распечатка. английский

If you love somebody, get a pre-nup

Last month a good friend of mine married an ass. She —looked beautiful, he looked drunk and the whole congregation fell to its knees to give thanks for the blessing, the sunshine, the flowers and her watertight pre- nuptial agreement. This was, of course, in America, where such things are legally recognised and where, routinely, they are incorporated not only into the unions of the filthiest rich but into those of the modest middle classes with a vision of the future that involves keeping a roof over their eventually broken hearts.

It is the British who remain squeamish about the pre-nup; it is unromantic, they declare, mindful always that there are unkind words for women - or men. come to that - who negotiate a price for the sharing of a bed. But then, divorce is unromantic too. And against a backdrop of a brace of McCartneys squabbling over squillions. while self-made millionaire businessman John

Charman appeals against his ex- wife's awarded £40 million settlement, it might be time for the British to reconsider their position.

Change of circumstance requires change of response, and a single generation has presided over a sea change both in numbers of divorces and attitudes towards them. I can still remember the one girl at our primary school whose parents Got Divorced; how we all swung around to stare at her in morning assembly and how it was not until some years later that it was deemed fit for me to be told that my own father had also been married twice. It was as thrilling as it was shocking, back then when divorce was done by the foreign and the famous but was not the stuff of the shires.

When it did. however, occasionally raise its head, the rules were simple: it was always the fault of the man — a decent cove would even fake "evidence* of his, rather than her, infidelity to provide grounds - and it fell to him to make adequate provision for the erstwhile housewife whose consuming domestic duties had rendered her unqualified or unprepared for paid employment.

Today, by contrast, it is generally assumed that half of all new marriages will end in divorce. Blame will be slung in every direction — no matter what "no- fault" divorce hearings or conciliation services Tike to pretend - and the mucky financial consequences may adversely affect either or both parties. I know personally three women, for instance, who were the main breadwinners prior to their divorces, each of whom now lives in starkly reduced circumstances with her children, having had to sell up her home to give her husband "his" share of its value.

In each case, he had argued - as many a woman has argued in the past - that it was his nurture and support that had allowed her to command her large pay cheque or to build her own business. This is also the issue in dispute in Charman v Charman, with John Charman insisting that although he and his wife. Beverly, had been married for 27 years, "my wife's contribution to the wealth was minimal". It is Mrs Charman's contention, at the moment upheld by the court, that her work was sufficiently important to the

creation of the family fortune that she now deserves more than a third of it.

In essence, then, the argument is one of earnings; of rewarding labour with appropriate payment - in short, fixing a fee for the job. Yet unlike any other job we are likely to undertake, we marry on the principle that we do not determine its worth until after it is done.

Nobody would wait until after starting work in a new office to haggle the salary, terms and conditions for the job; nevertheless, the legal system that arbitrates through the acrimony to establish the value of a Mrs Charman at the end of her labours is the same legal system that forbids it to be cordially agreed - at least in terms of a binding contract - at the beginning of them.

It is certainly true that some elements of some pre-nuptial agreements in the US have tipped to the tacky in a way that would be instinctively anathema to the British way of thinking: Hollywood actors, for example, who sign away specified numbers of dollars per proven adultery, or settle a finite sum per year that the marriage lasted.

This does not mean, however, that it would be impossible to devise an outline agreement that could become a standard precaution, to everybody's better interest, at the start of any and all modern marriages. None but the exceptionally starry-eyed or the foolhardy can possibly look at the _; statistics and say with confidence ; that it could never happen to them; that they cannot, ever, expect to find themselves among the more than 140,000divorces that rumble across Britain each year.

Besides, if they do end up in the half of marriages that are not parted until death, what will they : have lost by signing that silly little | slip of paper all those long and happy years ago?

As for the accusation that it is unromantic, perhaps the last word should go to my friend so recently married, so sensibly protected (she, again, is the one with the higher earning power). For all that she hopes for the best, she says, she prepared for the worst by getting the terms of a putative divorce agreed whilst the couple is still in love.

She has seen too many separations made grotesque by bitterness; she and her husband signed their agreement last month j at a happy time when each I genuinely wanted the very best and I fairest deal, not just for themselves but for each other.

Now I ask you: is that I unromantic? Or really quite the opposite?

him very soon. 8 I’m not much fond of my mother-in-law. 9 A dog bit him. 10 My mother threw an egg at the Minister of Education. 11 They want money.

Exercise 12. Answer the following questions, using the "emphatic IT":

1. Why did you decide to professionally learn the English language? 2. When did Peter I he Great found St. Petеrsburg? 3 Where did the Olympic Games begin? 4. Who was the first man to make а step on the Moon? 5. Where do all roads lead to? 6 When did you first fall in love? 7. Who once said: "1 came, I saw, I conquered"? 8. What makes a good ending? 9. Who is going to take an examination on English this year? 10 Where was black powder invented? 11. What is stranger than fiction? 12. How long ago was Jesus Christ born? 13. Who usually spoils the broth? 14. What justifies the means? 15. Who is doing the last sentence of this exercise?

Exercise 13. Use formal subjects there/it and a proper form of the verb BE

an unusually hot summer not any rain for months and

the earth was parched and bare. The sun kept on shining fiercely;

...... invariably sauna-like hot even in the shade not a blade of

green grass anywhere. ..« >,. evident that we were in for a forest fire.

Exercise 14. State the type of the simple predicate (simple verbal, simple phraseological, simple discrete).

1. Ah, you have lost the ticket, have you? 2. We've lost sight of moral values, haven't we? 3.1 gave him a very interesting book to read. 4, The man gave him a violent push. 5. He took a shower and went to bed. 6. She took the menu from him. 7. Many pop-stars took part in the re­cording of the song "We Are the World" to raise money for Ethiopia. 8. He took I glass and swallowed the contents. 9. The government took drastic actions to defend the rouble, 10. He is always making fool of himself at the parties. 11. Are these shoes made of leather? 12. We have- not made any decision about it yet. 13. We have no hesitation in accepting your most generous offer, 14. When planning anything, I always have one eye on the future. 15.1 have nothing to say about it.

Exercise 15. State whether the predicate is simple, compound nominal or compound nominal double.

1. She felt awfully tired. 2. The doctor felt her pulse and grew worried. 3. She grew fine roses in her garden. 4. He looked pale. 5. W* looked at him with surprise. 6. His video camera always sits ready near him to record incidents. 7. They sat in silence. 8. They were sit ting silent and gloomy. 9. The door was locked. 10. That night the door was safely locked by the door-keeper himself. 11. She idly turned the pages of a magazine. 12. My hair has turned completely grey. 13. The curtain rose slowly. 14. The sun rose bright. 15. The sun was shining brightly. 16. A glow of light appeared over the sea. 17. Your offer ap­pears attractive. 18. America's biggest bank reported a 9 percent fall in the pre-tax profits. 19. One hundred arid ten people were reported missing in the heavy battle between Teflonian and Oceanian troops. 20. God made man. 21. She will make a good teacher. 22. My wishes seldom come true. 23. He came bасk late at night. 24. After a long and almost sleepless night she got up exhausted. 25. Get lost! 26. Have you got your money? 27. How are you getting on? 28. He has fallen ill. 29. The snow was still falling. 30. This doctrine is thought unsound. 31.1 don't think so. 32. They met friends and parted enemies. 33. He died a hero. 34. He died early in the morning.

Exercise 16. State the type of the predicate in the following

1. We are going home soon. 2. They are going to leave us soon. 3.1 gave up thinking -about it a long time ago. 4. She gave me a quick, shrewd glance. 5. Thank you. The message was given to me just in time. 6. There are two kinds of speeches: when the speaker has some-

Thing to say and when the speaker has to say something. 9. No violence was used. 10. You don’t need a degree in mathematics to run a computer. 11. Need I do the washing up? 12. We are about to reach an agreement. 13. We started the project two years ago. 14. I’ve been trying to come into contact with him for ten days! 15. She tried on her new party dress. 16» We would often meet at the bus stop. 17. She said she would never do it. 18. I want 48 size black corduroy trousers,

please. 19.1 want to bbook my holiday early this year. 20. She is expecting her second baby. 21.They are expected to come soon. 22. I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. (W. Churchill) 24. Fate keeps on happening. 25. I always keep my word. 26. Keep in touch! 27. You ought to stop doing nothing. 28. We are to become friends sooner or later. 29. She married young. 30. She seems to be quite happy about everything. 31. He took to calling on her every other day.32. you seem to know my name. 33_r You seem certain about it

Exercise 17. Insert the required type of predicate: simple verbal

(SV), compound nominal (GN), compound verbal as­pect (CVA), compound modal nominal (CMN), com­pound modal aspect (CMA), compound aspect nominal (CAN), simple phraseological (SPh) or compound verbal modal (CVM).

1. Poplar trees (SV) fast. 2. The sun (CN) enormously hot. 3. The students (SV) exercises on the syntax of the simple sentence. 4. The students (CVA) exercises on the syntax of the simple sentence. 5. I (SV) home late yesterday. 6. I’m terribly sorry. I (CN) again. 7. You ( CMN) never… for your appointments. 8. You cannot see her at the moment. She (SPh). 9. You (CMA) nothing or you’ll fail your examination. 10. I (CVA) in this house many years ago. 11. We (SV) no keys and we (CVM) the door. 12. It will do you a lot of good if you (CVA). 14. We (CAN) but then we had a bitter row and parted for good.

Exercise 18. Choose the correct form. More then one answer can sometimes be given.

1. It is/are these figures that are utterly confusing

2. We are not poor, but money is/are always scarce in our family

3. All the goods in this shop is/are marked down

4. The majority is/are against the proposal

5. One means is/are still to be tried

6. All means to rescue her from kidnappers was/were tried

7. In Britain the majority is/are in favour of longer prison sentences

8. His knowledge of math is/are minimal

9. My earnings is/are not high, but at least it/they is/are regular

10. The government is/are hoping to have its/their budget approved

11. My family is/are abroad now

12. The police is/are looking for you!

13. Many a book was/were written about it

14. You could argue that physics is/are more important than any other subject

15. The media here is/are under the control of the government

16. The staff of our office doesn’t/don’t speak Russian

17. 600 pounds a year is/are not enough to live on the UK

18. Our company has/have just announced that it/they made a big loss last year

1. Neither of us is/are working today

2. The manager rather then the members of the broad is/are responsible for the loss

3. Not only my parents but also my mother-in-low knows/know about this small sin of mine

4. None of us is/are ready

5. Nobody likes/like to admit their guilt

6. Either my books or your memory has/have strangely erred

7. Lincoln as well as Washington is/are respected as the father of his people

8. Neither James nor you is/are to be counted as members of our club

9. Neither of your attempts have/has been success

10. I’m sure you know that both she and I am/is/are good friends

11. An English jury consists/consist of 12 people

12. The jury is/are leaving the court to consider their verdict

13. Advice is/are not always welcome

14. It is/are we who can help you in all your hard ships

15. The mass media now plays/play an increasing role in shaping our opinions

16. His charisma rather than influential friends has/have always determined his political career.

Exercise 19. Translate these sentences into English paying atten­tion to the subject — predicate agreement.

1. Правительство подало в отставку. 2. Наш дом находится на оживленном перекрестке. 3. Две недели слишком мало, чтобы выучить английский язык. 4. Вся пресса сейчас печатает статьи об этом событии. 5. Джинсы были впервые изготовлены Леви Страусом в Сан-Франциско в 18ЙЬ году. 6. Вследствие низкого уровня рождаемости население нашей страны быстро уменьша­ется. 7. Все мои пожитки в этом чемодане. 8. Именно мы готовы помочь вам. 9. Каждый из нас имеет свои обязанности. 10. Эта одежда вам мала. 11. Большинство — за это предложение.

Exercise 20. Analyse the type of object, Stating by what part of speech it is expressed.

Is Where is the letter you brought me yesterday ? 2. Hope to hear from you soon. 3. It never occurred to me that she was lying to us. 4. Everybody was proud of him. 5. She's given to you everything she had. 6. When w§ called on him we found him sitting in his old armchair, smoking a pipe and talking to his nephew. 7, She waited for him to come up closer. 8. The telegram was sent to them immediately after the departure. 9. He handed the passport to the man in the uniform and waited for the answer. 10. They promised us to write letters every day. 11. She has no idea how to behave properly. 12. You shouldn't envy her her luck.

Exercise 21. Change the place of the indirect or prepositional ob­ject where possible.

1. She will explain to you everything as soon as possible. 2. The teacher explained to his students a new grammar rule. 3. She is fond of giving instructions to everybody. 4. Leave a message for me when you come back, will you? 5. How much will it cost me, do you think? 6. He allowed each of us two minutes to make a decision. 7. Will you buy me the book you showed us last time. 8. Once they told you they were ready to help you, you must believe them. 9. He gave us his new address. 10. Promise me not to return too late. 11, They could offer us nothing new. 12. He read some of his new poetry to us.

E x e г с i s e 22. Translate the following sentences into English using the appropriate type of object.

1. Что подарил тебе брат на день рождения? 2. Книги, который они нам отправили на прошлой неделе, мы получили только вчера. 3. Он сказал мне, что меня все с нетерпением ждут. 4. Мне принесли документы, которые нам прислали из-за границы. 5. Я не смогу вам простить то, что вы солгали ему. 6. Детям препо­давали итальянский как второй иностранный. 7; Они позвони­ли нам поздно вечером, чтобы сообщить о том, что опоздали на последнюю электричку и не смогут к нам приехать в назначен­ное время. 8. Хозяйка показала нам куда пройти. 9. Никто не хотел напоминать ему об этом. 10. Она сказала мне, что вернет­ся из командировки только в субботу, и попросила позвонить ей в воскресенье, 11. Когда нас ему представили, он приветствовал нас лучезарной улыбкой и крепким рукопожатием. 12. Обещай мне не покидать их в беде. 13. Они дали олово не забывать нас и иногда нам звонить. 14. Вам придется поверить ему и отдать ему все имеющиеся у вас бумаги.

Ехе г с is е 23. Point out attributes and state by what part of speech they are expressed.

1. The first person we saw was Michael's brother. 2. They have never seen a more picturesque place. 3What other books have you read lately? 4. Mi never be able to forget those lovely spring flowers he presented me with. 5. Her daughters we_re such bright intelligent girls that people usually enjoyed talking to them. 6. The dress you bought is too good for everyday wear.7. Her laughing eyes Kept my attention making it impossible to say anything at all. 8. He is a difficult person to deal with. 9. At last came a long expected answer. 10. Rainy English weather didn't annoy me any more. 11. Her arrogant "Don't touch me" manners became disgusting for the соmpany. 12. He was the best-hated man on board the Ship.

Exercise 24. Point out attributes, stating whether they are loose or close and by what part of speech they are ex­pressed.

1. She had dark blue eyes and thin iips. 2. Among the newly ar­rived guests she was the most fabulous-looking one. 3. They are al­ways the first to come and the last to leave. 4. There was something confidential and intimate about the way he treated her. 5. I've nobody else to talk to. 6. Is this outrageously behaving man your husband? 7. A single glimpse of her, weak and pale, lying in bed, told him more than any hospital doctor could tell. 8. At last we took notice of the young man with broad shoulders and dark hair looking the very im­age of our beloved poor friend Ken. 9. Her only reply was a deep sigh followed by a sad smile. 10. j was introduced to a middle-aged broad- shouldered man with bold head and piercing eyes.

Exercise 25. Paraphrase the following sentences using loose or close attributes:

1. He is usually the last to speak. 2. The house on the hill was small and shabby. 3. The person, who had come into the room, not long ago was appointed the president of the Company. 4. Letters congratulat­ing them on their wedding were coming every minute. 5. She stood there, she was smiling to somebody coming into the garden. 6. The mother was very proud of her children who were now quite grown up. 7. She was an extremely attractive girl, happy with the life she lead and everything she did.

Exercise 26. Insert as v.. as, not so ... as> so ...as, than, as if/as though, like у от as to form adverbial modifiers of manner, comparison, or result.

1. She sang … an angel. 2. The sight of his eyes was ... heavy... lead. 3. His heart Was trembling fast ... a leaf in the wind. 4. They were not ... good...their rivals. 5. Her answer was ... low..to be almost inaudible. 6. The girl looked at him ... about to run away: 7. The man stared, at me in surprise ... un­aware of what I was speaking about. 8. When we lived in the country, time flew fast, days passed.. hours and weeks.. days. 9. She under­stood more ... any of us. 10. They discarded the ehole idea.. silly and unimportant. 11. She was walking very slowly ... ready to fall and never move again, 12. He spoke with more confidence ... ever before.

Exercise 27. Read the text, translate it into Russian, point out sec­ondary parts of the sentence and state by what part of speech they are expressed.

She left the conservatory and made her way upstairs, intending to unpack, but instead allowed herself to be diverted by the sheer de­light of being home again. And so she wandered about, opening doors, inspecting every bedroom, to gaze from each window, to touch furni­ture, to straighten a curtain. Nothing was out of place. In the kitchen she picked up her letters, and went through the dining room, and then into the sitting room. Here were her most precious possessions; her flowers, her pictures. Soon the fire was laid. She struck a match, and knelt to touch it to newspaper. The flame flickered, warm and gay. She piled on logs and the flames rose high in the chimney. The house, now was alive again, and with this pleasurable little task out of the way, there could be no further excuse for not ringing up one of her children and telling them what she had done.

The construction with there allows new and /or important infor­mation to come at the end of the sentence thus making this informa­tion more prominent.

The form of the verb be normally agrees with the notional sub­ject, but in informal English the verb may be singular even when the postponed subject is plural:

There are two students in the classroom.

There is two students in the classroom, (informal)

The formal subject there should not be confused with the adverbi­al of place expressed by the adverb there (always stressed): There we shall meet you.

The Predicate

The predicate is the second principal member of the sentence. Semantically it denotes an action performed by/over the subject or a state ascribed to the subject. Alongside with it, the predicate expresses the relation of the action to reality, the direction of the action, the time and the aspect of the action.

Normally the predicate contains a finite verb which grammatically agrees with the subject.

According to the semantics and the structure, the predicate is classified into two major types: the simple predicate and the compound predicate.

The simple predicate.

The simple predicate denotes an action or a state which is represented as an action. Structurally the simple predicate falls into two groups: the simple verbal predicate and the simple phraseological predicate.

1. The simple verbal predicate which is expressed by a finite verb in a synthetic or analytical form:

Everyone lives by selling something.

We know nothing about it.

You will be immediately recognized.

The car made off at once.

We have been paying you a lot of money,

I'll take this picture of yours with me.

2. The simple phraseological predicate which is expressed by a phraseological unit typically consisting of a finite monotransitive verb that has partly lost its concrete meaning and a noun (sec 5,4. The Verbs Phrase):

Sh6 made fun of everybody and everything* We have been paying too much attention to you, I '11 take care of that|

All of a sudden she changed her mind and put art end to the conversation.

The number of expressions constituting the simple phraseologi­cal predicate is large. Among these expressions are such idioms as: to call someone names. to change one's mind, to find fault {with), to get in touch, (willi), to get rid (of), to lose one's head, to lose one's heart, to lose sight (of), to make up one's mind, to take interest (in), to take part (in), etc.

3. There is a subtype Of the simple phraseological predicate that may be termed the simple discrete predicate which is expressed by a transitive verb and an action related noun often used with the indefi­nite article (see also 5.4. The Verbs Phrase), The simple discrete predi­cate denotes a single action that is separate and different from simi­lar actions;

For nearly half on hoar none of them made a move.

I'll pay a call on him later this evening.

He took a glance at the newspaper headlines,

I've just had a hot bath.

The first element of the simple discrete predicate - the verb does not denote any definite action. This is done by the noun:

We'll get in touch with you when we've had an idea about what to do.

I'll have a go at mending the fuse.

This type of predicate is characteristically conversational and is very frequently used.

The most commonly used verbs within the simple discrete predicates are the verb have, give, make and take They are combined with various nouns

Have is used with nouns referring to;

Disagreement: argument, fight, quarrel, trouble;

relaxation: break, holiday, rest, smoke,

meals: breakfast, dinner, drink, meal, tea.

talking: chat, conversation, discussion, talk;

washing: bath, shower, swim, wash

Give is used with nouns referring to:

facial expressions: grin, smite;

hitting: kick, punch, slap;

human noises: cry, gasp, giggle, laugh, scream, shout, sigh, whistle, yell;

talking: advice, answer, lecture, news, report, speech, talk, warning. ... ,

Make is used with nouns referring to:

plans: arrangement, bet, choice, decision, plan;

talking and sounds: comment, enquiry, noise, point, remark, speech, sound;

travelling: journey, tour, trip, visit.

Take is used with the nouns chance, interest, photo, trouble, deci­sion, offence, risk, turns.

. Note that in a sentence with a simple verbal predicate a question can be easily and most naturally put to the noun (object) that follows the verb:

We took your money, (simple verbal) — What did you take?

Quite conversely, both the simple phraseological and the simple discrete predicates do not permit putting questions to their second element:

We took part in the event, (simple phraseological) — *What did you take? but What did you do?

Let's have a talk about it. (simple discrete) — *What shall we have? but What shall we do?

The Compound Predicate

The compound predicate consists of two parts:

1. the structural, expressed by a finite verb that carries gramma­tical information about the person, number, tense, voice, modal and aspective (relating to the duration, repetition, beginning or comple­tion of the state or action) meaning;

2. the notional, expressed by a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adverb or a verbal.

From the point of view of meaning the most significant part of the compound predicate is the notional part as it contains the informa­tion about the subject.

The compound predicate may be nominal or verbal.

1 The compound nominal predicate denotes t he state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject:

He tired

The day is nice today.

The compound nominal predicate may also ascribe the subject to a certain class:

She is a student;

or locate the subject:

They are at home.

The structural part of the compound nominal predicate is termed a link verb; the notional Art is called a (subject) predicative.

All link verbs (or verbs of incomplete predication) have to some extent lost their original meaning but still can be classed into three lexical groups:

1. link verbs of being — be, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, seem, appear у etc.:

You look pale today

This sponge cake smells delicious.

The idea seemed improbable.

The solution appeared simple

2. link verbs of becoming — become, go, grow, get, turn, make, etc.:

The case became a hot potato for the government.

The market prices got nasty»

He has turned grey.

He will make a good soldier.

3. link verbs of remaining — remain, keep, stay:

She remained calm.

They kept silent.

He stayed alone.

Many of these verbs can be used both as the notional Verbs func­tioning as simple verbal predicates, and as link verbs within the com­pound nominal predicates. Cf.:

Simple verbal predicate. God is. The doctor felt her pulse A glow of light appeared over the sea. I grow roses in my garden. She idly turned the pages of a magazine.

Link verbs They are my friends. The doctor felt worried. He appears confident. She grew pale. A few years later he turned professional.

The predicative can be expressed by a noun in the common case, occasionally by a noun in the possessive case:

He is a lawyer;

This car is my friend's;

or by an adjective or an adjective phrase:

$he remained watchful.

We are not afraid.

The cuisine of this restaurant is remarkably unremarkable.

Special attention should be рaid to the fact that a predicative ad­jective in English often corresponds to an adverbial modifier expressed by an adverb in Russian:

She looks bad – Она плохо выглядит

This tune sounds marvelous –Эта мелодия прекрасно звучит

The child looks quite well. выглядит.

Well is a predicative adjective pointing to good health / satisfactory condition (Ребенок выглядит совсем здоровым).

The predicate can also be expressed by:

a) a pronoun:

It Was he. (personal pronoun, nominative case)

It's me. (personal pronoun, objective ease)

This book is mine, (possessive pronoun)

You are nobody (negative pronoun)

Who are you? (interrogative pronoun)

You are not yourself today, (reflexive/emphatic pronoun)

2. a numeral, cardinal or ordinal:

I'll be twenty next summer. They were the first to leave.

2. an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction:

His first move was to stand up.

The important thing is to defend our reputation.

This book is for you to read.

2. a gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction:

Her most obvious passion has always been eating. The trouble with him is his continuous lying to everybody.

2. the -ed participle (participle II) or a participial phrase (see also 7. The Passive Voice):

Come in. The door is not locked.

His answer was awkwardly formulated

f) the participle (participle I) is rarely used in this function unless it is adjectivized:

Your proposition sounds inspiring;

g) a prepositional phrase:

He is at school:

h) an adverb of place:

They are not here;

When wine is in, the wit is out

2. The compound nominal double predicate. There is a subtype of the compound nominal predicate in which the link verb expresses an action of its own: He came home tired; She married young, The finite verb in such predicates denotes some action (he came, she married), but the focal point of the sentence lies in the information conveyed by the predicative noun or adjective that express the properties of the subject. The meaning of such sentences can be alternatively rende­red in the following way: He was tired when he came home: She was young when she married. The finite verb, besides being a predicate in itself, also performs the function of a link verb.

Since such predicates have properties of both simple verbal predicate and those of compound nominal one, they are termed double predicates. There are a number of verbs that often occur in this type of predicate— die, lie, live, marry, return, rise, sit, stand, shine, etc,:

He died a hero,

The hills lay bare and deserted.

She came in gloomy.

The sun was shining warm and bright.

The verbs call, elect, leave, keep, find, think, report used in the passive voice often serve as the first constituent of the compound nominal double predicate:

The young man was called Tom

He was elected president.

The shop was kept open an extra hour

We were never left alone.

She was found guilty.

They were reported dead.

In Modern English there is a growing tendency to use this type of predicate with a variety of verbs not limited to a particular lexical class.

3, The compound verbal predicate. According to the meaning of the finite verb that constitutes a structural part of the predicate, the compound verbal predicate can be classified into three types:

1. The compound verbal modal predicate.

2. The compound verbal dispositional predicate.

3. The compound verbal aspect predicate.

The compound verbal modal predicate shows that the action ex­pressed by the infinitive (the notional part of the predicate) is consid­ered possible, impossible, obligatory, necessary, desirable, prear­ranged, certain, etc. These shades of meaning are expressed by the first (structural) component of the predicate.

The compound verbal modal predicate may be expressed by

1. a modal verb and an infinitive:

You cannot wash charcoal white;

She might have been more thoughtful about her elders;

The car would not start;

2. a modal expression foe able, be about, be allowed, be anxiousщ be bound, be capable, be going, be obliged, be willing and an infinitive:

Most schools are not legally obliged to follow national curriculum;

We are anxious to restore friendly links with them;

The company is willing to pay you handsomely;

That was bound do happen sooner or later,

3. a verb with a modal meaning manage, fail, try, attempt, long, wish, want, intend, etc. and an infinitive or, sometimes, a gerund:

The new party has so far managed to recruit only 10,000 mem­bers; l

England failed to win the cup last year,

I'll try to come on time;

We do not intend relinquishing the deal.

The structural part of the compound modal predicate may contain both a modal verb and a modal expression:

She might be able to come.

The compound verbal dispositional predicate is a sub-type of the compound verbal modal predicate. The compound verbal disposition­al predicate together with the subject of the sentence make up a sub­jective infinitive construction (see 10. Verbals) whose peculiarity is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence. In the compound verbal dispositional predicate the first (structural) part is expressed by a finite verb often used in the passive voice and denotes attitude, disposition of the speaker to the content of the sentence. The second (notional) part is expressed by the infinitive and denotes the action performed by the subject:

She seems to know everything.

They were reported to have co-operated with the police.

The weather is not likely to change.

The first part of the compound verbal dispositional predicate can be expressed by a number of verbs used in the passive voice. The most important of them are:

1. the verbs of mental activity — know, believe, suppose, consider, expect, etc.:

The government is believed to have come to some decision.

The decision is expected to be-made public soon.

2. the verbs of reporting - say, report, declare, state, rumour, etc.:

His new book is reported to be selling well.

She is rumoured to have been banned from the stage.

3. the verbs of perception—feel, hear, see:

She has never been heard to utter a dirty word.

They were seen to succeed in living a happy married life.

4. the verbs denoting the imposition of the following action - make, force, compel, press:

We were made to shake hands.

I was compelled to intervene in the dispute.

The first part of the compound verbal dispositional predicate can also be expressed by intransitive verbs of evaluation used in the ac­tive voice — seem, happen, appear, prove, turn out, etc.:

I happen to know her quite well.

She seemed to be listening attentively.

or by phrases with a modal meaning — be sure, be certain, be (un)likely:

You are sure to like her.

It is unlikely to rain.

The compound verbal aspect predicate expresses the beginning, repetition, duration or cessation of the action expressed by an infini­tive or a gerund. Its first element is a verb of

a) beginning — begin, start, commence, take to, fall to, come to:

He started working at the tender age of twelve.

Some teenagers have taken to wearing a gold stud through their

nostrils.

b) duration — go on, keep (on), proceed, continue, carry on:

Having listened to my advice she proceeded to do the exact op­posite.

We carried on working until ten o'clock last night.

c) repetition — would, used (denoting a repeated action in the past):

We used to talk much about it.

When a boy he would spend a whole day by the river.

d) cessation— stop, finish, cease, quit, give up

The factory has stopped making this sort of car.

Suddenly she quit talking and turned to me

Mixed types of compound predicates are the crossbreeds of all] above described compound predicates. They can be of various position:

Our plans are to become reality, (the compound modal nominal predicate)

They seem to be very happy, (the compound dispositional predicate)

They used to be good friends, (the compound aspect nominal predicate)

You should give up smoking, (the compound modal aspect predicate)

They must be made to sign this paper, (the compound modal dispositional predicate)

They are reported to have started using the new technique. (the compound dispositional aspect predicate)

She must have stopped feeling-young long ago. (the compound modal aspect nominal predicate).

Concord

In the English language the predicate agrees with the subject person and number, i. e. a singular subject requires a predicate in singular, a plural subject requires a predicate in the plural.

This rule of grammatical agreement — concord — affects the of the finite verb in all present tenses and also the past indefinite tense (simple past tense) of the verb be.

The guidelines on the trickiest cases of the use of cord are presented below:

Subject expressed by...	Verb form	Example
I. NOUNS
1. SINGULARIA TANTUM NOUNS: advice, homework, housework, information, money, progress, knowledge, news, debris,* linguistics, mathematics, maths, physics, athletics, s, gymnastics, etc.	Singular	The news on TV is always depressing. Gymnastics is part of our physical training course. .
2. PLURALIA TANTUM NOUNS: clothes, trousers, jeans, shorts, tights, pyjamas, goods, stairs, spectacles, scissors, outskirts, proceeds, remains, belongings, earnings, congratulations, etc.	Plural	My belongings are all packed up in two suitcases. The proceeds of the concert are going to the children's fund.
3. INVARIABLE COTJ,ECTIVE NOUNS: the audience, the public, the media, the press, the population, the majority, etc. cattle, clergy, police, people [human beings), troops, vermin	Singular or Plural Plural	The public wants / want to know how it is I they are governed. Troops are being sent in the city today.
4. VARIABLE COLLECTIVE NOUNS: committee, company, class, council, crew, crowd, family, firm, group, government, staff, jury, team, etc.	Singular or Plural when the noun is singular	My family is I are on holiday. BUT Many families are in need of help.
5. INVARIABLE COUNT NOUNS: deer, sheep, offspring, aircraft, means, series, species, kennels, headquarters, crossroads, Chinese, Swiss, etc.	Singular or Plural depending on the meaning	Her younger offspring is like her. Her two offspring are in the army now
6, NOUNS OF MEASURE: The whole amount of time (day?, years), distance (miles, meters), weight (pounds, grams), etc.	Singular	Ten years is a long time. 1,000 dollars is a large sum of money.