It may not be possible to correct the input information on the spot at once.
Может быть, невозможно исправить входную информацию сразу же.
Но:
The program does not have to be specified at an abstract level.
Эту программу не нужно определять на абстрактном уровне.
Глагол need как модальный образует отрицательную форму двумя способами:
These data do not need to be referred to.
На эти данные ссылаться не нужно.
Или:
Theses data need not to be referred to.
Модальные глаголы с инфинитивом в форме Indefinite и Perfect.
1.Infinitive Indefinite. Если в составе сказуемого за модальным глаголом используется смысловой глагол в инфинитиве, имеющем форму Indefinite, то это значит что действие этого смыслового глагола еще может или должно произойти, например:
Some corrections must be made in the program (be made – Indefinite Infinitive).
В программе должны быть сделаны некоторые исправления.
2.Infinitive Perfect. Если за модальным глаголом следует инфинитив в перфектной форме, то этот модальный глагол передает значение предположения, возможности, вероятности того, что какое то действие уже произошло (об этом говорит перфектная форма инфинитива).
Some mistakes must have been made in the program.
Должно быть (вероятно), в программе были допущены некоторые ошибки.
Сравните перевод и смысл следующих предложений:
The difficulty must be overcome. Эта трудность должна быть преодолена.
Но: The difficulty must have been overcome. Должно быть, эта трудность должна быть преодолена.
3.Если Perfect Infinitive стоит после глаголов could, might то в этом случае выражается очень небольшая уверенность в том, что действие произошло, например:
Objects of stone might have been traded over considerable distances.
Возможно, что изделия из камня вывозились для продажи на значительные расстояния.
4. Если инфинитив в форме Perfect следует за модальными глаголами should, ought, need , то это значит, что действие, которое должно было иметь место (в прошлом), не произошло, например:
He ought to have attended the meeting.
Ему следовало бы присутствовать на собрании (но он не присутствовал).
Модальные глаголы "should" и "ought to". Модальные глаголы should и ought to в сочетании с простым инфинитивом употребляется для выражения морального долга или совета, относящихся к настоящему или будущему и переводятся на русский язык как "должен, следует, надо бы": Не should have a long spoon that sups with the devil. Кто ужинает с дьяволом, должен запастись длинной ложкой. Ср. Связался с чёртом, пеняй на себя. I don't think you should follow him suit. Я не думаю, что тебе следует ему подражать. Поскольку should и ought to воспринимаются слушателем как ненавязчивый дружеский совет, эти модальные глаголы чаще употребляются в разговорной речи, чем must, который не предоставляет выбора в совершении действия. Сравните: You must always take your elder's advice seriously. Ты всегда должен относиться серьёзно к совету старших. (Это твой долг; у тебя нет выбора.) You should always take your elder's advice seriously. Тебе надо бы серьёзно относиться к совету старших. (Я тебе по-дружески советую.) Употребление перфектного инфинитива (to have + 3 форма глагола) после модальных глаголов should, ought toобозначает действие, которое должно было бы совершиться, но в действительности не произошло: Ben should have seen a dentist long ago. Бену следовало бы пойти к зубному врачу давным-давно. You should not have borrowed this textbook from your friend. Тебе не нужно было брать этот учебник у друга. Модальные глаголы should и ought to имеют одинаковое значение, но слегка отличаются в употреблении в ситуациях общения. В то время как should выражает совет теоретического плана, ought to употребляется в конкретной ситуации. Сравните: If someone invites you to a picnic and you don't want to go, you should refuse gently. Если вас приглашают на пикник, а вы не хотите ехать, вам следует вежливо отказаться. (совет общего плана) Your parents will give you presents for Christmas. You ought to thank them. Ваши родители сделают вам подарки к Рождеству. Вам следует поблагодарить их. (совет в конкретной ситуации) Модальный глагол ought to редко употребляется в вопросах и отрицательных предложениях; обычно он заменяется на глагол should. You shouldn't praise pictures or ornaments in the house. If you do, your Japanese hosts might feel they have to give the object to you. Вам не следует хвалить картины или другие украшения в доме. Если вы это сделаете, то японцы, хозяева дома, могут подумать, что они должны подарить вам этот предмет. Should I send a thank you note? Мне следует послать благодарственное письмо
Exercises.
Ex.1. Complete the sentences using can or to be able to. Use can if possible; otherwise use (be) able to.
George has travelled a lot. He …can….speak four languages.
I haven`t ………sleep very well recently.
Sandra ……………..drive but she hasn`t got a car.
I can`t understand Martin. I`ve never ………………understand him.
I used to …………………stand on my head but I can`t do it now.
I can`t see you on Friday but I ………………….meet you on Saturday morning.
Ask Catherine about your problem. She might………………help you.
Ex.2. Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to.
A: Did everybody escape from the fire?
B: Yes. Although the fire spread quickly, everybody was able to escape.
A: Did you have difficulty finding Ann`s house?
B: Not really. Ann had given us good directions and we…………..
A: Did you finish your work this afternoon?
B: Yes. There was nobody to disturb me, so……………………….
A: Did the thief get away?
B: Yes. No one realized what was happening and the thief ………..
Ex.3. Write these sentences in a different way using may или might, may not или might not.
Example: Perhaps Margaret is in her office. - She might be in her office.
Perhaps Margaret is busy. ____________________.
Perhaps she is working. ______________________.
Perhaps she wants to be alone. ________________.
Perhaps she was ill yesterday. _________________.
Perhaps she went home early. _________________.
Perhaps she had to go home early. _____________.
Perhaps she was working yesterday. ____________.
Perhaps she doesn't want to see me. ____________.
Perhaps she isn't working today. _______________.
Perhaps she wasn't feeling well yesterday. _________.
Ex.4. Write these sentences in a different way using must.
Example: I am sure they have changed the time. –
They must have changed the time.
They are in Greece. I am sure they are enjoying themselves.
She is an experienced teacher. I am certain she has been working at school for at least twenty years.
They have probably finished painting the house.
I feel sure she is at home.
Probably they have already passed the frontier.
She is sure he is playing cards with his friends.
She is not as young as she seems to be. I think she is nearly forty.
I think you have visited this place before.
He has to do a very urgent task. I feel sure he is working now.
He is so absent-minded. I am sure he left the letter unanswered.
You know he is a good tennis player. He is no doubt has won this match.
I won’t bother you any longer; no doubt you feel tired of my talking after a tiring day.
It is clear that they are expecting somebody.
She was obviously upset by something, I never saw her so nervous.
He is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time.
Ex.5. Read the situations and make sentences using may или might:
Example: I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
a) (he / go / shopping) He may have gone shopping.
b) (he / play / tennis) He might be playing tennis.
I’m looking for Helen. Do you know where she is?
a) (she / watch / TV / in her room)
b) (she / go / out) _______________________.
I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it?
a) (it / be / in the car) _______________________.
b) (you / leave / in the restaurant last night) _______________________.
Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
a) (he / be / in the bath) _______________________.
b) (he / not / hear / the bell) _______________________.
Ex.6. Rewrite the sentences using must + Simple/Perfect infinitive.
Example: Of course, he is somewhere here. – He must be somewhere here.
Certainly, she knew that something was wrong. – She must have known that something was wrong.
I am sure the information was wrong.
She was obviously upset by something.
Probably, he recognized you by the photo in the papers.
He is sure to be in at this time.
Of course, she is trying to help you.
She is certain to be waiting for you at home.
Probably, the play is over by now.
No doubt, she knew what she was about to do.
Probably, the dog was hungry.
Ex.7. Rewrite the sentences using must, may или can't:
Probably that building in the distance is the station.
I don't believe you have lost your passport; probably you have put it into another bag.
Perhaps the girl was frightened.
Probably you left your text-book in the canteen.
I don't believe they will give up such a brilliant idea.
You look pale. Probably you are tired.
I don't believe that this boy is a good friend.
Perhaps he visited the Hermitage when he was in St. Petersburg last year.
I am sure it is a very deep lake.
Ex.8. Rewrite the sentences using may/might must или can/can’t:
Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure he is.
Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus.
Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready.
Why didn't Nick ring us up? — It is possible that he forgot about it.
Probably I have seen you before: your face is familiar to me.
She is a very experienced doctor. I am sure she has been working at this hospital for at least fifteen years.
You have probably read books of this author before.
Look! Helen's windows are open. I feel sure she is at home
I don't believe Jane made such a mistake
I don't believe the work is too difficult for my friend.
Ex.9. Insert must, may, can, need, have to, be able to into the sentences below.
1. You ... not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done. 2. You ... not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You ... only rewrite the second part of it. 3. ... you help me now? - I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about eight, and I ... help you. 4. John ... not tell us the rules of the game: we know them. 5. ... I return the book to you on Friday? I am afraid I .... not finish it before. - No, that is too late. You ... bring it to me not later than Wednesday. 6. It is already six o'clock. We ... hurry if we don't want to be late. 7. ... you translate this text into English? - I think I .... 8. They spent all the morning on the river bank. Only Ann ... return home as she ... not stay in the sun for such a long time.
Ex.10. Cross out the wrong answer.
I. 1. As we had agreed I was to / had to speak to him myself. 2. He turned up and I was to / had to introduce him to the other guests. 3. I'm giving a party. You must/ are to come. 4. Are you strong enough? Will you have to / be able to cross the river. 5. It's urgent (срочно). You will have to / be able to do it as soon as possible. 6. You are not to / mustn't sleep at lectures. It's impolite. 7. I live in the suburbs. I must/have to take a train every day. 8. You may / can stay here as long as you can. I don't mind. 9. Even if you want to see him you shouldn't / needn't call on him now. 10. It's not your fault. You shouldn't/ needn't apologize.
II. 1. I tried to open the box but I couldn't/ didn't manage to. 2. I could/ managed to learn it but I didn't have enough time. 3. You shouldn't/needn't add any more salt. It's bad for you. 4. You shouldn't/ needn't add sugar to the tea. It's sweet. 5. You shouldn't/ don't have to drink so much beer. You will be fat. 6. You don't have to / needn't bother. Everything is ready. 7. You may not/shouldn't enter after the bell goes. 8. Shall I get in touch with them? - No, you needn't/ shouldn't. 9. Etiquette said that they all had to / were to shake hands. 10. Roger came in and Mr. Smith had to / was to rise to shake hands.
III. 1. Alice can't ride well. She must have had / could have had little practice. 2. Carrie expects them today. They mustn't have gone / can't have gone to a show. 3. Can they have forgotten / may they have forgotten about the party? 4. I don't know where they are. They can be /may be on holiday in Switzerland. They can be skiing/ may be skiing there. 5. It's so hot. The ice-cream should have melted/ must have melted. 6. You are so slow. You may have decide / might have decided what to do. 7. He can't be staying/mustn't be staying at this hotel. 8. May he be studying/ Can he be studying Geography? He doesn't seem to be interested in it. 9. That's a terrible color. You must have painted / should have painted it green. 10. I could do it. You needn't have bothered/ mustn't have bothered (беспокоиться).
Ex.11. Use have to or be to whenever is preferable according to the situation.
1. Where ... the lecture to take place? - I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So our plan is as follows: I ... to go to the library and bring the books. You ... to look through all the material here. Later we ... to work together. 3. 'You ... to do it alone, without anybody's help,' she said strictly. 4. I ... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we ... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. I ... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I ... to buy the books?
Ex.12. Insert must or have to in the correct form.
1. Не says I ....... tell him the truth. 2. He ....... to drive last year. 3. He said I ....... win the game. 4. 1 ....... look for another job next month. 5. 1 ....... wake up early yesterday. 6 ........ I type this article now? 7. 1 was late because I ....... type an article. 8. I'll prove it and you ....... admit I'm right. 9. The house was too small for them and they ....... look for another house last year. 10. 1 ....... leave in an hour.
Ex.13. This time you have to use must, have to or be to in the correct form.
1. As we had agreed I ....... meet him at 7. 2. I know I ....... do the work myself. It's my duty. 3. Susan says I ....... drive her to the station. She thinks it's my duty. 4. The babysitter was ill and Ellen ....... look after the child herself. 5. "You ....... look after the children properly, feed them and take them for a walk" Mrs. Swift said to the babysitter. 6. The guide ....... meet the group and take them to the hotel yesterday. 7. The children didn't understand the rule and the teacher ....... explain it again. 8. "You ....... cross the road alone" the mother said to the child. 9. I ....... take the umbrella because the forecast was bad. 10. The bell had gone and I ....... answer the question. 11. I didn't know I ....... to work extra hours. We hadn't agreed on that. 12. "When ....... I return the book?" Steve asked the librarian. 13. I ....... interrupt the speaker because I didn't get the point. 14. You ....... shout at children. 15. I ....... sell the car one of these days. It keeps breaking down.
Ex.14. Fill the gaps in the sentences with must(n't), needn't or should(n't).
1. We've run out of paperclips. I …………………get some more in the morning. 2. You ………………………...finish that report tonight if you're too tired. Midday tomorrow is the deadline (крайний срок). 3. What are you doing here? ………………………….you be at the meeting downtown? 4. He really……..…….have told his brother about this deal. It was supposed to be absolutely confidential. 5. You ………………………….clean the office because we haven't been using it today, but could you tidy the shelves in the storeroom, please? 6. You ……………….. make so much noise. We'll be asked to leave otherwise. 7. I'm going to be in trouble. I ……………… have posted these yesterday afternoon and I completely forgot. 8. You ……………..have typed this - a handwritten note would have been quite adequate. 9. The meeting's finished. We …………………….find out what's been decided any moment now.