Contents · XI
9 Cerebrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
350 |
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Gross Anatomy and Subdivision of the Cerebrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Gyri and Sulci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Histological Organization of the Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Laminar Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Cerebral White Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Projection Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Association Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Commissural Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Primary Cortical Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Association Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Frontal Lobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Higher Cortical Functions and Their Impairment by Cortical Lesions . . . . 386
10 Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System . . . . . . 402
Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Dura Mater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Arachnoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Pia Mater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Structure of the Ventricular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and Resorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Disturbances of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation—Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . 411
11 Blood Supply and Vascular Disorders
of the Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Arteries of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Extradural Course of the Arteries of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Arteries of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Arteries of the Posterior Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Collateral Circulation in the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
XII · Contents
Veins of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Superficial and Deep Veins of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Dural Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Arterial Anastomotic Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Venous Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Cerebral Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Arterial Hypoperfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Particular Cerebrovascular Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Impaired Venous Drainage from the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Intracranial Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Nontraumatic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Subdural and Epidural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Vascular Syndromes of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Arterial Hypoperfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Impaired Venous Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Spinal Cord Hemorrhage and Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
497 |
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
· XIII
Abbreviations
5-HT3 |
serotonin |
ACTH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) |
AIDS |
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
AMPA |
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate acid |
ARAS |
ascending reticular activating system |
BAEP |
brainstem auditory evoked potentials |
BPPV |
benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo |
CNS |
central nervous system |
CRF |
corticotropin-releasing factor |
CSF |
cerebrospinal fluid |
CT |
computed tomography |
DREZ |
dorsal root entry zone (also called the Redlich-Obersteiner zone) |
ECG |
electrocardiography/electrocardiogram |
EEG |
electroencephalography/electroencephalogram |
EMG |
electromyography/electromyogram |
EPSP |
excitatory postsynaptic potential |
FLAIR |
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery |
fMRI |
functional magnetic resonance imaging |
FSH |
follicle-stimulating hormone |
GABA |
γ-aminobutyric acid |
GH (STH) |
growth hormone (somatotropic hormone) |
GHRH |
growth-hormone-releasing hormone |
GnRH |
gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
HIV |
human immunodeficiency virus |
HMSN |
hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy |
INO |
internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
IP |
interphalangeal |
IPSP |
inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
LH |
luteninizing hormone |
LPH |
lipotropin |
LTM |
long-term memory |
MEG |
magnetoencephalography |
MIF |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting factor |
MLF |
medial longitudinal fasciculus |
MP |
metacarpophalangeal |
MRF |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone-releasing factor |
MRI |
magnetic resonance imging |
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
XIV · Abbreviations
MSH |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
NMDA |
N-methyl-D-aspartate |
PET |
positron emission tomography |
PICA |
posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
PIF |
prolactin-inhibiting factor (= dopamine) |
PPRF |
paramedian pontine reticular formation |
PRF |
prolactin-releasing factor |
PRL |
prolactin |
rCBF |
regional cerebral blood flow |
SCD |
subacute combined degeneration |
SRIF |
somatotropin inhibiting factor |
STM |
short-term memory |
T3 |
triiodothyronine |
T4 |
tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) |
TRH |
thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
TSH |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
VEP |
visual evoked potentials |
VOR |
vestibulo-ocular reflex |
VPL |
ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus |
VPM |
ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus |
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.