- •1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes.
- •2. Modern English Phraseology
- •3. The Verb. The categories of Tense and Aspect.
- •4. The Latin borrowings of different periods and their historical background Dark ages
- •Middle ages
- •Renaissance
- •Industrial age
- •5. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language.
- •Contact with French.
- •6. The Noun
- •The category of case
- •7. The Verb
- •Category of voice
- •8. The Theory of Phrase(Ph)
- •The Group of Phrases
- •Subordinate word-groups fall into two parts: the head (an independent component) and the adjunct (a dependent component)
- •Subordinate word-groups can be classified:
- •Predicative word-groups
- •9 The sentence(s) The sentence.
- •Classification of sentences.
- •Parts of the sentence
- •10. Categorical structure of the word
- •11. The theory of phoneme
- •11. Lexical stylistic devices
- •13. The theory of intonation
- •14. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
- •15. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •16. Parts of Speech
- •17.Various ways of word-building in me
- •18. Adjective
- •Degrees of comparison as a grammatical category-
- •19. Category of Definiteness – Indefiniteness (The Noun)
- •1) The limiting function.
- •20. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •21. Types of meaning (m)
1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes.
Many words (W) in a lang-ge are made up of smaller units, these are called morphemes(M). The M is the smallest unit having both form (sound) and substance (meaning).
(The notion of morpheme was introduced by Beaudouin de Courtenay as a generalized expression of the components of the word – the stem and the affixes.
Different linguists understand it differently. Some include in the notion of morpheme form-words, parts of speech, e.g. prepositions, and order of words.
The linguists of the Copenhagen school find several morphemes in one and the same element, e.g. in the word-form лесом the ending -ом contains three morphemes, expressing case, number and gender.
Morpheme is represented in the language by its variants: allomorphs, having special form, and sounding differently. E.g. Dreamed-[d], walked-[t], loaded-[id], sometimes allomorphs sound alike (одинаково). e.g. speaker, actor [ ].)
The Antrushina gave definition
The word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication material representing the group of found, processing the meaning, capable of a particular grammatical implement and characterized by formal and semantic unity.
The differences b/n a W and M:
- a W is autonomous unit of a lang-ge in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and is able to form a sentence by itself.
- Like a W,a M is an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound pattern. But unlike a W, a M isn’t autonomous unit & can occur in speech only as a constituent part of a W,not independently.
- M-es can’t be divided into smaller meaningfull unit. That’s why the M may be defined as the smallest meaningfull lang-ge unit.
Classifications of M-es
1.Semantic class-tion of M-es. All M-es are subdivided into 2 large classes according to the role they play in constructing Ws:
1)root M-es. They are lexical centres of the Ws,they are basic constituent parts. Ex: London-er,dark-ness.It should be noted that the root in Eng.is very often homonymous(совпадает)with the W itself.Пр:man,dark.
2)affixation M-es (prefixes, suffixes, inflexions).(They have a generalized lexical meaning & the part-of-speech meaning.Пр:-er,-ee,-ist are noun-forming suffixes & have the meaning “doer of an action”. Prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (окончания) (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories. /// The auxiliary (вспомогательное) word – morphemes should be interpreted as ‘semi-bound’ morphemes as they form categorial unities with their notional stem-words. E.g. has come.)
The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix.
2.Structural class-tion:
1)free M-es.A form may stand alone without changing its meaning.Пр:sportive в значении игривый(морфема свободно употр-ся в речи.Because it can occur alone).
2)bound M-es.Пр:elligant(cause it cant occur alone)
3)semy-bound.They can function both as an affix & as a free M.Пр:to do well(free M)-well-known(bound M).
Affixation(derivation) is the formation of new Ws by adding derivational affixes to different types of stems.Affixes(prefixes & suffixes)are derivational M-es.They are used to form new Ws which consists of a root & a prefix or a suffix or both are called derived words. The part of a W consisting of a root & an affix is called a stem.
Degrees of derivation:
1)the zero degree:the stem of such W-s coincides with a root M. Пр.:stree,black,house.
2)the 1st degree:the stem consists of a root M & an affix. Пр.:helpless,darkness.
3)the 2nd degree:words formed by a root M & 2 affixes. Пр.:helplessness.
Word building is one of the main ways off in enriching of vocabulary there are four main ways of word building in modern English:
- affixation (суф-м),
- shortening (сокращением),
- comers ion (из одного вида слова),
- composition (основасложение).