L, c/f of caper; o/s capr-, a goat, perh of C origin; cf ‘to caper’. Exx: Capricorn, the Goat-Horned; capripede, goatfooted. Cf:

capro-

: chem c/f of caproic, ult of same origin as prec.

capsuli-

, capsulo-: c/ff of capsule (L capsula, a small box: cf CASE, a box), Exx: capsuliferous, capsulotomy.

carb(o)-

: c/f of E CARBON; loosely for carbonic. Ex: carbohydrate. But carboni- represents the c/f of L carbō, o/s carbōn-; as in carboniferous and carbonimeter.

carboni-

. See prec.

carburo-

: for carburet; as in carburometer.

carcin(o)-

, adopted from Gr karkino-, karkin-, c/ff of karkinos, a crab, (hence) cancer—akin to Skt karkatas and also L cancer; cf canceri- above. Exx; (crab) carcinology; (cancer) carcinosarcoma (cf sarco- below).

-cardia

, -cardium; cardia-, cardi(o)-: resp a (specified) kind of heart-trouble or oddity, as in stenocardia (cf steno-), or, in Zoo, animals having a specified kind of heart, as in Isocardia (iso-), from Gr kardia, the heart—a membrane connected with the heart, as in endocardium (endo-), from the Gr c/f -kardion, from kardia—cardia- and cardi(o)-, cardiac (of or belonging to the heart), as in cardiatomy, cardiology, cardi(o)- deriving from the Gr c/ff kardio-, kardi-, from kardia. F.a.e., HEART.

cardo-

: c/f of Gr kardos (s kard-), a thistle, as in cardophagous, thistle-eating. Cf:

carico-

: c/f of L carex, o/s caric-, sedge; the s car- may be akin to the car- of L cardu(u)s, Gr kardos, thistle. Ex: carcilogy.

carini-

: for L carīna, a ship’s keel; esp in An, Bot, Zoo; e.g., cariniform, keel-shaped Cf

Elements 3991

CAREEN.

-caris

, in generic names of Crustacea, represents the Gr karis, a shrimp, a prawn, perh from kara, the head.

carni-

: c/f of L carō, flesh, gen carnis, o/s carn-: cf CARNAL. Exx: carniferous, carniform, E formations; carnivore, via F from ML carnivorus (whence E carnivorous), L carniuorus—cf DEVOUR.

-carp

, -carpous, -carpus, -carpy; carp(o)-: resp ‘fruit’—‘having (specified) fruit’ or ‘having (so many) fruits'—a Latinized form of karpos, in Bot generic names—‘a (named) manner of fruiting’; ‘fruit-’: Gr karpo-, karp-, c/ff of karpos, fruit (s karp-), akin to L carpere (s carp-), to gather, and Gr keirein (s keir-), to cut, to gather, to harvest; the IE s *ker- or *kar- means ‘to cut, to gather (fruit)’; fundamentally, therefore, karpos means ‘that which is cut or plucked or gathered’. Exx: endocarp (endo-), schizocarp (schizo-)— oligocarpous, bearing few (pligo-) fruits, and monocarpous, single-fruited—syncarpy (cf syn- in Prefixes), ‘collective’ fruiting; carpogam (-gam), carpogenous, carpology, carpophagous (fruit-eating), carpospore (cf -spore at -spora).

carpho-

; from Gr karphos, a (rice) straw. Exx: carpholite (-lite) and Carphophis (-ophis).

carpo-

(1). See -carp-.

carpo-

(2) or, before a vowel, carp-: in An, ‘the carpus’, or ‘carpal’ (of the carpus) or ‘carpal and’: Gr karpo-, karp-, c/ff of karpos, the carpus or wrist, with fewer IE cognates than has karpos, fruit; IE s *kerp- (or *kerb-) or *karp- (or *karb-), to turn, to be mobile. Ex: carpopedal (cf ped-, foot).

-carpous

; -carpy. See carp-.

carto-

; charto-: ‘map’ or ‘chart’ or both: L carta or charta, from Gr khartēs, orig a sheet of papyrus, hence of paper: cf CARD. Exx: cartograph, -er, -y, and cartomancy; chartology

(cartography or art of map-drawing) and chartometer.

cary(o)-

or kary(o)-: Gr karu(o)-, c/f of karuon, nut or kernel, via L caryon (s cary-): in Bio, nucleus of a cell, perh akin to Gr kara, the head, or to the IE s *kar-, to be hard. Exx: caryopsis (cf -opsis); karyochrome, karyplasm, karyosome.

case(o)-

: c/f of casein (milk protein), itself consisting of case-, the s of L cāseus, cheese, and chem -in (see Suffixes). Ex: caseolysis (-lysis, q.v. at -lyse).

castano-

: from Gr kastanos, chestnut tree: cf CHESTNUT. Ex: Castanopsis (cf -opsis at -opsia).

-caster

, -cester, -chests; castra-: ‘fortified place, esp fortified town’: L castra, a camp: cf

Origins 3992

CASTLE. The first three occur only in place-names, -Chester being the most, -caster the least anglicized. Exx: Doncaster, Worcester, Manchester; castrametation, campmeasuring, hence camp-making, the 2nd element deriving from L metari, to measure off (a camp-site): cf -meter.

cathodo-

: for cathode, as in cathodograph (cf -graph).

Catholici-

: for Catholic.

catoptro-

: from Gr katoptron, a mirror (kat- for prefix kata-, see cata-+the Gr root for ‘to see’—cf OPTIC). Ex: catoptromancy, divination (-money) with a mirror.

caudi-

; caud(o)-: ‘of the tail’; ‘caudal (of the tail)’ or ‘caudal and’: L cauda (s caud-), the tail, o.o.o. Exx: caudiform; caudodorsal.

cauli-

, as in caulicolous, cauliflory, cauliflorous (but not cauliflower), cauliform, and caulo-, as in caulomer, caulotaxy: the former from L caulis, a stalk, itself akin to, perh from, Gr kaulos, whence caul(o)-; with cognates in OC and OSl.

causi-

: L causi-, c/f of causa, a law-case: cf CAUSE. Ex: causidical, of, for, by pleading (dicere, to say) a case.

cav-

; cavo-: c/f of ML cavus (L cauus), hollow—see CAVE. Exx: cavicorn, hollow-horned, and cavo-relievo, for It cavo-rilievo, hollow relief. Cf caverni-, from ML caverna, a cavern, from cavus (L cauus), as in cavernicolous (cf -colous), cavedwelling.

cecidio-

, cecido-, as in cecidiology, cecidogenous: c/ff of Gr kēkis, gail-nut, o/s kēkid-, perh akin to kēkis, a gushing forth.

ceco-

; c/f of L caecus, blind (see caeci- above), as in cecograph, a device that helps the blind to write.

-cele

. See -coele.

celi(o)-

. See coeli(o)-

celli-

: c/f of E CELL. Exx: celliferous, celliform, cellifugal, cellipetal. Cf:

cello-

: c/f of cellulose (see CELL). Ex: cellobiose. Cf:

celluli-

; cellul(o)-: ‘cell’ or ‘cellulle’; ‘cellular and’ or ‘(nerve) cell’: c/ff of cellule (see CELL). Exx: celluliferous; cellulofibrous.

celo-

. See coel-.

Origins 3994

Gr keras has r ker-; cf IE r *ker- or kar-, and L cornu (E CORN).

cerauno-

: Gr keruano-, c/f of keraunos (s keraun-), thunderbolt, ult echoic. Exx: ceraunograph, ceraunomancy, ceraunoscopy.

-cereal

; -cercy; cerc(o)-: resp ‘-tailed’; ‘a (specified type of) tail formation’; ‘tail’; cerc(o)-=Gr kerko-, kerk-, c/f of kerkos (s kerk-), a tail: o.o.o. Exx: homocercal (Gr homo-); heterocercy (hetero-); cercopithecus, Gr kerkopithēkos, a (long-) tailed monkey.

cerebelli-

, as in cerebellifugal (cf -fugal), and cerebello-, as in cerebellocortex: c/ff of L cerebellum, dim of cerebrum, brain. Cf:

cerebri-

; cerebr(o)-: ‘the brain’; ‘the brain’ or ‘of the brain (and)’: L cerebrum, the brain, s cerebr-: cf CEREBRAL. Exx: cerebriform, cerebrifugal; cerebrology, cerebrospinal.

ceri-

; cer(o)-: c/f of L cēra (s cēr-), wax, as in cerigerous, wax-bearing; (cero-) adapted from kēr(o)-, c/f of Gr kēros, wax (s kēr-), akin to—perh the origin of—the L word. Exx: cerography, Gr kērographia, writing or designing upon wax; ceroplastics, Gr kēroplastikē (tekhnē), lit the wax-modelling art. Cf:

cerio-

, as in Ceriomyces (cf -myces), a genus of fungi; from Gr kērion, a honeycomb. Cf prec.

-ceros

: Gr -kerōs, c/f of keras, horn (of animal), akin to L cornu (cf -corn). Exx: RHINOCEROS; Stephanoceros (cf stephano-).

certi-

. See certify at CERTAIN.

ceruleo-

: from L caeruleus, sky-blue, akin to L caelum, the sky; as in ceruleolactite.

cerumini-

: for cerumen, ear-wax, from L cēra, wax. Ex: ceruminiferous (cf -ferous at -fer).

-cerus

, as in Tetracerus (cf tetra-, four): from Gr -kerōs, horned, from keras, horn: cf -cera.

cervi-

, as in cervicorn, horned (i.e., antlered) like a stag or ML cervus, L ceruus (r cer-), perh ‘the horned (animal)’—cf L cornu, horn.

cervici-

, more often cervic(o)-: ‘of the neck (and)’ ML cervix, o/s cervic- (L ceruic-), the neck, prob (lit) ‘the head-biinding (part)’. Exx: cervicispinal, cervicofacial.

-cester

. See -caster.

cet(o)-

: Gr kēto-, c/f of kētos (s ket-), a cetacean (itself=the dervative L cēt(us)+-acean, q.v. in Suffixes) or whale; Gr kētos is o.o.o. Ex: cetology. The var ceti-, as in ceticide (cf -cide, killer or a killing), comes from the L cētus.

Elements 3995

chada-

: from chad-, aorist s of Gr chandanein (s chandan-). to grasp, hold, contain; IE r,

*ghend-, to grasp, c f L prehendere (pre-+hend-+-ere). Ex: chadacryst (cf -cryst), a crystal enclosed within a crystal.

chaen(o)-

: from Gr khainein (s khain-), to gape; IE r, *ghan-, an extension of *ghaor *ghai- or *gheor *ghei-. Exx: Bot Chaenactis (Gr aktis, a ray: cf -actine) and Chaenolobus (Gr lobos, a lobe: cf LOBE).

-chaeta

, -chaetes, -chaetus (adj of all three: -chaetous); chaeti-; chaet(o)- or cheto-: ‘spine’ or

‘bristle’: first three, Gr -khaitēs , -haired; chaeti-, c/f of SciL chaeta, from khaitē, chaet(o)-, c/f of Gr khaitē, (lock of) hair, mane, IE *ghaita—cf Av gaēsa, lock of hair. Exx: Zoo Spirochaeta (cf spiro-); Connochaetes (Gr konnos, a beard); chaetiferous; chaetophorous, bristle-bearing (cf -phora).

chalazi-

, chalazo-: c/ff of Gr khalaza, hail-stone, hence a pimple, IE r *gheled-. Mostly in Bot and Embryology, as chalazogam (cf -gam).

chalced(o)-

: for chalcedony, from L chalcēdonius (adj as n), prob from Gr Khalkēdōn, Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor. Ex: chalcedonyx.

-chalcite

; chalco- or chalko-: Gr khalkos, copper, c/f khalko-; IE r *ghel(e)gh-. Exx: leucochalcite, which=leuco-+ chalc-+Min -ite (Suffixes): chalcolithic (cf -lith), chalcotript, a rubber (Gr triplēs) of monumental brasses; chalkography.

Chaldaeo-

: from L Chaldaeus, a Chaldean.

chalico-

: from Gr khalix (gen khalikos), a pebble—akin to L calx, chalkstone. Ex: chalicothere

(cf -there).

chalko-

. See -chalcite.

chamae-

or chame-: ‘low’: Gr khamai (s kham-) on the ground, akin to L humi, with many IE cognates, the IE root being prob *ghem-: cf HOMO. Exx: chamae-, in Bot and Zoo; chameleon, L chamaeleon, Gr khamaileōn, the earth-lion (cf LION).

chancri-

: for chancre, as in chancriform. Cf CANCER.

charto-

. See carto-.

chasmo-

: from Gr khasma, an opening, a gap (cf CHASM). Exx: the Bot chasmogamy (cf -gam) and chasmophyte (cf -phyte).

chavi-

Origins 3996

, chavic-: only in Chem, e.g. chavicol (cf -ol, oil): from Chavica (betel), ? named after a botanist.

-cheiria

or -chiria; cheir(o)- or chir(o)-: ‘type of hand-formation’; ‘(the) hand’: Gr kheir, c/f kheiro-; IE r *gher, to grasp, cf Tokh A tsar. Exx: macrochiria, long-handedness; ch(e) irography, handwriting; ch(e)irology and ch(e)iromancy, palmistry; chiropractic, manipulation (of joints, esp of spine)—cf -practic.

cheilo-

. See chilo- at -chilia.

chel(i)-

; chel(o)-: c/ff of Gr khēlē (s khēl-) a claw: IE *ghā- or *ghei—cf CLAW. Exx: chelicera

(cf -cera), cheliferous, cheliform; chelophore (cf -phora), Chelura (cf -ura).

chelid(o)-

: c/f from Gr khelīdon, the swallow, IE r *khel- or *ghel-. Ex: Chelidosaurus (cf -saur).

chelo-

(1). See cheli-.

chelo-

(2); chel(y)-: Gr khelus, a tortoise, cf the syn OSl žely; IE r, prob *ghelea-, an extension of *ghel-. Exx: Chelodina (Gr deinos, terrible), a genus of Aus fresh-water turtles; Chelydra, genus of common turtles, from Gr kheludros, a tortoise, orig an amphibious serpent: Gr -udros, end c/f of hudōr, water—cf -hydrous.

chemi-

; chemico-; chem(o)-, with var chemio-: c/ff of resp chemical-chemic, denoting ‘relation to chemistry'—chemical, denoting ‘relation to chemical action’. See CHEMICAL. Exx: chemiatry (cf -iatry at -iatric), chemigraphy; chemicocautery; chemokinesis, chemotherapy; chemiotropic.

chen(o)-

: adaptation of Gr khēno-, khēn-, c/f of khēn (gen khēnos, s khēn-), a goose, with cognates in Skt and other IE languages. Ex: chenopod, lit ‘goose-footed’.

cherso-

: Gr kherso-, c/f of khersos, land, as in khersonēsos, a peninsula, whence, via L, the E chersonese (cf -nese, island).

-Chester

. See -caster.

cheto-

. See chaeto- at -chaeta.

chiasmo-

; chiasto-: resp from Gr khiasma, two lines crossed as in Gr χ (khi), whence the ModL chiasmus—khiasma deriving from khiazein, itself from khi; and from khiastos, marked with a khi (χ), the pp of khiazein. Exx: Chiasmodon (cf -odon) and chiastolite (cf -lite).

chili-

, chilia-: ‘a thousand’: Gr khilioi, 1,000: IE *gheslio-, cf L mille. Exx: chiliarch, leader (cf -arch) of 1,000 men; chiliahedron, a 1,000-faceted polyhedron (cf -hedron).

-chilia

Elements 3997

; -chilus; chil(o)- or cheil(o)-: 1st, ‘lip formation’; the others, ‘lip’: Gr kheilo-, khil-, c/ff of kheilos, s kheil-: cf GILL (fish’s). Ex: chilotomy.

chin(o)-

: c/f of SciL chinium, quinine, as in chinotoxin, chinol.

Chino-

: c/f of China or of Chinese (and). Ex: Chino-Japanese. Cf sino-.

chio-

; chion(o)-: c/ff from Gr khiōn, snow, o/s khion-, akin to Gr kheima, L hiems, winter. Exx: chiolite (cf -lite): Chionodoxa, (lit) the glory of the snow—a genus of lilies.

-chiria

; chir(o)-: See -cheiria.

-chirurgia

: from Gr kheirourgia (lit, hand-work), surgery: cf SURGERY. Ex: pneumochirurgia (cf pneumo-).

chitino-

: c/f of chitinous; chito-, c/f of chitin, a Biochem term, derived from Gr khitōn, coat of shell (hence of mail, etc.).

chlamyd(o)-

: Gr khlamud(o)-, c/f of khlamus, o/s klamud-, a mantle. Ex: chlamydospore (cf -spora). A secondary c/f appears in chlamyphore, as if from a Gr c/f khlamu-.

chlo-

: from Gr khloē, verdure (cf the next). Ex: chloanthite (cf -anth).

chlor o)-

: c/f of Gr khlōros, light-green, s khlōr-; cf the IE r *ghlo(r)- or *khlo(r)-: a word with numerous cognates. In Chem this c/f denotes the presence of chlorine, as in chloroform, the 2nd element representing formyl; in Med, chloroma or chlorosis. Next to chloroform, the most notable cpd is perh chlorophyl(l), the light-green colouring matter of plants (- phyll). Cf prec.

-choanite

-choerus

: SciL from Gr khoiros (s khoir-), a pig—cf Gr dial khurra, a sow, and perh L sūs (gen suis, *sueris), pig, sow. Ex: Hydrochoerus (cf hydro-), a Zoo genus.

chole-

, chol(o)-; -cholia, -choly: c/f (chole-) of Gr kholē and (cholo-) of its var kholos, bile or gall, the Gr c/f being khole- or khol-; Gr -kholia; its anglicism -choly. The Gr word is akin to L fel, E gall; IE r is prob *ghel-, yellow (cf YELLOW itself). Exx: cholecyst; cholochrome; melancholy, from melancholia, itself adopted from Gr (cf melano-). The c/f chole- has a compound: choledoch(o)-, c/f of Gr kholedokhos, bile-containing. Semantically cf -chondri-.

choledoch(o)-

. See prec, s.f.

Origins 3998

cholero-

: for cholera, as in cholerophobia. Cf CHOLER.

chondri-

, chondri(o)-, chondr(o)-; -chondria, -chondry: chondri- is a var of chondro- and a short form of chondrio-; chondrio- is the c/f of Gr khondrion, dim of khondros, (lit) grit or grain, (hence) cartilage, whence obviously chondro-, itself a Gr c/f; -chondry merely anglicizes -chondria, from Gr -khondria, an abstract c/f from khondros. Exx: chondrigen, chondriome; chondriosome; chondrocostal, chondrophore; hypochondry, -dria, through L from Gr hupokhondria, orig the neu pl of hupokhondrios, adj formed of hupo (cf hypo-

), under+khondros, cartilage, the derivative adj being hupokhondriakos, whence, via ML and EF-F, the E hypochondriac, adj hence n.

-chord

, -chordal; chord(o)-: ‘string’ or ‘stringed instrument’, from Gr -khordon (neu of adj - khordos), as in clavichord (cf the 2nd clavi-); ‘relating to the notochord’ (q.v. at noto-), as in epichordal; chord(o)-=Gr c/f khordo-, khord-, from khordē (whence ult -khordon), and denotes either ‘the vocal cords’, as in chordotonal, or ‘the notochord’, as in chordotomy. The Gr khordē derives from IE *gher-, to fasten. Cf chorio-.

-chore

: ‘a plant distributed by (a specified) agency’, as in zoochore: from Gr khōrein (s khōr-), to spread. Adj: -chorous.

chore-

: c/f of Gr khoreia, a dance, as in choregraphy, now usu choreography, (the art of) stage, esp ballet, dancing. Cf CHORUS, the 2nd choro-, and:

chorei-

: c/f of chorea, St Vitus’s dance: c/f of Gr khoreia, a dance.

choreo-

. See chore-.

chori-

. See next. (Also see chori- in Prefixes.)

chori(o)-

: c/f of chorion, a membrane, from Gr khorion. IE r, prob *gher, to grasp, contain, envelop. Ex: choriocarcinoma. Cf -chord.

chorist(o)-

: c/f from Gr khōristos, separated, pp of khōrizein, to separate, divide, from khōris, separately. Ex: choristoblastoma.

chor(o)-

(1): Gr khōro-, khōr-, c/f of khōros, a place (s khōr-). Exx: chorography, Gr khōrographia; chorology.

choro-

(2): c/f from Gr khoros, (a) dance, s khor-, perh by reduction from khortos, grass, feeding place, enclosure, court: cf COURT. Ex: choromania. Cf:

chorto-

: Gr khorto-, from khortos, grass—cf COURT. Ex: chortosterol.

chreo-

Elements 3999

; -chresis, -chrestic; chresto-: resp c/f of Gr khreios, useful, as in chreotechnics; Gr khrēsis, use, as in catachresis, misuse (cata- in Prefixes); adj from Gr khrēstos, useful, as in catachrestic; c/f of khrēstos, as in chrestomathy, Gr khrēstomatheia (cf -math); all these Gr words derive from khrēsthai (s khrē-), to use, with many IE cognates.

Christi-

; Christo-: c/f of L Christus; c/f of Gr Khristos, the Christ. Exx: Christicide (cf -cide); Christocentric, See CHRISTIAN.

I

:-chroia, -chroic, -chroid, -chroöus, -chromasia, -chrome, -chromia, -chromy; II: chromat(o)-, chromi-, chromidio, chrom(o)-. The origins are separately these: I: Gr khroia, colour, E -chroia denoting discoloration, as in cacochroia (cf caco-), with adjj - chroic, -chroid, -chroöus, as in erythrochroic (cf erythro-), xanthochroid (xantho-) isochroous (iso-); -chromasia, ‘condition of pigmentation’, a cpd of Gr khrōma, colour+suffix -asia; -chromia (chrom-+-ia), anglicized as -chromy, comes from khrōma, whence also -chrome and chrome (cf the adj chromatic, via L from Gr khrōmatikos); II: chromat(o)-, from Gr khrōmato-khrōmat-, c/f of khrōma, colour, o/s khrōmat-, denotes ‘colour’ or ‘pigment(ation)’, as in chromatophore; chromi-, c/f of chromium (a SciL formation from chrome) ; chromidio-, c/f of chromidium; chrom(o)-, c/f from Gr khrōma, denotes ‘colour’ or ‘pigment’ or ‘pigmentation’, as in chromogen (-gen), chromolithograph, chronometer, chromophore (of -phora), chromosome (cf -soma).

The Gr khrōma, s khrōm-, has few and only very ancient parallels; khrōm- appears to be an -m extension of IE *khro- or *ghro-.

-chromis

: a Zoo c/f, in fish names: from Gr khromis, some kind of marine fish.

chromo-

; -chromy. See -chroia.

-chrone

, -chronous; chron(o)-: resp Math c/f from Gr khronos; general adj from -khronos; chron(o)-, adaptation of Gr khrono-, khron-, c/f of khronos, time, s khron-; cf CHRONIC. Exx: synchrone, synchronous; chronology, chronometer. See CHRONIC.

chrys(o)-

: Gr khruso-, khrus-, c/f of khrusos (s khrus-), gold—cf CHRYSALIS. Exx: chrysanthemum (cf anth-), Gr khrusanthemon, and chrysolite, chrysoprase.

chrysto-

, as in Geol chrystocrene (cf -crene): app for crystal.

-chylia

; chyli-, chyl(o)-: ‘condition of the chyle’; chyli-, a var of chyl(o)- from Gr khulo-, khul-, from khulos (s khul-), (lit) juice, (hence) chyle—a modification of lymph; khulos derives from kheein (s khe-), to pour, akin to JUICE. Exx: hypochylia; chyliferous; chylocyst. Cf:

-chyme

; chymi-: end c/f of E chyme (Physio); ordinary c/f of chyme, ult from Gr khumos, juice, from kheeein, to pour: cf prec. Ex: chymiferous (cf -ferous at -fer).

ciconi-

: from L cicōnia, a stork, perh a redup of canere (s can-), to sing. Ex: ciconiform, stork-

Origins 4000

like.

[-cid-: c/f of L cadere, to fall, as in accident, deciduous, incident. Cf CADENCE.]

-cidal

; -cide: L -cīda+-al, adj; (-cide) L -cīda, -slayer, and -cīdium, a slaying, from caedere, to slay, kill. With the s caed-, basically ‘to cut (down)’, e.g. trees, perh cf Skt khidáti, he tears. Exx: homicidal, adj of HOMICIDE, man-slayer, now usu a man-slaying; anl bactericidal, bactericide, and insecticidal, insecticide; matricide, parricide (for patricide).

-cil

; cilior cilii-; cili(o)-: c/ff of L cilium, eyelid s cil-: cf F cil, eyelash)—cf Gr kalia, a hut, a nest, and the root of L celāre (s cel-), to hide. Exx; palpocil; ciliform or ciliiform; ciliectomy; ciliotomy.

cimi-

, cimici-, c/ff of L cīmex (s cīm-), o/s cīmic-, a (bed) bug, o.o.o. Exx: cimicide, cimicifugin.

cincho-

(Chem only): for cinchonine (a (Chem -ine derivative of cinchona (see P2 and P4). Ex: cincholoipon (Gr to loipon, the remainder: cf the 2nd lipo-). The related cinchono- stands for cinchona, as in cinchonology, the pharmaceutics of cinchona.

cine-

(1); cinemato-, cinemo-; cinet(o)-. The base is cin- or kin-, the latter being the s of Gr kinein, to move; other relevant Gr forms are kinēma, a moving, a motion (s kinēm-), with o/s kinēmat-; kinēsis, motion; kinētos (adj), moving. The E derivatives in cin- were orig kin-, which is still preferred in a few, esp if non-cinematic, terms: cf kinesi-. Exx: cinecamera, with cine- deriving from CINEMA, itself from cinematograph; cineplasty, see kine-; cnemograph: cinetographic, -scopic, see kine-.

cine-

(2): ML cine-, from L cinis (gen cineris), ashes: cf incinerator. Ex: cinefaction, a turning into ashes—cf FACTION.

cinque-

: F cinq, or It cinque, five, from L quinque. Exx: It cinquecento, the 16th century; cinque for F cinq occurs in cinquefoil, cinquepace, cinquepoint, Cinque Ports; cf cinquain, adopted from F (cinq+ -ain, as in quatrain).

cion(o)-

: adapted from Gr kiono-, kion-, c/f of kiōn, column, uvula, s kion-: cf Arm siun, column, pillar. Exx: cionectomy, cionotomy.

cirrho-

. A var of cirro- in:

cirri-

; cirro-: c/ff from L cirrus, curl, ringlet, hence cirrus cloud and, in Zoo, a small, flexible appendage or ‘arm’: o.o.o. Exx: cirriform, cirrigerous, cirriped; cirro-cumulus and - stratus.

cirro-

(1). See prec.

Elements 4001

cirro-

(2): adapted from Gr kirrho-, c/f of kirrhos, tawny, as in cirrolite.

cirs(o)-

: Gr kirso-, kirs-, c/f of kirsos (s kirs-), a dilated or varicose vein, perh akin to kissos (s kis- or kiss-), ivy, from which it may, by the resemblance of ivy stems to large varicose veins, have derived. Ex: cirsotomy.

cisto-

: Gr kisto-, c/f of kistē, a box: cf cysto- at -cyst. Ex: cistophorus, a coin bearing (cf - phora) the mystic cyst.

citi-

: from L citus (s cit-: cf excite), swift, as in citigrade, applied to spiders that ‘walk quickly’, i.e. run: cf -grade.

-citri-

; citro-: c/f of L citrus, citron tree (cf CITRON); c/f of citron, its fruit. Exx: citri-culture; citrometer.

clad(o)-

; -cladous: ‘sprout, slip’; ‘having branches of a specified type’: Gr klados (s klad-), sprout: cf GLADIATOR, Exx: cladanthous (cf antho-); cladophyll (cf -phyll); acanthocladous (acantho-).

-clase

; -clasia; -clast, -clastic: resp c/f of Gr klasis, a fracture; SciL c/f of the same; (-clast) c/f from Gr -klastēs, -breaker, hence the adj -clastic, from Gr klastos, broken: all, therefore, from Gr klān, to break, klaō, I break (s kla-)—cf the not entirely accidental kinship of E clash. Exx: clinoclase (cf clino-), hemoclasia (cf hemo-); ICONOCLAST, idol-breaker; and, in Surg, cranioclast (an instrument).

classi-

. See classify at CLASS. The derivative classico- (L classicus: cf CLASSIC) means either ‘the classics’, as in classicolatry (-latry, worship: see -later), or ‘classical and’, as in classico-mathematical.

clathr-

: L clathri, lattice, from Gr klēthra: cf clathrate, latticed.

claustro-

: from L claustrum, an enclosure, cf claustra, bars, locks, etc., from claudere, to close, shut, confine, pp clausus. Ex: claustrophobia, a dread (cf -phobia at -phobe) of being in an enclosed space, esp a building or a room. Cf CLOISTER.

clavi-

(1): ML clāva (L clāua), a club, perh ult of same origin as (2). Ex: claviform, clubshaped, and Claviceps, lit the club-headed.

clavi-

(2): ML clāvis (L clāuis), a key; s, as in (1), clāu-; akin to claudere, to shut: cf CLOSE. Ex: clavichord, ML clavicordium, a keyboard instrument.

claviculo-

: c/f of ML clāvicula, dim of clāvis (see prec): used in ref to the clavicle and meaning ‘clavicular and’, as in claviculo-humeral. (Webster.)

Origins 4002

cleid(o)-

; cleist(o)-; -cleisis or -clisis: Gr kleido-, kleid-, c/f of kleis (o/s kleid-), a key, and, in E, denoting either ‘key’, as in cleidomancy, or ‘the clavicle’, as in cleidotomy, or ‘of the clavicle and’, as in cleidocranial; (cleisto-) from Gr kleistos, closed, as in cleistogamy (cf -gam); (-cl(e)isis) from Gr kleisis, closure, as in enterocleisis (entero-in Prefixes). Both Gr kleistos and Gr kleisis come from Gr kleiein, to close or shut (s klei-), akin to L claudere; kleiein and kleis (s klei-) are intimately akin.

-clema

: from Gr klēma (s klēm-), a twig, prob from klaō, I break (s kla-), it denotes ‘branched thus or thus’. Cf clematis, Gr klēmatis.

clepto-

. See klepto-.

clerico-

: c/f of clerical, prob via LL clēricus: denoting Clerical (and)’, as in clerico-historical. Cf CLERIC.

clero-

: adaptation of Gr klēro-, c/f of klēros (s klēr-), a lot, as in cleromancy (divination by the casting of lots), hence an inheritance, as in cleronomy (cf -nomy at nomo-).

climato-

, c/f of climate; climo-, a shortened c/f (climate+connective -o-): L clīmāt-, o/s of clīma, itself from Gr klīma (s klīm-), o/s klīmat-, from klīnein (s klīn-), to incline, to slope. Exx: climatography, climatology; climograph.

-clinic

or -clinous, tending, inclined, leaning (towards)’: the former from Gr klīnikos, from klīnē, bed, from klīnein, to lean; the latter by influence of suffix -ous. Ex: matroclinic or - clinous, cf matri-. Cf:

clin(o)-

: Gr klīno-, klīn-, c/f of klīnē, a bed or a couch, as in Clinopodium (cf PEW), or of klīnein (s klīn-), to incline—whence, of course, klīnē; the place where one reclines—as in clinograph, clinometer; occ with sense ‘to decline’ (v.i.), as in clinology. Cf INCLINE and LEAN (v).

-clinous

. See -clinic.

cloio-

: from Gr kloios, a collar, prob akin to kleiein (s klei-), to shut or close, to confine. Ex: cloiochoanitic.

clonico-

: for ‘clonic (and)’, as in clonicotonic; clonic, irregularly convulsive, is the adj of Med clonus, a SciL term for Gr klonos (s klon-), a movement both confused and violent, perh akin to kellein (s kell-), to drive on, and kelēs, a swiftsailing vessel, a riding-horse.

clon(o)-

: from Gr klōn, a branch, prob akin to klados, a twig. Ex: clonothrix (cf -thrix, hair), a genus of bacteria.

clup(e)-

Elements 4003

: from L clupea, a small river-fish. Ex: the Chem clupanodonic—2nd element, from Gr anodōn, toothless (cf -odon).

clypei-

, clypeo-: c/ff of L clypeus (s clyp-, perh for clup-), a shield, of obscure origin (Etruscan ?). Ex: clypeiform, shaped like a shield; clypeofrontal.

-cnema

, -cnemia, -cnemus; adj -cnemic: from Gr knēmē, the lower leg, the shinbone: cf the OIr cnaim, a bone. Ex: platycnemic (cf platy-).

cnid(o)-

: c/f of Zoo cnida, itself SciL for Gr knidē, (sea) nettle. Exx: cnidoblast (cf -blast) and cnidophore (cf -phora).

coagulo-

: for coagulate, as in coagulometer, instrument for measuring coagulation.

cobalti-

, cobalto-: c/ff of cobalt; the former= cobalt+connective -i-, the latter cobalt+connective -o-. Cobalt adapts G Kobalt, modified from Kobold, a goblin, MHG kobolt, app akin to G koben, a hut, OE cofa, a room; -olt, -old may represent wait, wald, power (cf WIELD), and MHG kobolt may therefore represent OHG *kobwalto: kobolt, -old, would mean ‘house spirit’, ‘the metal being so called by miners, because it was troublesome’ (Webster). Exx: cobaltrinitrite, cobaltocyanic.

cobri-

, as in cobriform: for cobra.

-coccal

, -coccic, etc., derive from Gr kokkos, grain, seed, pip; -coccal, -ic, -oid, adjj answering to

-coccus, end-element of coccus, as in streptococcus (cf strepto-); coccidi(o)-, coccido-, c/ff of coccidium (s coccid-), a SciL dim of kokkos, as in Coccidioides, Coccidiomorpha, coccidology. Exx of cocc(o)-: coccobacillus, coccolith, coccosphere.

SciL coccus has a SciL dim: cocculus, with c/f cocculi-, as in cocculiferous.

coccygeo-

; coccyg(o)-: c/f of coccygeal (adj of coccyx) and denoting ‘coccygeal and’, as in coccygeo(-)anal; c/f of coccyx, Gr kokkux (o/s kokkug-), the coccyx, or end of the spine in man; cognates in Skt. Exx: coccygectomy, coccygotomy, coccygomorphic.

cochlei-

; cochli(o)-, cochlo-: c/f of cochlea, adopted from L, adapted from Gr kokhlias, a snail, from kokhlos, a ‘spiralled’ shellfish, akin to konkhē, a mussel; cochlio- and cochlo-, c/ff of kokhlos. Exx: Cochliodontidae (cf odont(o)-+ suffix -idea); Cochlospermum. Cf cochleari-, from L cochleāre, a spoon for snail-eating, hence any spoon; as in cochlearifoliate, having spoon-shaped leaves.

Cf COCKLE and CONCH.

cocto-

: from L coctus, cooked, pp of coquere; cf COOK. Ex: cocto(-)precipitin.

-coele

, occ -cele; -coelus; ‘cavity, ventricle’; ‘a (specified) type of cavity’, c/f of coelia, (in An) a cavity, from Gr koilia, a bodily cavity (s koil-: therefore cf CELL), adj coeliac or

Origins 4004

celiac. Exx: neurocoele (cf neuro-); heterocoelus (cf hetero-). Cf next three.

coeli-

or caeli-; coelo- or caelo-: c/ff of L coelum, better caelum, the sky, s cael-, o.o.o., perh cf Gr koilos, hollow. Exx: Coelicolist, heaven-worshipper, and coeligenous (cf -genous at - gen); caelometer, an Astr instrument.

coeli(o)-

: adaptation of Gr koilio-, koili-, c/f of koilia, belly (cf prec). Exx: coelialgia (cf -algia at alg-) and coeliotomy (cf -tomy at -tome). A mod var is celi-, as in celialgia. Cf:

coel(o)-

: from Gr koilo-, koil-, c/f of koilos, hollow: cf prec. Ex: coeloblastic (cf -blastic at - blast).

coelomo-

: c/f of An coelom or -ome, as in coelomopore (cf PORE),

-coelus

. See -coele.

coen(o)-

: from Gr koino-, koin-, c/f of koinos, common, shared in common, s koin-, akin to L cum, earlier com, with. Exx: coenobium (anglicized as cenoby), from Gr koinobion, community life (bio-), hence a term in Bio and Bot; coenocyte (-cyte); coenotype.

col-

. See 1st colo-.

-cole

. See -colous.

cole(o)-

: from Gr koleo-, kole-, c/f of koleos, a sheath, s kole-, akin to L culleus, a leather bag, s culle-, both perh from a word of general Medit stock (E & M). Exx: Coleoptera, a Zoo order of insects, from Gr koleopteros, sheath-winged (cf -ptera); coleorhiza (cf -rhiza).

coli-

(1). See the 1st colo-. Cf :

coli-

(2): c/f of coli, a bacterial species (from the An colon). Ex: colibacterin.

coli-

(3): from L cōlum, a strainer (cf E colander); as in coliform (cf -form).

-coline

. See -colous.

-coll

, as in glycocoll (cf glyco- at glu-); colla-, as in collagen; coll(o)-, as in colloblast (- blast), collotype: c/ff of Gr kolla (s koll-), glue. Coll(o)-serves also, e.g. in collochemistry, as the c/f of colloid, itself=coll-, for Gr koll(a), glue+-oid, ‘like’, q.v. in Suffixes. Cf collodio-.

colli-

: from L collum, s col(l)-, the neck; basic sense, either ‘that which is aloft’ or ‘that which turns’ (see E & M). Ex: colliform, neck-shaped.

Elements 4005

collodio-

: c/f of collodion, from Gr kollōdēs, glue-like, from kolla, glue. Ex: collodiotype. Cf:

colloido-

: for colloid, of glue, or (n) a glue-like substance: cf -coll. Ex: colloido-chemical.

col(o)-

(1): ‘the colon’ or ‘of the colon and’: c/f of L colon, from Gr kolon, the An colon—cf An COLON. Exx: colectomy, colotomy (cf -ectomy and -tomy at -tome); colopuncture. Cf colono-.

colo-

(2): c/f from Gr kōlon, limb, s kōl-. Ex: colometry, measurement (cf -metry at -meter) of verses or manuscripts by cola—cf literary COLON.

colon(o)-

: c/f of the An colon—cf colo- (1). Ex: colonoscopy (cf -scopy at -scope).

colori-

: c/f of L color, hence of AE color, E colour—see COLOR. Exx: colorific (-fic) and colorimeter (-meter).

-colous

and -coline and -cole: ‘living or growing in’: all from L -cola, adj and esp n— ‘inhabiting’, ‘inhabitant’: cf COLONY and CULTURE. Exx: saxicolous, -coline, -cole, rock-inhabiting; arenicolous, sand-inhabiting; agricole (cf agri-), a farmer—agricolous, agricultural.

colp(o)-

; -colpos: the former, c/f adapted from Gr kolpo-, kolp-, c/f of kolpos, the womb, s kolp-, which is perh the IE s also. Exx: colposcopy, aerocolpos.

colubri-

: from L coluber, f colubra, a serpent; as in colubriform, snaky.

columbo-

: c/f of columbium, a chem element.

columelli-

; columni-: the former, from L columella, a small column, the dim of columna, a column, whence columni-. Exx: columelliform and columniferous (cf -ferous at -fer).

-coma

; come- and comi, c/f (only in Bot and Zoo) of Gr komē (s kom-), hair; (comi-) c/f of its L derivative coma (s com-); see COMET. Exx: Abrocoma, rodents with soft, fine hair (cf habro-); comephorous (cf -phorous at -phora), bearing—i.e., having—hair. Comiferous (-ferous, q.v. at -fer).

comburi-

: from L combūrere (s combūr-), to burn up, burn entirely (com-, with+ intrusive b (as in ambūrere)+ūrere, to burn): cf COMBUSTION. Exx: comburimeter and comburivorous (cf -vorous at -vora).

cometo-

: for comet, as in cornetology, the lore and science of comets.

comi-

(1). See coma.

Origins 4006

comi-

(2). See next.

comico-

: ‘comic’: c/f from L comicus—see COMEDY. Ex: comico-tragic. Occ shortened to comi-, as in comitragedy.

commi-

: from Gr kommi, gum: cf GUM. Ex: Commiphora (cf -phora), a genus of balsamyielding trees.

comparo-

: for compare, as in comparograph, a device for fingerprint-comparison.

compresso-

for compression, as in compressometer, a compression-measurer.-

concavo-

: for concave, as in concavo-convex.

condyl(o)-

: c/f from Gr kondulos (s kondul-), a knuckle, hence (?) a knob, with cognates in Skt. Ex: the Zoo Condylopoda (cf -pod, foot).

-cone

; coni-; conico-; con(o)-: 1st, from Gr konos; coni-=L cōni-, c/f of cōnus, a cone; (conico-) ‘conical and’ or ‘conically’, cf the Gr c/f -kōnikos, kōnikos being ‘coneshaped’, the adj of kōnos (whence the L word), a cone; (cono-), ‘a cone), Gr kōno- kōn-, c/f of kōnos. See CONE. Exx: longicone; conifer (cf -fer), coniform; conicoelongate; conoplain.

coni-

. See prec and next.

conidi(o)-

; coni(o)-: c/f of conidium (SciL from Gr konis, dust), an asexual spore; c/f, meaning ‘dust’, adapted from Gr konio-, koni-, from konis, perh a vocalization of *knis and therefore deriving, ult, from an IE s *knid- (Hofmann); cf L cinis, ashes, and Skt kiknasas, ground grain. The c/f -conite, ‘type of dust’, is an -ite (q.v. in Suffixes) modification of Gr konis.

Exx: conidiferous (-ferous, q.v. at -fer) and conidiophore (cf -phora); conichalcite (cf - chalcite) and Coniophora (-phora); xanthoconite (cf xantho-). The rare var koni(o)- occurs in koniology, the science of (atmospheric) dust.

conjugato-

: from ML conjugātus (L coniugātus), yoked together (cf YOKE), hence ‘conjugate (and)’ or ‘conjugately’, as in conjugato-pinnate (cf -pinnate).

cono-

. See coni-.

conoido-

, ‘as or like a conoid’ or cone-shaped solid. Ex: conoidospherical.

convexo-

: for convex, as in convexo-concave.

-copate

Elements 4007

, -cope: from Gr koptein, to cut, s kopt-, an extension of kop-, cf OF coper, EF-F couper, to cut, IE *kap-, *kep-, *kop-, *kup-. Exx: apocope, Gr apokopē, a cutting off; apocopate, Mod L apocopātus, pp of apocopāre, to cut off, a reshaping of Gr apokoptein; syncope, LL syncope or -copa, Gr sunkopē, a cutting up; syncopate, ppa and v, from L syncopātus, pp of syncopāre, a reshaping of Gr sunkoptein. Cf copro-.

cope(o)-

: from Gr kōpē (s kōp-), an oar, akin to Gr kaptein, to grasp, and L capere, to grasp, take. Exx: Copeognatha (-gnatha), Copepoda (cf -pod).

copr(o)-

: Gr kopro-, c/f of kopros, dung, s kopr-, app an extension of *kop-, to cut (cf -copate): which is sem probable; cf the different sem origin of turd (L tord-ere). Cf also, however, Skt sdkrt, dung-heap, with a likely IE r *kok- or *kak- (L cacāre).

Exx: copraemia or -emia (cf -haemia); coprolalia (cf -lalia), disgusting speech; coprolite (-lite), fossil dung; coprology, a study of faeces, (hence) disgusting literature, adj coprological—cf coprophilia, love of filth; coprophagy, the habit, esp among insects and birds, of dung-eating, adj coprophagous (cf -phaga).

cor-

. See coro-.

coraco-

: c/f of coracoid, (lit) resembling a crow’s beak, as in coracopectoral (cf pectori-); from Gr korax, a raven—obviously echoic. Cf -corax, raven, crow, in such generic names as

Phalacrocorax (cormorants).

coralli-

: ‘coral’: L corallum, from Gr korallion (see CORAL). Ex: coralliform.

-corax

. See coraco-.

cordi-

: from cord-, o/s of L cor (gen cordis), heart: see -cardia and, ult, HEART. Exx: cordidcole, heart-worshipper; CORDIFORM.

cordyl(o)-

: Gr kordulē, a club, kordul- being an extension of kord-, from IE r *kerad-, a modification of *ker-, to whirl (Hofmann). Ex: Cordylanthus (cf antho-).

core-

. See coro- and cf:

-coria

: ‘a (specified) condition of the pupil’ (of the eye): Gr -koria, c/f of korē, pupil, from korē, a girl, via the derivative sense ‘little image’, from ‘doll’, from ‘girl’; korē-koros is akin to L creāre, to create. Ex: isocoria (cf iso-). Cf coro- below.

-coris

, occurring only in Bot generic names: Gr koris, an insect, a bug.

cormo-

: c/f of Bot and Zoo cormus, from Gr kormos, a (tree-)trunk, from keirō, I cut.

-corn

; corneo-; corni-, cornu-: resp ‘-horn’; ‘horny and’; ‘horn’: L -cornis, as in ūnicornis,

Origins 4008

(the) one-horned (beast); L corneus, horny; L cornū, (animal’s) horn. Exx: longicorn, long-horned; corneocalcareous; corniferous, corniform; cornucopia, horn of plenty (cf COPIOUS); cornulite (horn-shaped stone). Cf corn (on one’s foot) and HORN itself.

cor(o)-

; core-: ‘pupil’ (of eye): see -coria. Exx: corotomy; coreplasty.

coroni-

; corono-: ‘of a crown’, as in coroniform; ‘coronal’, as in coronofacial: both from L corōna, itself from Gr korōnē, a crown—see CROWN itself.

corpori-

, as in corporify (cf -fy): from L corpus, body, gen corporis.

cortici-

; cortico-: ‘bark’ or ‘of bark’; in An, ‘cortex’ or ‘cortical and’: L cortex, o/s cortic-, s cort-, an extension of kor- (cf Sl kora, bark), akin to IE *ker, to cut. Exx: corticiferous, corticiform; corticospinal.

corvi-

, as in corviform, like a crow: from ML corvus, L coruus, a raven.

cory-

. See corypho-.

corymbi-

: ‘a flat-topped cluster of flowers’, as in L corymbus, from Gr korumbos, and in the E corymbiform. Basic sense: ‘head’. Cf corypha.

-corynus

, only in Zoo generic names (entomology): Gr korunē, a club: cf cordylo-.

coryph(o)-

; cory-, a shortened form: ‘head’ or ‘summit’ or ‘point’: Gr koruphē, akin to korumbos, q.v. at corymbi-. Exx: Coryphodon (cf -odon), coryphylly (cf -phyll). Cf L and E coryphaeus, Gr koruphaios, EF-F coryphée, E coryphee, chorusleader, ballet-leader.

coscino-

: from Gr koskinon, a sieve; as in coscinomancy, divination (cf -money) with a sieve.

cosmeto-

; cosmico-; cosm(o)-: resp ‘cosmetics’, from Gr kosmētos, well-ordered; c/f of cosmic, and denoting ‘cosmical’, from kosmikos, of the cosmos or world; ‘world’, Gr kosmo-, c/f of kosmos, order, (hence) the world, see COSMOS. Exx: cosmetology, the art and science of cosmetics; cosmico-natural; cosmocracy (cf -cracy)—cosmogony (cf -gonia)— cosmology—cosmopolis, a world city (cf -polis), cosmopolite (Gr kosmopolitēs), a citizen of the world, with adj cosmopolitan.

-costal

and -costate; costi- and costo-: resp ‘of the ribs’, as in intercostal; ‘having ribs’, as in quadricostate (four-ribbed); ‘rib(s)' or ‘of the ribs’, as in costiform and costotomy, cos toabdominal: all from L costa, a rib, s cost-, prob akin to OSl hosti, a bone, L os, Skt ásthi; k- would therefore be a prefix (E & M).

-cotyl

, -cotylous, -cotyly; cotyli- and cotylo-: resp c/f of Bot and Embryological cotyledon, with adj -cotylous and with ‘condition’ n -cotyly, c/f from Gr kotulē; c/f of cotyloid, cup-

Elements 4009

shaped: the common sense-origin is Gr kotulēdōn, a cupshaped hollow; the form-origin, via L cotyla, is Gr kotulē, a cup, whence, obviously, kotulēdōn; the r kot- renders attractive the occ-proposed kinship with the Gr kot- words for ‘head’. Exx: dicotyl, dicotylous, dicotyly; Cotylophora (cf -phora).

coulo-

: for coulomb (Phys), as in coulometer.

cox(o)-

: c/f of L coxa, hip; IE s *kaks- or *koks-, an articulation or joint: cf IT coss, foot, and Skt

perh akin to AXIS. Exx: coxalgia (cf -algia, as in neuralgia); coxo-femoral.

-cracy

, -crat, -cratic; crato-: resp abstract n—agent n—adj of either—c/f=‘power-’ (not from a Gr c/f); Gr -kratia (cf the abstract suffix -ia)—via F -crate, from Gr -kratēs—Gr - kratikos, often via L -craticus, occ via F -cratique: the etym base is Gr kratos, strength, might, power, hence esp political power: IE r *krat- or *kret-, with numerous IE derivatives. Exx: ARISTOCRACY (etc.); DEMOCRAT; plutocracy, Gr ploutokratia, rule by wealth (Gr ploutos)—whence, by b/f, plutocrat, with adj plutocratic; cratometer, a (physical) power-measurer.

-crania

, -cranial; cranio-: resp Gr -krania, c/f of kranion, the skull, r kran-, perh for *karan- or *keran-, cf Gr kara, head; c/f of cranial, adj of E from ML cranium; adapted from Gr kranio-, c/f of kranion. Exx: amphicrania, brachycranial, craniometry (headmeasurement).

-crase

, -crasis, -crasy: 1st two, from Gr krasis, a mixing; -crasy, either from Gr -krasia, c/f of

krasis (from kerannumi, I mix: cf Skt , he mixes), or from krasis itself. Exx: idocrase (cf ido-); idiosyncrasy, Gr idiosunkrasia, ‘a private mixing or mixture’, with adj idiosyncratic; syncrasy, a blending, Gr sunkrasis (sun, with).

craspedo-

: from Gr kraspedon, a border, perh a cpd of *kras- for the kran- of kranion, skull (apprehended as ‘head')+pedon, ground, as Hofmann proposes. Ex: craspedodromous (cf -dromous at -drome), running to border, (in Bot) running to the margin.

crassi-

, as in crassilingual, thick-tongued: from L crassus, thick, fat: cf CRASS.

-crat

, -cratic; crato-. See -cracy.

cremno-

, as in cremnophobia, dread of precipices and high cliffs: from Gr kremnos, a cliff. Akin to:

cremo-

, as in Bot cremocarp (cf -carp): from Gr kremannunai (s kreman-; r krem-), to hang, the origin also of prec.

-crenate

: for Bot crenate, ‘having the margin cut into rounded scallops’, from L crena, a notch.

-crene

Origins 4010

, as in Hippocrene, chrystocrene: Gr -krēnē, end c/f of krēnē, a fountain. Cf creno- (Gr krēno-), as in crenology, the science of (mineral) springs.

creo-

: from Gr kreas, flesh, gen kreōs, akin to Skt kravís-. Ex: creophagy, adj creophagous, flesheating. Cf:

creos(o)-

: c/f of creosote, as in creosol, which= creos(o)-+-ol, oil. The 2nd element comes from Gr sdzein (s soz-) to preserve; for the 1st, see prec.

-crete

, as in calcrete, a type of limestone, represents the -crete of CONCRETE (n).

Creto-

: c/f of Cretan.

cribri-

: ‘a sieve’: L crībrum (s crībr-, ? for crīber-). Ex: cribriform.

crico-

: ‘the cricoid cartilage’ or, in adjj, ‘cricoid and’: Gr krikos (s krik-), a ring: a var of kikros and therefore akin to CIRCLE. Exx: cricotomy; cricothyroid.

crimino-

: ‘crime’ or ‘of crime’: crīmin-, o/s of L crīmen, (an accusation of) crime—see CRIME and cf the adj criminal. Exx: criminogenesis, the origin of crime; criminology, the (scientific) study of crime.

crini-

: ‘hair’: L crīnis (s crīn-), akin to crista, a (bird’s crest). Exx: criniculture, crinigerous (L criniger, long-haired).

-crinus

: a SciL c/f of crinoid, itself from Gr krinoeidēs, lily-like, from krinon (s krin-), a lily. Ex:

Actinocrinus.

crio-

: ‘a ram’ (animal): Gr krios, lit ‘the horned’—cf keraos, horned. Exx: crioboly, ramsacrifice (cf -bole at -bola); criophore; criosphinx.

cristi-

‘(bird’s) crest’: L crista, a cock’s comb—cf crinis, q.v. at crini-. Ex: cristiform.

criterio-

, as in criteriology, the logic of criteria: for criterion.

critho-

, as in crithomancy, divination (-moncy) with barley cakes: from Gr krithai (pl), barley, Homeric krî: IE r, prob kri-.

critico-

: from L criticus (see CRITIC) and denoting either ‘critic’, criticophobia, a dread of critics, or ‘critical and’, as in cntico-philosophical.

croceo-

: Chem c/f of croceous, saffron-coloured: from L croceus, adj of crocus, saffron, from Gr krokos, of Sem origin—cf H karkom, saffron. Ex: croceo-cobaltic. Cf the 2nd croco-.

Origins 4012

-ctonus

: Gr -ktonos, -slayer, from ktinein (s ktin-), to slay. Mostly in Ent, e.g. dendroctonus (cf dendro-), a bark beetle.

cubi-

; cubo-: ‘cube’, from L cubus, as in cubiform; ‘cube’ or ‘cubital (and)’, from Gr kubos, a cube, a cubical die, s kub- (see CUBE), as in cubomancy, divination (-mancy) with dice.

cubito-

: ‘cubital (and)’, of the forearm, as in cubitodigital: L cubitus, forearm, elbow, from Gr kubiton, elbow.

cubo-

. See cubi-.

cuculi-

: from the obviously echoic L cuculus (cf CUCKOO). Ex: cuculiform.

cucumi-

: from L cucumis, a cucumber. Ex: cucumiform.

culici-

: from culic-, o/s of L culex, a gnat, a mosquito, s cul-; cf the (?) insect-suffix in cīmex, a (bed) bug, and pulex, a flea (E & M); cf also the rhyming resemblance of cul- to pul-. Exx: culiciform, culicifugal (cf -fugal, as in centrifugal).

culmi-

: L culmus, a stalk, a stem, s culm-, akin to the kal(a)m- of Gr kalamos, a reed, and E haulm. Ex: culmicolous, stalk-living.

culti-

, rare, in two different senses: in cultigen it=cultivate or cultivation; in cultirostral it=L culter, the c(o)ulter of a plow.

cuma-

, as in cumaphyte (cf -phyte): from Gr kuma, a wave, perh akin to L cumulus.

[-cumb-, as in recumbent, lying back: L cumbere, an extension of cubāre, to lie down, be lying down.]

cumo-

: for cumic (from cumin: Gr kuminon, of Sem origin). Only in Chem.

cumuli-

; cumulo-: ‘heap or mass’, esp a cumulus cloud; ‘of a cumulus’: L cumulus, a heap, which, otherwise difficult to explain, might be a blend of culmen+tumulus. Exx: cumuliform; cumulo-cirrus.

cuncti-

, as in cunctipotent, all-powerful: from L cunctus, whole, entire, pl cuncti, all, perh, as the ancients said, co-iuncti, joined together.

cunei-

, cuneo-: c/ff of L cuneus, a wedge, s cune- with the r cun-. Exx: cuneiform, wedgeshaped; cuneo-cuboid.

cupri-

, cupr(o)-: c/ff of L cuprum, copper: see COPPER. Exx: cupriferous, copper-bearing; cupromanganese, a copper alloy with manganese.

Elements 4013

cupuli-

, as in cupuliform: c/f of L cūpula, a little cup, dim of cūpa, a tub, (LL) a cup; s, therefore, cup-, cf cup.

[-cur. See CURRENT and cf occur, recur.]

curie-

, as in curiescopy (cf -scopy at -scope) and curietherapy, implies ‘radioactive’: from Mme Marie Curie (1867–1934).

curio-

, ‘literal, directly pictorial’: from Gr kurios, lordly, authoritative, proper, from kuros, power, might; akin to Skt , strong, powerful. Ex: curiologic(al), from Gr kuriologikos, speaking properly or literally.

curvi-

; curvo-: c/f of ML curvus (L curuus), curved, as in curviform; c/f of E CURVE, as in curvometer, which=curv(s)+-o-+-meter.

[-cuss, as in the obs incuss and in concuss: see CONCUSS.]

cuti-

, cuto-: L cuti-, c/f of cutis, skin, s cut-; cuto-, irreg; IE *kut-. Exx: cuticolo(u)r, skincoloured, and cutocellulose.

-cyan

, adj and n -cyanic; cyan(o)-: ‘a bluish colouring-matter’, as in leucocyan (cf leuco-); ‘dark-blue’, as in cyanide (Chem suffix -ide) and cyanogen (-gen): Gr kuano-, c/f of kuanos (s kuan-), lapis-lazuli, hence the colour dark-blue: o.o.o.

cyathi-

; cyath(o)-: ‘cup’, as in cyathiform, from L cyathus; ‘cup-shaped’, as in cyatholith, cyathozooid, from the Gr original kuathos (s kuath-), akin to kuein, to be big with child; IE r *ku- or *keu-.

cycadi-

and cycad(o)-: from Gr kukas (gen kukados), incorrect for koikas, acc pl of koix, a doum palm; cf E Cycas, a genus of tropical palm-like trees. Ex: Cycadophyta (cf -phyta).

cycl(o)-

: basically ‘circle’ or ‘circular’, the context usu clarifying: often via the LL derivative cyclus: Gr kuklo-, kukl-, c/f of kuklos, a circle, hence also a cycle; the word is app a reduplication: see CIRCLE. Exx: cyclograph, cyclomania, cyclorama, cyclotron. The answering adj is -cyclic, as in hexacyclic (cf hexa-).

cyclono-

: c/f of CYCLONE. Ex: cyclonology.

cylindri-

; cylindr(o)-: ‘(of) a cylinder’, as in cylindriform; ‘cylindrical’ or ‘cylindrical and’, as in cylindrocephalic, with a cylinder-shaped head. Cylindro-=Gr kulindro-, c/f of kulindros: see CYLINDER.

cymato-

, rarely kymato-: from kumat-, o/s of Gr kuma (see cymi-). Ex: kymatology, now usu cymatology. Cf cymi-.

cymbi-

Origins 4014

; cymbo-: c/f of L cymba, a boat, from Gr kumbē, whence the c/f cymbo-. Exx: cymbiform, boat-shaped; cymbocephaly.

cymi-

; cymo-; c/f of cyme, an inflorescence; from Gr kumo-, c/f of kuma, a wave, a sprout, from kuein, to be pregnant, cf cyatho-. Exx: cymiferousi cymograph, cymometer, cymoscope. The gen kuamatos yields cymato-, as in cymatology, the science of waves.

cymo-

(1). See cymi-.

cymo-

(2): c/f of cymene, from Gr kuminon, whence E cumin; kuminon, s kumin-, is of Sem origin—cf H kammōn. Ex: cymogene (-gene, q.v. at -gen).

cyn(o)-

: Gr kuno-, kun-, c/f of kuōn, o/s kun-(gen kunos), a dog: cf L canis, s can-, and see CYNIC. Exx: cynocephalous, dog-headed; cynophobia; CYNOSURE.

cyph(o)-

: from Gr kuphos (s kuph-), bent, stooping, hump-backed, IE r *kubh-. Ex: cyphonautes, a Zoo term, but lit ‘the hunchback sailor’.

Cypri-

; Cypro-: the former SciL from Gr; the latter from Gr Kupro-, c/f of Kupris, Venus. Exx: Cypripedium, lady’s-slipper, (lit) Venus’s little foot (Gr podion); Cypro-Phoenician.

cyprin(o)-

: c/f from Gr kuprinos, a carp: prob cf prec. Ex: Cyprinodontidae, which=cyprin(o)-+ - odont+suffix -idae, pl of -ida.

Cypro-

. See Cypri-.

cypselo-

: from Gr kupselos, a swift, akin to kuphos, bent forward. Ex: Cypselomorphae (cf - morph).

cyrt(o)-

: Gr kurto-, c/f of kurtos, bent, curved, as in cyrtometer; kurtos is akin to Gr korōnē, anything curved, esp a CROWN.

-cyst

, -cystis; cysti-, cyst(o)-: ‘pouch, cyst’, as in macrocyst (cf macro-); ‘bladder’ or ‘cyst’, in generic names, as Macrocystis; ‘bladder, cyst’, as in cystiform; (cysto-) ‘connexion with, or likeness to, a bladder or a cyst’, as in cystocyte (cf -cyte), cystophore (cf -phora), cystoscope. From Gr kustis, a bladder, akin to kistē, a box, cf cisto-.

-cyte

, a cell; cytio-, cell, as in cytioderm (cf -derm); cyt(o)-, likeness to, or connexion with, a cell or cells, Gr kuto-, c/f of kutos (s kut-), a hollow vessel—as in cytochrome (cf -chroia) and cytology, the science of Zoo cells.

Czecho-

: for Czech, as in Czechoslovakia.

Daco-

: for Dacia or Dacian, as in Daco-Roman.

Elements 4015

dacry(o)-

: ‘in relation to, connected with, tears or the tear-ducts’: Gr dakruo-, c/f of dakru or dakruon, a tear, akin to L lacrima, Go tagr; IE *dakr-. Exx: dacryocyst, the tear sac, hence the secondary dacrycyst(o)-.

1. dactylio-; 2, dactyl(o)-; 3, -dactylous, Gr -daktulos, -fingered, hence digitated; 1, Gr daktulio-, from daktulios, finger-ring, from daktulos, finger; 2, Gr daktulo-, daktul-, c/f of daktulos, whence, by the way, E dactyl, the metrical foot () of the pointing finger; ulterior etymology obscure. Exx: dactylioglyph (cf -glyph), dactyliography, dactyliomancy; dactylogram, a fingerprint—dactylography—dactyloscopy.

dad(o)-

: from dāid-, o/s of Gr dāis, a torch. Exx: Dadoxylon (cf xylo-, wood) and daduchus, a orch-bearer (ekhein, s ekh-, to have, to hold).

daemon(o)-

. See demono-.

damni-

: LL damni-, c/f of L damnum, damage, a fine (for damages). Ex: damnify. Cf DAMN.

Dano-

: ‘Danish (and)’, as in Dano-Norwegian: Dane, b/f from Da Daner, Danes—LL Danni, ? cf dannus, headman of a village, app a Gaulish word (E & M).

Danto-

: for Dante, as in Dantology, Dante lore, the study of Dante.

dapi-

: from L daps (gen dapis), a feast, perh akin to Gr deipnon, dinner. Ex: dapifer (cf -fer), a steward or a butler.

dasi-

, a SciL irregularity for dasy-, Gr dasu-c/f of dasus, dense, (? hence) shaggy, rough, s das-, akin to L densus, E DENSE. Exx: Dasiphora (cf -phora); dasymeter, a meter for gaseous density; dasyure, a thick-tailed animal, cf -ure.

dativo-

: ‘in or for the dative’: ML datīvus (L datīuus), suitable for giving; cf DATE (chronological). Ex: dativo-gerundial.

dec(a)-

: ‘ten’, Gr deka, 10, as in decalogue, decathlon; hence, in the metric system, ‘ten times’, as in decalitre (-liter). Gr deka is akin to L decem, Skt dása, ult E TEN. Cf deci-, decu- and:

decem-

: ‘ten’: adopted from L (cf prec). Ex: decemfoliate, ten-leaved. Cf:

deci-

: ‘a tenth of’: F déci-, from L decimus, tenth: cf DECIMAL.

declino-

, as in declinometer (for measuring declinations: cf DECLINE): from L dēclīnāre, to decline.

decre-

: for decrement; as in decremeter.

Origins 4016

-dectes

, only in Zoo generic names: from Gr dēktēs, a biter, from dēdek-, the s of an imperfect v; IEr: *dek-.

decu-

: L c/f of decem, 10, as in decuplus, whence the E decuple, tenfold; cf decury (L decuria), a section or group of ten persons, and decuman (L decumānus), every tenth, as in ‘a decuman wave’ (Webster). Cf deca-, decem-, deci-.

deflecto-

; for deflect; as in deflectometer.

dehydr(o)-

: for dehydrated or dehydrogenated. In Chem only.

dei-

; deo-; ‘of a god’; ‘to God’: L deus, a god, and Deus, God, cf DEISM. Exx: deicide, deific, deiparous; deodand, something to be given to God, hence forfeit to the Crown.

deino-

. See dino-.

deipno-

: Gr deipno-, c/f of deipnon, dinner. Exx: deipnophobia, a dread of dinner or of (formal) meals; deipnosophist, a wise or skilful table-talker, from Gr deipnosophistēs—cf SOPHIST.

deka-

: var, now rare, of deca-.

deliri-

: for delirium, as in delirifacient, deliriumcausing, -causer.

delo-

: Gr dēlo-, c/f of dēlos, evident or visible, s dēl-. Exx: delomorphous, definite in form (cf

-morph).

-delphis

; delphin-, delpho-: c/ff of Gr delphis, a dolphin, gen delphinos, o/s delphin-. Exx: