ББК 81.2 Англ. (07) З-17

УДК802.0:72 я 73

Рецензент кандидат филологических наук, доцент Н. С. Сахарова

Зайцева И. В.

З 17 Architecture: Методические указания по английскому языку. – Оренбург: ГОУ ОГУ, 2003 – 76 с.

Методические указания представляют подборку текстов по теме «Архитектура» и систему упражнений к ним. Они предназначены для студентов 2 курса по специальности «Архитектура» архитектурностроительного факультета. Все упражнения рассчитаны на развитие речевых навыков и умений и способствуют достижению основных целей обучения иностранному языку студентов неязыковых специальностей.

ББК 81.2 Англ(07)

© Зайцева И. В., 2003 © ГОУ ОГУ, 2003

Введение

Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов 2 курса по специальности «Архитектура» архитектурно-строительного факультета.

Цель методических указаний – расширение лексического запаса, развитие навыков и умений чтения и перевода научно-технической литературы по специальности, развитие коммуникативных навыков.

Методические указания состоят из 7 разделов. Шесть разделов имеют идентичную структуру. Они включают тексты по теме, которые обеспечены системой предтекстовых и послетекстовых упражнений. В 7 разделе даны термины по теме «Архитектура».

1 Unit 1 Architecture and the Architect

1.1 Pretext exercises

1.1.1Warming-up

1)What do you think the word "architecture" means?

2)Why did you make up your mind to become an architect?

3)What can you say about the role of an architect in civilized society?

1.1.2Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics

[a:] are, art, architect, architecture, part, landmark, advanced

[æ] man, has, practical, natural, characteristic, adaptability, activity, contracted, plan, landscape, axis, aspect, many

[):] almost, all, also, hall, fall, wall, alter, water

[ei] preparation, regulate, nature, placement, space, range, shape, basic, train against, may, way

1.1.3 Read the following words. Mind their meaning

1.1.4 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the principal forms.

1.1.5 Find proper Russian words with the same roots as the following English words:

architecture, design, structure, ensemble, aesthetic, function, criteria, principle, practical, civilized, technique, culture, primitive, element, natural, human, symbol, institution, characteristics, activity, stability, construction, communication, form, idea, constant, social

1.1.6 Choose the proper English word:

1.1.7 Find the English equivalents for the following Russian words:

A ограничивать; предпосылка; различать; устойчивый; соответствие; изменяться; защита; развивать; полезность; приспособляемость; обладать; условие; выразительный; равный

В to vary; adaptability; equal; to confine; utility; to possess; prerequisite; condition; to distinguish; expressive; suitability; settled; to develop; defense

1.1.8 Form all possible word-combinations:

1.1.9 Read the following word combinations and translate them into Russian:

art of designing and building; according to aesthetic criteria; to build in accordance with such principles; to fulfil the requirements; every settled society; in all but the simplest cultures; defense against environment; a symbol of development; other man-made structures; adaptability to particular human activities; permanence of the work's construction; the communication of experience and ideas through its forms; relative importance; minor importance; equal importance

1.2 Read the text. Give your reasons that architecture has many functions Text 1A

Architecture

Architecture is the temple of life. G.K. Muennig

Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures, or ensembles according to aesthetic and functional criteria. Structures built in accordance with such principles are also architecture.

Architecture is employed to fulfil the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possesses techniques for building produces architecture. It is necessary in all but the simpliest cultures; without it, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the elements; with it, he has not only a defense against the natural environment but also the benefits of a human environment, a prerequisite for and a symbol of the development of civilized institutions.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other man-made structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particular human activities; (2) the stability and permanence of the work's construction; and (3) the communication of experience and ideas through its forms.

All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and the third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory, communication is of less importance. If the function of buildings. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.

1.3 Exercises to the text

1.3.1 Read the text again and find out if the following statements are true or

false:

1)Architecture should fulfil requirements of primitive people.

2)Without architecture, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the elements.

3)Structures should be built according to aesthetic and functional criteria.

4)There are no differences between a work of architecture and other man-made structures.

5)The stability and permanence of the work's construction is a constant for all types of buildings.

6)In a factory, utility and communication are of equal importance.

1.3.2Complete the sentences:

1)Almost every settled society that possesses the technique for building produces… a) nature

b) architecture c) struggle

2)Architecture is necessary in all but the simplest…

a)techniques

b)theories

c)cultures

3)With architecture, man has a prerequisite for the development of civilized…

a)importance

b)institutions

c)symbols

4)The stability and permanence of the work's construction is a…

a)form

b)function

c)constant

5)If the function is chiefly utilitarian, communication is of less…

a)importance

b)condition

c)benefit

6)In a monumental tomb, utility is a minor…

a)feature

b)experience

c)concern

7)Utility and communication are equally important in churches and…

a)markets

b)plants

c)city halls

1.3.3Find the passage describing the characteristic features of a work of architecture and translate it into Russian

1.3.4Read aloud the passage concerning the main aims of architecture

1.3.5Answer the following questions in written form:

1)What is architecture?

2)What is architecture employed for?

3)Is architecture necessary in all settled societies?

4)What does architecture give for a man?

5)What are the main features that distinguish work of architecture from other manmade structures?

6)Which of them is a constant?

7)How do these characteristics vary?

1.3.6These are the types of architecture. Give examples of each type. Use the words and word combinations given below:

1)Domestic Architecture

2)Religious Architecture

3)Governmental Architecture

4)Recreational Architecture

5)Architecture of Welfare and Education

6)Commercial and Industrial Architecture

theatres; hospitals; guardhouses; capitols; schools; stores; prisons; parliament buildings; museums; court houses; villas; circuses; huts; banks; exhibition halls; sport facilities; factories; mines; churches; libraries; hotels; markets; publishing houses; post-offices; palaces; laboratories; cathedrals; restaurants; plants; temples

1.3.7 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Discuss it with your partner. Use the following plan:

1)Architecture as an art and science.

2)The main aim of architecture.

3)The life of a man with and without architecture.

4)The main characteristics of a work of architecture.

1.4Read the text. Give your reason that the architect is an honorable profession

Text 1B

The Profession of an Architect

The architect creates order in the picturesque variety of nature August Perret

The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings.

When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries. Working to the architect's design are many consultant experts - structural engineers, services engineers and other sub-contracted specialists.

The architect function now extend into town planning and work activities that need buildings.

Town planning or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part.

In town planning there are different street patterns : gridiron, radial, ring and functional ( or organic).

According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 800.000 fully qualified architects in the world. In the highly developing countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developer countries there is only one architect per 500,000 or 1,000,000 people.

The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, sense of beauty.

The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and landmarks of by-gone days.

1.5 Exercises to the text

1.5.1Complete the following sentences using the words given below:

1)According to August Perret the architect… order in the … variety of nature.

2)The architect is an expert experienced in the… of all aspects of the… of buildings.

3)The architect uses the cumulative … of centuries.

4)The architect should consult many experts such as structural engineers, services engineers, and other … specialists.

5)City planners … town and regulate their … .

6)There are different street … such as radial, ring or circular, functional and … .

sub-contracted; improve; gridiron; creates; patterns; growth; construction; supervision; knowledge; picturesque

1.5.2 Replace the words and word combinations in italics (A) by their contextual synonyms (B):

A 1) The architect is a person who designs buildings.

2) Town planning is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns.

3)City design is the organization of land and buildings for group living.

4)The main problem for the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and the landmarks of by-gone days.

5)The architect uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.

B man; schemes; nowadays; structures; environment; collective; urbanism; city; territory; design; development; basic; elaboration; modernization; old centuries; concern; architectural monuments

1.5.3Answer the following questions:

1)What are the architect's functions?

2)What specialists help the architect to design structures?

3)What is town planning?

4)Why is urban design a cooperative process?

5)What street patterns are there in urbanism?

6)What specialists take part in town design?

7)How is the architect's sphere of knowledge expanding at present?

8)What is the main problem facing the architect today?

1.5.4Speak on the topic: "I've chosen architecture as a career because…"

Highlight at least 5 points which make profession so attractive.

1.6 Read the text using a dictionary. Give your reason that architect must possess the knowledge in different sciences

Text 1C

Architectural Planning

The architect usually begins to work when the site type and cost of a building have been determined.

Planning the environment. The natural environment is at once hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks. To make building habitable and comfortable, he must control the effects of heat, cold, light, air, moisture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.

The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other planning devices discussed below are fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.

Orientation. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for controlling the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall.

Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space determine the amount of sun it receives. Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow.

The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation: trees, land formation, and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.

Architectural forms. Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the effect of natural forces.

Colour. Colour has a practical planning function as well as expressive quality because of the range of its reflection and its absorption of solar rays. Since light colour reflect heat and dark colours adsorb it, the choice of materials and is an pigments is an effective tool of environmental control.

Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human being. One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.

Interior control. The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces and by conditioning devices.

Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors, walls, ceilings, and furnishings.

Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods have become basic parts of the architectural program.

Planning for use. While environmental planning producer comfort for the senses (sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes ( respiration), planning for use or function is concerned with convenience of movement and rest.

Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of the culture and the habits and activities of the individual patrons. A primitive house has a single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has a separate areas for cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation. A meeting-houses with a single hall is sufficient for Quaker religious services, while a Roman Catholic cathedral may require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory.

Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and labour. In each case they are high when the commodity is scare and low when it is abundant, and they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive.

When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the space that otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient Roman insula (apartment houses) or the modern skyscraper. When the choice of materials is influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials. High labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, consequently, of materials.

1.6 Exercises to the text

1.6.1Choose the right word:

1)The placement and form of buildings in relation to their… is one of the fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.

a) square b) comfort c) sites

2)The arrangement of the buildings and their parts controls the effects of sun, wind and rainfall.

a) rooms b) axes c) spaces

3)The characteristics of the immediate … also influence orientation.

a)environment

b)territory

c)building

4)Bodies of water produce … and reflect the sun.

a)shade

b)moisture

c)wind

5)Colour has a practical planning … and expressive quality.

a)choice

b)feature

c)function

6)Planning for use is concerned with convenience of … and rest.

a)movement

b)parts

c)requirements

7)Major expenses in building are for …, materials, and labour.

a)habits

b)land

c)phase

1.6.2Complete the sentence:

1)The architect usually begins to work when …

a)a project of a building has been made

b)the site type and cost of a building have been determined

c)the choice of materials has been made

2)The effect of sun, wind and rainfall are controlled by …

a)the height of a building

b)a esthetical usage of spaces

c)the arrangements of the axes of buildings and their parts

важное (эффективное) средство контроля; выбор материалов для строительства; способность противостоять воздействиям окружающей среды; отопление, изоляция, кондиционирование; боковой неф; склеп, ризница, часовня; расходы; влиять на выбор материалов; зависеть от требований заказчика

1.6.6 Speak on the different aspects of architectural planning:

Environmental Design

Materials and Techniques

Aesthetic and Functional Criteria in Architecture

Economics and Architectural Planning

1.7 Read the dialogue and perform the conversation in pairs. Think of your own dialogues

A.: Could you please tell me about the architect's sphere of knowledge?

B.: With great pleasure. Architects have to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in their work

A.: What specialists help architects in their work?

B.: Many sub-contracted experts take part in this cooperative process.

A.: I see, thank you B.: don't mention it.

1.8 Audial practice

1.8.1 Listen to the text and render it either in English or in Russian

Text 1 D

Training of Architects in Russia

The architect's cradle in our country is the Moscow Institute of Architecture. It was established over 60 years ago. At that time it was the world's only higher educational establishment specializing in architecture. In fact it is much older than sixty. 60 years ago the institute acquired the name it has to date, but it had been operating since 1866. Then the architecture department was set up within the framework of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Now in our country many institutes train architects. The general trend of our architects is to improve scope and volume. At present there are about 40 thousand fully qualified architects in our country. Several thousand architects are the members of the Russia Architects Union.