ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.

Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. People also pollute their surroundings in various other ways. For example, they ruin natural beauty by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fit the air with disturbing noise. Nearly everyone causes environmental pollution in some way.

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. Air, water and soil – all harmed by pollution – are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land that is available for growing food. Soil pollution damages the thin layer of fertile soil that covers much of the earth’s land is essential for growing food. Natural processes took thousands of years to form the soil that supports crops. But, through poor treatment, people can destroy soil in a few years.

In nature, cycle similar to those that keep water clean work to keep soil fertile. Plant and animal wastes, including dead organisms, accumulate in the soil. Bacteria and fungi decay feed growing plants, and when the plants die the cycle begins again.

People use fertilizers and pesticides to grow more and better crops. Fertilizers add extra nutrients to the soil and increase the amounts of a crop that can be grown on an area of land. But the use of large amounts of fertilizer may decrease the ability of bacteria to decay wastes and produce nutrients naturally. Pesticides destroy weeds and insects that harm crops. But pesticides may also harm bacteria and other helpful organisms in the soil.

Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. For example, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution. But the automobile provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and produce goods that people want. Too much fertilizer or pesticide can ruin soil, bur fertilizers and pesticides are important aids to the growing of crops.

Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. Most people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be gradually reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that require business and individuals to stop, or cut down on certain polluting activities. And – perhaps most importantly – individuals and groups of people can work to persuade their representatives in government, and persuade business to take action toward reducing pollution.

Agriculture of the crimea.

The strategic landmark of the development of the agrarian sphere is a creation of strong raw materials base for development of food complex , capable to satisfy not only the needs of population and recreators in the main type of food supply, but also to increase the export potential of traditional Crimean branches: viticulture and viniculture, horticulture.

The total area of agricultural lands of autonomy forms more than 1800 ths.h.including ploughed field – 1262,2 ths.h., perennial plantings – 81,9 ths.h.

The main agricultural regions of the republic are Dzhankoysky, Pervomaysky, Krasnogvardejsky, Saksky, Kirovsky and Simferopolsky regions.

The climatic conditions of the Crimea allow to grow up on its territory the great part of agricultural cultures of the temperate zone and some subtropical cultures.

The horticulture in republic is presented by production of seeds (apples, pears) and stones (plums, peaches, apricots, sweet cherries). The climate of the region is favorable for cultivating essential oil cultures (the rose, lavender, sage), as well as raw materials for production bio fuel (the rape).

The Republic, being the major region of Ukraine in production of grape, is known exactly by its technical sorts, used for manufacturing of the high-quality vines, cognac and juice. About 120 ths. tones of grape are produced a year, and 14-16 mln.dcl. of vine materials are worked out. The export of viniculture products is carried out into 11 countries of the world.

Such sud branches as poultry farming, shep farming, pig raising and cattle breeding present the animal breeding.

The representative branch for autonomy is fishing, which is oriented to increase of catch of fish and other animals in Azov-Chernomorsk’s basin and internal reservoir.

At present the market of Autonomous Republic of Crimea is full of food products, produced outside the region. This leads to outflow of cash from republic. For stimulation of development of Crimean agricultural market is necessary to create the efficient owner, to grow up the feeling of the master on the land, to form land market, to undertake parity policy of the prices on industrial and agricultural products, intervention of the state bulk purchase product of the agrarian sector, to realize weighted financial-credit policy.

CATU

The history of the educational establishment begins with the Department of Agriculture at Tavrida University in 1918. It received the status of the higher educational institution as the Crimean Institute of Special Cultures in 1923.

In 1936 the Institute of Special Cultures was transformed into the Crimean Agricultural Institute. In 2004 our university was included into the structure of the National Agrarian University and was titled as the Southern Branch “Crimean Agrotechnological University” of the National Agrarian University.

For the years of its existence the educational establishment has prepared 50 thousand experts for agriculture and forestry, veterinary medicine. More than 500 of them are foreign citizens from Western Europe, Asia, Africa, South America. For this period more than 25 thousand agricultural experts from different structures and official categories have raised their qualification in the educational establishment.

The Southern Branch carries out the preparation of experts, improvement of professional skill of heads and experts of agriculture, organizes scientific researches and researching and designing projects.

The preparation of experts is accomplished on the following specialties: Agronomy, Fruit-and-vegetable growing and viticulture, Economics of enterprise, Finance, Account and audit, Management of organizations, Forestry; Landscape design; Hunting; Mechanization of agriculture; Veterinary Medicine; Land management and cadastre, Technology of fats and fat substitute, Technology of fermentive producing and winemaking.

The educational and scientific research complex of the Southern Branch “Crimean Agrotechnological University” of the National Agrarian University is situated in the settlement of Agrarne, Simferopol.

Educational process and scientific activity in the Branch are carried out by the highly qualified science-pedagogical staff of 300 people.

Future specialists are trained for 16 specialties at 8 departments.

KIEV

Kiev is the capital of Ukraine. It is one of the oldest cities of Europe and therefore there are many historical places in it. It was the capital of ancient Rus, cradle of three fraternal peoples – the Russian, the Ukrainian and the Buelorussian.

Nowadays it is a large political, industrial, scientific and cultural centre of Ukraine. Its population equals nearly 3 million people. It is the Supreme Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers.

Kiev is famous not only for its history (it was called “the Mother of All Rus’ Cities”), but for it beauty, for the abundance of places of historic interest in it. It is situated on the picturesque banks of the Dnieper River.

Kiev’s monuments of the past attract a lot of visitors. They are impressed by Kiev-Pechersky Monastery which stands on a green hill above the Dnieper and its sparkling gold cuprous can be seen from outside the capital. The huge gateway from Volodymyrska Street opens on the territory of another ancient monument – St. Sophia’s Cathedral which is the state architectural and historical preserve. It was founded in 1037 during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. On the other corner of Volodymyrska Street you can see the Gold Gate. Shevchenko Memorial, Vydubetsky Monastery, Askold’s Grave and Church of St. Andrey are really worth sightseeing too. In the Park or Immortal Glory there is a Tomb of Unknown Soldier, over which an eternal fire burns.

There are a lot of museums in Kiev: the Historical Museum of Ukrainian Art, the Museum of Western and Oriental Art, Shevchenko Museum, Lesya Ukrainka Memorial Museum and others.

Kiev is the center of Ukrainian culture. Many research institutes and higher education establishments are to be found here. It is famous for its theatres and concert halls such as Taras Shevchenko Opera and Ballet Theatre, Musical Comedy Theatre, Puppet Theatre, Conservatoire and Philharmonics, the Concert Hall “Ukraine”. The performance stranded at there theatres are always of great demand.

The picturesque green banks and hills, plentiful flowerbeds with millions of different flowers, wonderful beaches of Dnieper, Kreshchatik, one of the widest and most beautiful streets in our country – all this adds up to the beauty of Ukrainian capital.

CRIMEA

"There are corners on our earth so beautiful that each time you visit them they give you a sense of happiness". These words the renowned Russian writer Konstantin Paustovsky devoted to the Crimea are assented to by anybody who has been here but once.

Precisely when the peninsula got for the first time this name which is Turkish for "moat, rampart", the scholars argue about it to this very day. One thing is certain: it is not casual. On the comparatively small territory washed by the Black Sea and that of Azov there are plenty of rampart and moats overgrown with the hoary feather-grass and other remains of human hands creations as well - from the first stone implements to the medieval fortresses.

In ancient Greek myths, the Black Sea - then on the fringe of the Mediterranean world - was named Pontus Axeinus, meaning "Inhospitable Sea". Later explorations made the region more familiar, and, as colonies were established along the shores of a sea the Greeks, came to know as more hospitable and friendly, its name was changed to Pontus Euximus, the opposite of the earlier designation. The Turks, when they came to control the lands beyond the sea's southern shores, encountered only the sudden storms whipped up on its waters and reverted to a designation reflecting the inhospitable aspect of what they now termed the Karadeniz, or Black Sea.

The Crimean Peninsula, a popular vacation destination, is a large piece of land that juts south from Ukraine. Only the narrow Isthmus of Perekop links the peninsula to the mainland; Sivash lies between the mainland and peninsula and is separated from the Sea of Azov by a long sand spit, the Tonka of Arabat. The brines of Sivash are used to supply a chemical complex at Krasnoperekopsk on the Perekop Isthmus and Saki. The northern and central part of the Crimean Peninsula (some 75 percent of its total area) is a level plain of dry steppe with little surface water and is under intensive agriculture. Winter wheat, corn (maize) and sunflowers are the main crops. Additional water supplies are brought by canal from the Dnieper River at Kahovka. Most towns are engaged in processing farm produce, especially wine making. Heavier industry is concentrated in Kerch, a centre of large-scale iron-ore mining. Like the rest of Ukraine today, Crimea is undergoing serious economic hardships The narrow southern coastal plain has a warm climate and is a major health and holiday resort region.

Sevastopol, one of the best harbours in Ukraine, was long a Russian naval base. Simferopol is the city and administrative centre of Crimea. It lies along the Salgir River where it emerges from the Crimean mountains.

From low-lying coastal plains to the north, the peninsula rises gradually to the Crimean mountains on its southern coast. Mount Roman-Kosh, at 5,069 feet, is the Crimean Mountains' highest point. Dense forests of pine, oak and beech; grassy meadows dotted with wildflowers; flourishing vine- yards; and productive croplands all thrive in the peninsula's rich soil. In addition, the region has large deposits of limestone, marble and iron.

In antiquity it was known as the Tauric Chersonese, was settled by Greek colonists from the 6th century ВС onward, and Scythians occupied the interior. Later it came under the kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus, which eventually collapsed under the barbarian invasions. Long the home of the Crimean Tatars, with Bakhchisaray as their capital, the peninsula was annexed by Russia in 1783. Gregory Alexandrovich Potjomkin created the plans of annexation. After he became field marshal in 1784, he introduced many reforms into the army and built a fleet in the Black Sea,

Crimea has also had a bloody military history, with many Russian soldiers buried in its cemeteries. The Crimean War took place on the peninsula and in the Black Sea waters. From October 853 to February 1856, Russian troops fought against British, French, and Turkish forces, mainly over religious differences. Severe battles were fought at the Alma River, at Balaklava and at Inkennan. .

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British, French, and Turkish alliance controlled Crimea until Soviet troops took over the peninsula in 1921. Control changed hands again during World War II, with Germany occupation from 1941 to 1944. During the war, Yalta was the site of a historic conference of leaders of Allied forces - Prime Minister of Great Britain Churchill, President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt, and Josef Stalin of the Soviet Union.

Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Crimean Peninsula has been a part of Ukraine. With adoption of the Constitution the Crimea has obtained its flag, coat of arms and anthem. The Flag of the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea is a colour cloth consisting of three horizontal colour strips: blue, white, red. The coat of arms of the ARC resents a silver gryphon on the Varangian shield facing to the right and holding in its right paw an open silver shell with a blue pearl. The shield is crowned with the rising sun and circled by two white columns connected with a blue-white-and red band. On the band there is a motto: "Prosperity in Unity". The anthem of the ARC was composed by A.S.Karamanov,

Despite its turbulent history, Crimea is best known as a vacation spot. Its beauty, mild climate and mineral springs make it an ideal spot for the many resorts and health centers that lines its coasts.