Суффиксы наречий.

Наречия образуются путем прибавления к корневому слову суффиксов - ly, - ward, - fold. Корневое слово у наречий может быть выражено разными частями речи.

bad part first increasing two

плохой часть первый возрастающий два

badly partly firstly increasingly twofold

плохо частично во-первых значительно вдвойне, вдвое

Наречия с суффиксом - ward, (-wards) обозначают направления (или направленность).

back north home

обратно, назад север дом

backward northward(s) homeward

назад, в обратном направлении к северу, на север к дому, по направлению к дому

Некоторые наречия, образованные от прилагательных с помощью суффикса – ly, отличаются от корневого слова по значению.

Запомните их!

near late hard short great most large

близкий поздний усердный короткий великий большинство большой

nearly lately hardly shortly greatly mostly largely

почти недавно едва вскоре очень, в значительной степени в основном, главным образом значительно

Ex. 1 Read these pairs of words. Mind the reading rules.

close - closely, relative - relatively, complete - completely,

polite - politely, extreme - extremely, negative - negatively, positive - positively, usual - usually, original - originally, local - locally, careful - carefully, natural - naturally.

Ex.2 Find the adverbs of direction. Translate them.

1. backward, certainly, regularly, afterwards

2. politely, exactly, probably, eastward

3. northward, originally, definitely, twofold

4. equally, strongly, upward, bodily

Ex.3 Form adverbs by means of the suffix - ly.

first, part, name, short, quick, rapid, happy, kind, friend, home, free, slow, poor, idle, rich, month, week, day, high, time, vertical, horizontal.

Ex.4 Form adjectives from the adverbs. Translate them.

Model: closely - close

positively, negatively, actively, extremely, relatively, completely, naturally, certainly, principally, constantly, politely, usually, regularly, essentially, carefully, exactly, originally, chiefly, mechanically, basically, chemically, recently.

Образование глаголов. Основные суффиксы глаголов.

-ate -en -fy, -ify -ize -ise

active short pure character real

активный короткий чистый характер реальный

to activate to shorten to purify to characterize to realise

активизировать укоротить очищать характеризовать осознавать

Некоторые глаголы образуются путем прибавления приставки - en к прилагательным или существительным, например large (большой) - to enlarge (увеличивать), sure (уверенный) - to ensure (обеспечивать).

Ex.1 Read the following verbs correctly. Mind the stress.

`occupy, re`ly, app`ly, `justify, imp`ly, `edify, i`dentify, so`lidify, `liquefy, supp`ly, comp`ly, in`tensify, i`dentify, `satisfy, `verify.

Ex.2 Find and mark verbal suffixes and preffixes.

1. walk, read, watch, learn, intensify

2. broke, soften, finish, engage

3. show, change, locate, imply

4. broaden, enable, differ, go

5. encourage, frustrate, soften, open

6. knuckle, instruct, teach, organize

7. rely, shock, supply, study

8. live, die, harden, use.

Ex.3 Form verbs from the words given below by means of the

suffix -en.

Model: weak (a) - weaken (v).

red, tight, soft, fat, short, deep, dark, bright, weak, black, white, sweet, sharp, strength, length, less, worse, steep, glad, broad, thick, light.

Ex.4 Form verbs from the words by means of the suffix - ize.

Model: modern (a) - to modernize (v).

public, real, minimum, energy, character, vapor, organ, apoligy, fertile, neutral, synthesis, urban, mobile, economy.

Ex.5 Form verbs from the words given below. Use the suffix - fy.

Model: liquid - liquefy

electric, pure, intense, verse, solid.

Ex.6 Transform verbs from the nouns. Translate them.

Model: operation (n) - to operate (v)

formulation, origination, activation, ventilation, vaccination, translation, cooperation, collaboration, validation, complication, concentration, (ir)radiation, circulation, vibration, liquidation.

Ex.7 Match the words in A with the words having the same root in B.

Model: criticize - critic

A: apply, analyze, satisfy, occupy, utilize, equalize, consolidate, amplify, anatomize, annotate, criticize, economize

B: satisfactory, equalizer, applicant, critic, economist, analyst, occupation, utilization, amplifier, anatomy, annotation, consolidation.