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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF

Architecture

ALLISON LEE PALMER

Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts

Jon Woronoff, Series Editor

1.Science Fiction Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2004.

2.Hong Kong Cinema, by Lisa Odham Stokes, 2007.

3.American Radio Soap Operas, by Jim Cox, 2005.

4.Japanese Traditional Theatre, by Samuel L. Leiter, 2006.

5.Fantasy Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2005.

6.Australian and New Zealand Cinema, by Albert Moran and Errol Vieth, 2006.

7.African-American Television, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks, 2006.

8.Lesbian Literature, by Meredith Miller, 2006.

9.Scandinavian Literature and Theater, by Jan Sjåvik, 2006.

10.British Radio, by Seán Street, 2006.

11.German Theater, by William Grange, 2006.

12.African American Cinema, by S. Torriano Berry and Venise Berry, 2006.

13.Sacred Music, by Joseph P. Swain, 2006.

14.Russian Theater, by Laurence Senelick, 2007.

15.French Cinema, by Dayna Oscherwitz and MaryEllen Higgins, 2007.

16.Postmodernist Literature and Theater, by Fran Mason, 2007.

17.Irish Cinema, by Roderick Flynn and Pat Brereton, 2007.

18.Australian Radio and Television, by Albert Moran and Chris Keating, 2007.

19.Polish Cinema, by Marek Haltof, 2007.

20.Old Time Radio, by Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz, 2008.

21.Renaissance Art, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2008.

22.Broadway Musical, by William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird, 2008.

23.American Theater: Modernism, by James Fisher and Felicia Hardison Londré, 2008.

24.German Cinema, by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2008.

25.Horror Cinema, by Peter Hutchings, 2008.

26.Westerns in Cinema, by Paul Varner, 2008.

27.Chinese Theater, by Tan Ye, 2008.

28.Italian Cinema, by Gino Moliterno, 2008.

29.Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2008.

Historical Dictionary

of Architecture

Allison Lee Palmer

Historical Dictionaries of

Literature and the Arts, No. 29

The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK

2008

SCARECROW PRESS, INC.

Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc.

A wholly owned subsidiary of

The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com

Estover Road

Plymouth PL6 7PY

United Kingdom

Copyright © 2008 by Allison Lee Palmer

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Palmer, Allison Lee, 1963–

Historical dictionary of architecture / Allison Lee Palmer.

p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts ; no. 29)

Includes bibliographical references.

 

ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5821-3 (cloth : alk. paper)

 

ISBN-10: 0-8108-5821-5 (cloth : alk. paper)

 

eISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6283-8

 

eISBN-10: 0-8108-6283-2

 

1. Architecture—History—Dictionaries. I. Title.

 

NA200.P35 2008

 

720.9—dc22

008013926

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

To my father, Melvin Delmar Palmer

Contents

List of Illustrations

ix

Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff

xi

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

Chronology

xvii

Introduction

xliii

THE DICTIONARY

1

Bibliography

289

About the Author

319

vii

Illustrations

Note: Photographs appear in the center of the book.

1.Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, c. 3100–1500 BC (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer)

2.Pyramids at Giza, outside Cairo, Egypt, c. 2500 BC (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

3.Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, 400s BC (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

4.Colosseum, Rome, AD 72–80 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

5.Pantheon, Rome, AD 128 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

6.Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, AD 800s–1200s (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer)

7.Anasazi “Great House” foundations, New Mexico, 900s–1400s (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

8.Uxmal Ceremonial Center, Mexico, 800s–1200s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

9.Machu Picchu, Peru, 1450s (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

10.Forbidden City, Beijing, 1368–1644 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

11.Castel del Monte, Puglia, 1240 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

12.Notre Dame, Paris, 1200s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

13.Florence Cathedral, dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

14.Saint Peter’s Church, Rome, begun 1505 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

15.Andrea Palladio, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy, 1560s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

16.Louis Le Vau, Versailles Palace, Versailles, 1660s (Photo: Nancy Lee Palmer)

17.Charles Garnier, Opéra, Paris, 1860s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

18.John Barry and Horace Jones, Tower Bridge, London, 1886–1894 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

ix

x • ILLUSTRATIONS

19.Gustav Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

20.Antoní Gaudi, Parc Güell, Barcelona, 1900s–1910s (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

21.Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie House, Chicago, 1909 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

22.Gerrit Rietveld, Schroeder House, Utrecht, 1924 (Photo: Allison Lee Palmer)

23.Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, 1929 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

24.Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, Empire State Building, New York, 1930s (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)

25.Le Corbusier, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, 1955 (Photo: Dawn St. Clare)