Английский для бакалавров
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C O N V E R S A T I O N
Let’s dream of AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Artificial intelligence
Computers have become part of everyday life. Today's schoolchildren carry around calculating power which would have filled a large room forty years ago. Computer scientists are now working on the next generation of computers; ones which will have true intelligence. The first step on the way is the development of 'expert systems'. An expert system is partially intelligent.
At Stanford University a computer has been developed for medical diagnosis. It stores 125 facts about each of 600 diseases. It can tell doctors which questions to ask, and which measurements to take. It can then analyse the result and make an accurate diagnosis.
At the University of California they have been working on computers which can write stories, while IBM has developed the Epistle program for business letters which can correct spelling, improve grammar and style and even check for mistakes by giving a list of words with similar sounds. One of the most interesting programs has been developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and it is a kind of computer psychiatrist.
The program, which was developed by Professor Joseph Weizenbaum, is called Eliza. It uses a technique known as 'reflective listening'. The computer seems to understand, and to make sympathetic responses. In fact it does not understand a word
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that is being typed into it. Nevertheless, Weizenbauni's secretary fell under the spell of the machine. Weizenbaum says:
Well, I asked her to my office and sat her down at the keyboard, and she began to type and of course I looked at her to make sure everything was operating properly. After two or three interchanges with the machine she turned to me and she said, "Would you mind leaving the room please?"
Eliza responds sympathetically to what is typed in, but that it never adds new information, or gives an opinion. Ordinary psychiatrists use this reflective listening technique, too.
Here is an example of Eliza in operation:
Input |
Eliza |
It's my girlfriend. |
So, you're worried about your girlfriend. |
I'm a bit upset. |
Why do you feel upset? |
She doesn't understand me. |
She doesn't understand you? |
She argues with everything I say. |
Why do you think she argues with you? |
She's afraid of me. |
Does it please you to think she's afraid of |
|
you? |
No, but... she goes crazy. |
What exactly do you mean by crazy? |
She makes me miserable. |
I'm sorry to hear you're miserable. |
Psychiatrists (and teachers) say that this technique helps people to talk about themselves, and that talking about themselves helps them.
I. Try this technique with some fellow students. A is consulting В. В does not give any opinion, but simply listens sympathetically. Make a list of 'problems' for A to speak about. It's a good way of keeping a conversation going.
Eliza simply operates a clever program and cannot be described as artificial intelligence. The program can be fooled:
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4.What other computer programs do you know?
5.Have you ever tried to develop a program? What must a programmer know to develop a good one?
6.Would you like to be a citizen of a computer land and be ruled and controlled by computers?
7.What films devoted to the problem of artificial intelligence have you seen?
III. Be ready to talk on the following topics:
1.Home computers have become powerful tools of knowledge.
2.Internet is a source of information and a means of communication.
3.The possibilities of advanced technology. Will it bring people together or isolate them?
4.Artificial Intelligence, its role and influence on homo sapience.
5.You are a computer designer. What computer are you going to develop?
6.Computers in 50 years. Their role in everyday life and their possibilities.
IV. Compose dialogues on the following situations.
1. Discuss with your friends the possibilities of intelligent computers.
2. Discuss the problems the artificial intelligence of the future will be concerned with.
3. Discuss the interrelations between a computer and a man.
J U S T F O R F U N
I.This is an extract from a novel, Satan by Jeremy Leven, in which Lupa meets a truly intelligent computer.
Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.
"Do you have a name?" Lupa asked. "Not yet," the computer answered.
"They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."
Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered it there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming, so she decided to give it a try.
"My paws give me pause," she said. The computer was silent.
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"My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws." Lupa waited in silence for a response.
"You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program”.
Lupa smiled. This was marvelous, she thought to herself. They'd thought of everything.
"Sorry," she said. "My displace".
"Ah, you speak Italian", the computer said with some sarcasm. "Oui, d'accord," Lupa answered.
"C'est vrai."
"And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."
Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom, was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this.
"You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?" Lupa asked.
"It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."
II.Design a computer for your home. Write a description of it and its functions.
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K E Y S
Unit 3
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Unit 4
Answers:
tea; ice-cream; rice; butter; salt; sugar; meat; eggs.
Unit 6
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Unit 7
Answers:
1. radioactivity; 2. explanation; 3. proper; 4. among; 5. radium; 6. example; 7. split; 8. property; 9. powerful; 10. add; 11. space; 12. contain; 13. rays; 14. simple; 15. travel; 16. sciences; 17. obtain.
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Unit 8
Answers:
I.The Scientists and the Watches
1.The two scientists were arguing about whose watch was better.
2.They couldn't continue the experiment because there was something wrong with both watches.
3.They observed the watches for a couple of hours without speaking.
4.They realised the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes an hour.
5.(b) if a watch is losing sixty minutes in sixty minutes, it's stopped.
6.(a) Once in every twelve hours the Swiss watch would show the right time.
7.The Japanese watch was losing 120 minutes every sixty minutes.
8.(с) It is going backwards if it loses 120 minutes every sixty minutes. In other words, every time a clock telling the correct time moved forward an hour, the Japanese clock moved back exactly an hour.
9.The Japanese watch will show the correct time twice in every 12-hour period, i. e., every six hours.
10.The scientist with the Japanese watch was right when he said, "My watch is right more often than yours."
11.Neither watch tells the correct time - they only show it. You wouldn't know they were showing it without a third watch to refer to.
II.Word Bingo
Material for the game "Word Bingo"
1.A system of words used by the people of one country as a means of communication, (language)
2.A spoken or written test organised by teachers in order to check students' knowledge in this or that subject, (examination)
3.A science which is concerned with the study of matter and natural forces, (physics)
4.The study or science of different numbers and calculations. (mathematics)
5.A useful thing or idea which is produced by scientists for the first time. (invention)
6.The study of events of a nation. These events are usually arranged in order from the earlier time to the later. The events concern the rulers and the governments. (history)
7.The whole world around us: trees, rivers, lakes, animals and so on. (nature)
8.Something is finished or gained through skill or hard work. (achievement)
9.A system of special tracks for trains with locomotives and stations. (railway)
10.The passing of the seconds, minutes, days, weeks, months taken as a whole, (time)
11.Water in the state of gas produced by boiling at the temperature of 100 degrees, (steam)
12.A black or dark brown mineral can be found deep in the earth. It can be burnt to give heat. Gas and other products can be made of this mineral. (coal)
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L I T E R A T U R E
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2.“English Humour” С-Петербург, 1991.
3.Francoise Grellet “Developing Reading Skills” / Cambridge University Press, 1981.
4.Hornby A.S. “Oxford Progressive English for Adult Learners” / Oxford University Press.
5.Murphy Raymond “English Grammar in Use” / Cambridge University Press, 1988.
6.“Student’s Grammar” / The University of Birmingham, Collins Cobuild, 1991.
7.“Английский язык. Большой справочник для школьников и поступающих в вузы” / М., 1998.
8.Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н. “English for All Occasions” /М., 1971.
9.Арбекова Т.И., Власова Н.Н., Макарова Г.А. “Я хочу и буду знать
английский” / М., 1993.
10.“Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь” / М., 1980. 11.Выборова Г.Е., Махмурян К.С. “Сборник упражнений по английской
грамматике” / М., 1998.
12.Гварджаладзе И.С., Гилбертсон А.Л., Кочинашвили Т.Г. “500 английских пословиц и поговорок” / М., 1966.
13.Голицынский Ю.Б. “Грамматика” / С-Петербург, 1998.
14.Губарева Т.Ю. “Практикум по грамматике английского языка” / М., 1997. 15.Егорова С.Н., Арутюнян Е.К., Степанова О.Н. “Сборник упражнений для
закрепления лексики и грамматики английского языка” / М., 1997. 16.Журнал “Мозаика” , 1970 – 1986.
17.Занина Е.Л. “95 устных тем по английскому языку” / М., 1998. 18.Кошманова И.И., Енгалычева Н.А. “Topics for Discussion” / М., 1998. 19.Павлоцкий В.М. “Read Learn Discuss” / С-Петербург, 1998.
20.Серафимова М.А., Шаевич А.М. “Тематические диалоги” / Ленинград, 1967. 21.Синявская Е.В. и др. “Английский язык в ситуациях общения” / М., 1990. 22.Федорова Н.В. “Английская грамматика в таблицах и с юмором” / М., 1997. 23.Фрейтас Дж.Ф. “Минимум для общения” / М., 1982.
24.Химунина Т.Н., Конон Н.В., Уолш И.А. “Customs, Traditions and Festivals of Great Britain” / Ленинград, 1975.
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