II – Trade and public policies: A closer look at non-tariff measures in the 21st century
Appendix D.1
Appendix Table D.1: Effects of SPS measures on export performances by firm
|
Ln n. of |
Ln n. of |
|
|
|
|
|
varieties |
varieties |
Ln exports |
Ln exports |
Number of |
Number of |
|
exported |
exported |
value by firms |
value by firms |
exporting firms |
entry firms |
Dependent variables |
by firms |
by firms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
Poisson |
Poisson |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SPSd, s, t-1 |
-0.130*** |
|
-0.725*** |
|
0.065 |
|
|
(0.021) |
|
(0.106) |
|
(0.314) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SPS Freqd, s, t-1 |
|
-0.167*** |
|
-0.910*** |
|
-0.166 |
|
|
(0.036) |
|
(0.197) |
|
(0.671) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
R-squared |
0.343 |
0.343 |
0.425 |
0.425 |
- |
- |
Note: The variable SPS denotes a dummy for the existence of a measure (against which a concern was raised) in the sector. The variable SPSFreq is a count of the concerns raised normalized by the number of products (HS4) within an HS2 sector. Results are obtained using oneyear lag explanatory variables (aggregate estimation at HS2 level, the sample includes only firms exporting for at least five years during the period 1995-2005). All regressions include time, sector, destination country, time-sector and time-destination country fixed effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** indicates a significance level of 1 per cent.
Source: Authors’ calculations using the database from Fontagné et al. (2012).
of
EFFECTS TRADE THE .D MEASURES TARIFF-NON MEASURES SERVICES AND
157
world trade report 2012
Appendix Table D.2: Effects of TBT measures on export performances by firm
|
Ln n. of |
Ln n. of |
|
|
|
|
|
varieties |
varieties |
Ln exports |
Ln exports |
Number of |
Number of |
|
exported by |
exported by |
value by firms |
value by firms |
exporting firms |
entry firms |
Dependent variables |
firms |
firms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
OLS |
Poisson |
Poisson |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TBTd, s, t-1 |
-0.065*** |
|
-0.661*** |
|
-0.193 |
|
|
(0.018) |
|
(0.098) |
|
(0.319) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TBT Freqd, s, t-1 |
|
-0.062*** |
|
-0.876*** |
|
-0.217 |
|
|
(0.023) |
|
(0.133) |
|
(0.503) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
86850 |
R-squared |
0.342 |
0.342 |
0.425 |
0.425 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: The variable TBT denotes a dummy for the existence of a measure (against which a concern was raised) in the sector. The variable TBTFreq is a count of the concerns raised normalized by the number of products (HS4) within an HS2 sector. Results are obtained using oneyear lag explanatory variables (aggregate estimation at HS2 level, the sample includes only firms exporting for at least five years during the period 1995-2005). All regressions include time, sector, destination country, time-sector and time-destination country fixed effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** indicates a significance level of 1 per cent.
Source: Authors’ calculations using the database from Fontagné et al. (2012).
158
Appendix Table D.3: Impact of SPS measures on agricultural and food trade, 1996-2010
SPS Variable: |
|
SPSFreqij(t-1)HS2 |
|
|
Dependent Variable: |
Pr(importijtHS4) |
ln(importijtHS4) |
Pr(importijtHS4) |
ln(importijtHS4) |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
|
|
|
|
|
SPS measureij(t-1)HS4 |
-0.160*** |
0.641*** |
|
|
|
(0.06) |
(0.15) |
|
|
SPS Conformityij(t-1)HS4 |
|
|
-0.309*** |
-0.473* |
|
|
|
(0.08) |
(0.28) |
SPS Characteristicij(t-1)HS4 |
|
|
0.019 |
0.988*** |
|
|
|
(0.07) |
(0.24) |
Controls |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
Fixed Effects |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.461 |
|
|
0.508 |
Estimated correlation (rho) |
|
|
|
|
|
(0.01) |
|
|
(0.01) |
|
1.372 |
|
|
1.091 |
Estimated selection (lambda) |
|
|
|
|
|
(0.04) |
|
|
(0.04) |
SPSij(t-1)HS4
Pr(importijtHS4) |
ln(importijtHS4) |
Pr(importijtHS4) |
ln(importijtHS4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
|
|
|
-0.144*** |
0.661*** |
|
|
(0.05) |
(0.14) |
|
|
|
|
-0.270*** |
-0.406* |
|
|
(0.07) |
(0.23) |
|
|
0.012 |
0.962*** |
|
|
(0.06) |
(0.19) |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
YES |
|
|
|
|
|
0.460 |
|
0.460 |
|
(0.01) |
|
(0.01) |
|
1.370 |
|
1.371 |
|
(0.04) |
|
(0.04) |
Log pseudolikelihood |
-7773030 |
-7772832 |
-7772958 |
-9756160 |
Wald Chi2 |
49855.54 |
49752.98 |
49914.95 |
49838.46 |
Observations |
5, 452, 530 |
5, 452, 530 |
5, 452, 530 |
5, 452, 530 |
Note: Estimation method is the Heckman Selection Model (maximum likelihood). SPSFreq is a count of the concerns raised normalized by the number of products (HS4) within an HS2 sector (results using these variables are reported in columns (1) to (4)). SPS denotes a dummy for the existence of a measure (against which a concern was raised) in the sector (results reported using this variable are reported in columns (5) to (8)). Controls include the log of the product of GDPs, the log of the product of populations, the log of distance, adjacency, common language and colonial heritage. Common religion is the selection variable in the first stage estimation. Importer, exporter, HS4 product, year fixed effects, and multilateral resistance (MR) terms à la Baier and Bergstrand (2009) are included in all regressions. Standard errors in parentheses. ***, * indicate a significance level of 1 and 10 per cent, respectively.
Source: Crivelli and Gröschl (2012).
|
|
ANDSERVICESMEASURES |
|
|
|
NON-TARIFFMEASURES |
|
159 |
|
||
|
.DTHETRADEEFFECTS |
of |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
century st21 the in measures tariff-non at look closer A policies: public and Trade – II