- •Pronouns
- •Exercise 2. Fill in the correct possessive adjective or pronoun.
- •Exercise 6. Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronoun or each other/one another.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with both, all, neither, either or none.
- •Exercise 8. Rewrite the sentences using both….And, neither …. Nor or either …. Or.
- •Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun.
- •Exercise 10. Translate into English.
Pronoun
Pronouns
The pronoun is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them. |
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Semantic classification |
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Morphological classification |
Syntactical classification |
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Some pronouns have the grammatical categories of gender, case and number |
Pronouns can be a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute and adverbial modifiers. |
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Personal |
We use object forms in such sentences: Who’s that? ~It’s me/us/them. ‘IT’: * in ‘cleft sentences’: It was Peter who drove us home.(not Paul) It was they/them who asked. * when an infinitive is a subject of a sentence: It is easy to criticize. It is better to be easy. * as a subject for impersonal verbs: it seems, it appears, it looks, it happens Note!
The
coffee is too hot to drink |
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Possessive |
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Reflexive |
I got up, washed, dressed and went to school. BUT! When the action is difficult (for children or disabled) reflexive pronouns are used: Oh, look! Nicky has just dressed himself!
-
after
a preposition of place we use me,
you, him, her:
In
the mirror I saw a lorry behind
me.
(NOT
to enjoy oneself – развлекаться; to teach oneself – научиться; to find oneself – очутиться; Help yourself to something! – Угощайтесь! Make yourself at home! – Чувствуй себя как дома! to turn itself on /off – включиться / выключиться; Note: He behaved badly. – Он плохо себя вёл. BUT Behave yourself! – Веди себя прилично! |
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Emphatic |
Patterns: I grew these vegetables myself. The house itself is small, but the garden is enormous. I’m not myself today. You told me about it yourself! |
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Reciprocal |
A pattern: When we went on holiday, we sent a lot of postcards to each other / one another. |
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Demonstrative |
this/these |
that/those |
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these days → nowadays, now; this evening → tonight |
on the phone: Who’s that? |
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Interrogative |
In formal English we use preposition + whom: With whom did you go? In spoken English we usually move the preposition to the end of the sentence, with whom changing to who: Who did you go with? |
In formal English we use preposition + which/what: To which address did you send it? In spoken English we move the preposition to the end of the sentence: Which address did you send it to? |
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which |
what |
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Which size do you want – small, medium or large? |
What is your shoe size? |
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Which
of
you knows the answer? (NOT |
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what & how in questions about measurements |
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what |
how |
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What makes that noise?
What was the exam like? ~It was very difficult.
What does she look like? ~She’s tall and glamorous.
What is his father? ~He is a tailor.
NOTE!
What
is
called? (NOT
What was the trip like? → |
How did you get on in the exam? ~Quite well, I hope! We ask questions with ‘how’ for:
How do you do? answered by How do you do?
How was the trip? |
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Relative |
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Examples 1. The man who robbed you has been arrested. 2. Everyone who/that knew him liked him. 3. The man whom I saw told me to come back OR The man who/that I saw… OR The man I saw… 4. The man to whom I spoke was 30. (formal) The man (that/who/whom) I spoke to was 30. (inf.) 5. The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. |
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Defining |
All or every? All = a number of people or things considered as a group Every = a number of people or things considered individually |
Both = one and the other Both+plural verbs: Both doors were open. Both of + us/you/them: Both of us knew him. Both … and … – как … так и …; и… и He both acts and directs. |
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Each or every? - each = a number of persons or things considered individually Each man had a weapon = the speaker went to each man and checked that he had a weapon. - every has the same meaning but there is less emphasis on individual. Every man had a weapon = the speaker counted the men & the weapons & he had the same number of each. - every is used with nouns in the meaning of total, complete (chance, hope, reason, sympathy, right, confidence) You have every right to be here. – Ты имеешь полное право здесь находиться. - each is used when we have the choice from two things only! There were tears streaming down each side of her face. Each + of these/those, the of can’t be omitted; each of you = you each |
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-
everyone/everybody + singular verb: Everyone
is
ready
(NOT
-
everything
+ singular verb: Everything
has
been
wasted
(NOT Note! The expressions all (the people), all (the) things are possible when followed by a noun, pronoun or a clause:
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We use whole most often with singular countable nouns; we use all most often with uncountable & plural nouns: a whole concert – all the music; a whole plate – all the food We use the whole of before the names of places: the whole of Europe. Note! The whole night BUT all the night/day/time/life. Patterns: Tell me all about it. They left me all alone. That’s all. |
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Other(s) & Another |
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When other is used before a plural noun, it doesn’t have –s. When other is used without a noun, it has –s in the plural. Tell the other people. Tell the others. |
- we can use another to mean ‘one more’. But with uncountables & plurals, we generally use other to mean ‘more’: Have another potato. Have some more meat. - another + few, another + a number with a plural noun. Let’s wait another few minutes = еще несколько минут |
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Negative |
Neither/Either |
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- neither = not one and not the other; + an affirmative singular verb: I’ve read neither of these books. - either = any of two; + an affirmative singular verb: Would you like either of these? - either + negative verb can replace neither + affirmative: I haven’t read either of these books. - neither… nor + affirmative verb is an emphatic way of combining two negatives: He neither wrote nor phoned. - either… or is used to express alternatives emphatically: You can have either tea or fruit juice. (not both) Note! Either/neither = the choice from two things/people: Neither of his parents knew what he had done.
None
of you –
никто
из
вас
(NOT |
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Indefinite |
SOME is used: |
ANY is used: |
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- with affirmative verbs: They bought some honey. - in questions where the answer ‘yes’ is expected: Did some of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so). - in offers & requests: Would you like some wine? - some = unknown: Some idiot broke my window! |
- with negative verbs: I haven’t got any matches. - with hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negatives): I hardly have any spare time.
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty.
Have you got any money? - after if/whether & in expressions of doubt: If you need any more money, please let me know. - in imperative sentences: Take any book you like. |
ЛИЧНЫЕ, ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(PERSONAL, POSSESIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)
личные местоимения (подлежащее) |
косвенный падеж (после предлогов и глаголов) |
возвратные местоимения |
притяжательные местоимения |
абсолютная форма притяжательных местоимений |
I |
me |
myself |
my |
mine |
he |
him |
himself |
his |
his |
she |
her |
herself |
her |
hers |
it |
it |
itself |
its |
its |
we |
us |
ourselves |
our |
ours |
you |
you |
yourself/ yourselves |
your |
yours |
they |
them |
themselves |
their |
theirs |
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS)
|
подлежащее |
дополнение |
притяжательное |
относительное |
о людях |
who |
who/whom |
whose |
who/that |
о вещах |
what |
what |
|
that/which |
НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE PRONOUNS)
some/somebody/someone/somewhere |
в утвердительных предложениях; в просьбах и предложениях |
any/anybody/anyone/anything/ anywhere |
в отрицательных предложениях; в вопросительных предложениях; в предложениях с hardly, barely, scarcely, without; в значении «любой, какой-нибудь» |
no/none/nobody/no one/nothing/ nowhere |
в утвердительных предложениях для выражения отрицания |
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE
many, few, a few с исчисляемыми существительными во мн. числе |
many/few/a few problems |
much, little, a little с неисчисляемыми существительными
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much/little/a little money/noise |
УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)
число |
|
определение |
подлежащее |
единственное |
this – этот, эта, это
that – тот, та, то |
This pen is mine
That pen is his |
This is my pen
That is his pen |
множественное |
these – эти (это)
those – те, то |
These pens are mine Those pens are his |
These are my pens Those are his pens |
whoever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however |
Patterns: I will win whatever happens. However rich you are you can’t buy happiness. Whichever of you broke the window will have to pay for it. I’ll find him, wherever he has gone. (= no matter where hу has gone) |
Its = притяжательное местоимение.
I saw a lovely dress in the shop window yesterday, but I didn’t see its price.
Я увидела замечательное платье в витрине магазина вчера, но я не увидела его цену.
It’s = it is or it has
It’s (it is) playing with the ball.
It’s (it has) got a hole in it.
Мы используем the вместо притяжательного прилагательного с предложными фразами и глаголами, такими как hit, punch, slap, bite, touch, pat, sting, etc., когда речь идет о частях тела.
The ball hit him on the head.
(NOT: The ball hit him on his head.)
But She’s got a key in her hand. (NOT : in the hand)
Мы используем слово own (собственный) в следующих структурах для выделения того факта, что что-то принадлежит кому-то.
Noun + of + my/your, etc. + own
My, your, etc. + own + noun
I don’t need to borrow my father’s car because I’ve got a car of my own./ I’ve got my own car. – Мне не нужно одалживать машину моего папы, потому что у меня есть своя собственная.
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Reflective pronouns – возвратные местоимения
Ken grew these flowers himself. – Кен вырастил эти цветы САМ.
They are enjoying themselves.
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Reflexive |
|
Reflexive |
I |
myself |
it |
itself |
you |
yourself |
we |
ourselves |
he |
himself |
you |
yourselves |
she |
herself |
they |
themselves |
Мы используем возвратные местоимения:
- с такими глаголами как behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kill, look at, teach, etc., или с предлогами, когда подлежащее и дополнение глагола – одно и то же лицо.
Jill (подлежащее) has burnt herself (дополнение).
You (подлежащее) should take care of yourself (дополнение).
- с предлогом by в значении “один, сам” или “без посторонней помощи” (on one’s own).
Ben repaired the car by himself/on his own. (=Никто не помогал Бену ремонтировать машину).
She likes being by herself/on her own sometimes. (= Ей нравится быть одной, наедине с самой собой).
- в следующих выражениях: enjoy yourself (хорошо проводить время), behave yourself (хорошо себя вести), help yourself (угощайтесь).
- для выделения подлежащего или дополнения в предложении.
I myself posted the letter. (=Я отправил письмо сам, никто не делал этого за меня).
Alice met the President himself. (=Она встретила именно президента, а не кого-то другого).
ВНИМАНИЕ: 1) Мы обычно не используем возвратных местоимений с глаголами concentrate, feel, meet and relax, в отличие от русского языка.
You need to concentrate.
(NOT: You need to concentrate yourself).
2) С глаголами dress, wash and shave мы обычно не используем возвратных местоимений. Однако, мы можем это сделать в случае, если хотим подчеркнуть, что кто-то чего-то добился с большими усилиями.
First Peter shaved and then dressed.
Although Mrs. Harrison’s arm was bandaged, she managed to wash herself.
Но мы всегда говорим dry myself (вытираться полотенцем).
Each other (one another) значит «друг друга». Рассмотрим следующие примеры.
Janet and Beth are looking at themselves in the mirror. (Каждая смотрит на свое отражение в зеркале)
They are looking at each other. (Они смотрят друг другу в глаза).
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Местоимения Both/Neither – All/None - Either
Both используется, когда речь идет о двух людях, предметах или группах. Слово имеет положительное значение и употребляется с глаголом во множественном числе.
Both cats and dogs are affectionate pets.
Neither используется, когда речь идет о двух людях, предметах или группах и имеет отрицательное значение.
Neither of + сущ. во мн. числе в утвердительном предложении употребляется с глаголом как в ед. так и во мн. числе.
Neither of the teams is/are playing well this year.
Neither of them is/are married.
BUT: neither candidate is suitable for the job.
All используется, когда речь идет о больше чем двух людях, предметах или группах. Имеет положит. значение и употребляется с глаголом во мн.ч.
All the students are present.
None используется, когда речь идет о больше чем двух людях, предметах или группах. Имеет отрицательное значение, и в утвердительном предложении употребляется с глаголом как в единственном, так и во множ. числе.
None of these shirts fits/fit me.
Both/All употребляется: а) после глагола be, b) после вспомогательного, но перед смысловым глаголом.
They are both/all happy. They have both/all passed the test.
Either относится к двум людям, предметам или группам и используется в паре с исчисляемым существительным во множ. числе.
We could stay at the Plaza Hotel or the Star Hotel. Either place is fine with me.
Either of + plural noun phrase употребляется с глаголом как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.
Either of these two cars is/are available for you. BUT: Either car is suitable for you.
Мы можем использовать not ….. either (of) вместо neither (of). Either может также использоваться в конце отрицательного предложения.
I looked at two watches, but I didn’t buy either of them.
I looked at two watches, but I bought neither of them.
John doesn’t like coffee, and I don’t either.
Both… and употребляется с глаголом во множественном числе.
Judy is British. Laura is British. Both Judy and Laura are British.
Neither…nor/Either…or употребляется как с глаголом в единственном числе, так и во множественном числе в зависимости от числа подлежащего.
Neither Daniel nor Mark drinks coffee.
Either my parents or John’s parents are going to take us to the airport.
Practice
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct subject or object pronoun.
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Do your brothers play football?
Yes, they play …… all the time. …………. think ………..’s a brilliant game.
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Does Susan eat chocolate?
Yes, …….. eats….. all the time. ………. Says ………’s her favourite food.
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Do your parents know Mr. Jones?
Yes, ………… know ………… very well. ………….. lives next door to …… .
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Does Clare like David?
No, ……….. doesn’t like ………….. very much. …………… says ……..’s too noisy.
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Do you listen to rock music?
Yes, …….. listen to ….. all the time. ….. think …..’s fantastic.
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Does Tony enjoy fishing?
Oh, yes. …… enjoys ….. very much. ……. says …….. relaxes him.