
межд. бизнес (кейсы)i
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Глава 14 Стратегические альянсы |
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вступят в контрактные отношения с новыми для них партнерами. Наконец, дополнительные альтернативы способов ведения операций могут осложнить процессы принятия решений и контроля.
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• Участие в международном бизнесе может осуществляться собственными |
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силами или с привлечением сторонних организаций, при этом ресурсы |
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могут распределяться между производством и в стране базирования, и |
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за границей. |
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Способы ведения заграничных операций следует анализировать с точки |
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зрения стратегических целей фирмы, но их выбор зачастую сопряжен с |
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корректировкой целей. |
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Среди факторов, влияющих на выбор формы проведения операций, сле- |
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дует назвать законодательство, опыт фирмы, уровень конкуренции, |
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риск, сопряженный с политическими и экономическими факторами, а |
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также особенности используемых активов. |
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Лицензирование — это предоставление другой фирме определенных |
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прав, например на использование патентов, торговых марок или ноу-хау |
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за определенную плату. Это также способ организации производства за |
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границей, который может свести к минимуму капитальные затраты, пре- |
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дотвратить бесконтрольное расходование активов другими фирмами, |
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обеспечить получение в обмен на лицензию определенных активов дру- |
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гих фирм или дохода с некоторых рынков, недоступных для экспорта |
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или инвестиций. |
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• Среди основных противоречий, содержащихся в лицензионных соглаше- |
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ниях, — контроль за использованием активов, поскольку от его уровня |
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могут зависеть острота конкуренции между лицензиаром и лицензиатом |
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впоследствии; конфиденциальность передаваемой технологии и условий |
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контракта; способ осуществления и величина платежей; порядок переда- |
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чи технологии и других активов контролируемому фирмой иностранно- |
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му предприятию. |
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Франчайзинг отличается от лицензирования тем, что наиболее важным |
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для бизнеса франшизы активом является торговая марка, и тем, что |
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франшизер на непрерывной основе поддерживает деятельность фран- |
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шизы. |
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Контракты на управление — это способ получения дохода при неболь- |
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ших капитальных затратах. Такие контракты чаще всего заключаются |
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для управления экспроприированной собственностью в слаборазвитых |
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странах, налаживания работы новых предприятий и разрешения теку- |
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щих проблем в деле ведения операций предприятия. |
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Проекты "под ключ" подразумевают выполнение контракта на строи- |
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тельство производственных мощностей, владельцем которых будет кто- |
то другой. В последние годы почти все такие проекты были очень крупными и диверсифицированными, поэтому для их реализации требовались особая квалификация и возможность прямого взаимодействия с высшими должностными лицами государства, в котором реализовывался проект.


Глава 14 Стратегические альянсы |
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Companies Some Australian Evidence," Management International Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1982, pp. 33—44, found that firms typically export before licensing, which in turn precedes direct investment.
4.Ian H. Giddy and Alan M. Rugman, "A Model of Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Licensing," Working paper, No. 274A, Columbia University Graduate School of Business, December 1979.
5.Leo Sleuwaegen, "Monopolistic Advantages and the International Operations of Firms: Disaggregated Evidence from U. S. Based Multinationals," Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 16, No 3, Fall 1985, pp 125—133; W. H. Davidson and D. G. McFetridge, "Key Characteristics in the Choice of International Technology Transfer Mode," Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, Summer 1985, pp. 5—21, found evidence for this point as well as those that follow in this discussion.
6.Peter J. Buckley and Mark C. Casson, "Multinational Enterprises in LDCs: Cultural and Economic Interaction," in Peter J. Buckley and Jeremy Clegg (eds ), Multinational Enterprises in
Less Developed Countries (London Macmillan, 1990); Jeremy Clegg, "The Determinants of Aggregate International Licensing Behavior. Evidence from Five Countries," Management International Review, Vol 30, No 3, 1990, pp. 231—251.
7."American Home Plans Drug Venture inU.S. with French Company," Wall StreetJournal, June 3, 1981, p. 54.
8.Jeffrey A Tannenbaum, "Licensing May Be Quickest Route to Foreign Markets," Wall Street Journal, September 14, 1990, p. B2.
9David Ford and Chris Ryan, "Taking Technology to Market," Harvard Business Review, March—April 1981, p. 118.
10.Gregory A Patterson, "Chrysler Signs Lisensing Pact for Jeep Name," Wall Street Journal, August 30, 1988, p. 24.
11.Richard N. Osborn and С. Christopher Baughn, "Forms of Interorganizational Governance for Multinational Alliances," Academy of Management Journal, September 1990, pp. 503—519.
12.Alan Riding, "Cartier's Mexican Look-Alike," New York Times, October 17, 1980, p. D1+; Michael G. Harvey and Ilkka A. Ronkainen, "International Counterfeiters: Marketing Succes without the Cost and the Risk," Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 20, No. 3, Fall 1985, pp. 37—45.
13."Oleg Cassini Inc. Sues Firm Over Licensing," Wall Street Journal, March 28, 1984, p. 5;
"Cassini Awarded $16 Million in Fragrance Line Squabble," Wall Street Journal, June 2, 1988,
p.28.
14.William H. Meyers, New York Times Magazine, May 3, 1987, pp. 33—35+.
15.Robert T. Keller and Ravi R. Chinta, "International Technology Transfer: Strategies for Success," Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1990, pp. 33—43.
16.Kang Rae Cho, "Issues of Compensation in International Technology Licensing," Management International Review, Vol 28, No. 2, 1988, pp. 70—79; Keller and Chinta, loc. cit.
17Edwin Mansfield, "International Technology Transfer: Forms, Resource Requirements, and Policies," American Economic Review, May 1975, pp. 372—382.
18.Thomas Horst, "American Multinationals and the U.S. Economy," American Economic Review,
May 1976, pp. 150—152; Claudio V. Vaitsos, Intercountry Income Distribution and Transnational Enterprises (Oxford. Clarendon Press, 1974); P. Streeten, "Theory of Development Policy," in
Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise, J. H. Dunning, ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974), G. F. Kopits, "Intrafirm Royalties Crossing Frontiers and Transfer Pricing Behavior," The
Economic Journal December 1976, and Donald R. Lessard, "Transfer Prices, Taxes, and Financial Markets Implications of Internal Financial Transfers within the Multinational Firm," paper
presented for the New York University Conference on Economic Issues of Multinational Firms, November 4, 1976.
19.Это взято из D W. Fewkes, "Positioning the Licensing Unit," les Nouvelles, March 1979, pp. 28—33.
20.Jerry H. Opack, "Likenesses of Licensing, Franchising," les Nouvelles, June 1977, pp. 102—
21.A. Kostecka, Franchising in the Economy 1986—1988 (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, February 1988), pp. 8—10.
22.Mike Connely, "U.S. Franchising Grows Attractive to Foreign Firms," Wall Street Journal, December 22, 1988, p. B2; Jeffrey A. Tannenbaum, "Foreign Franchisers in U.S. on the Rise,"
Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1990, p. B2.
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Часть 6 Политика и стратегия корпораций |
23.Peng S. Chan and Robert T. Justis, "Franchise Management in East Asia," Academy of Management Executive, Vol 4, No 2, 1990, pp. 75—85.
24.Michael Selz, "Europe Offers Expanding Opportunities to Franchisers," Wall StreetJournal, July 20, 1990, p. B2.
25.Joann Lublin, "U.S. Franchisers Learn Britain Isnt't Easy," Wall Street Journal, August 16 1988, p. 20.
26.Kathleen Deveny, John Pluenneke, Don Jones Yang, Mark Maremont, and Robert Black "McWorld," Business Week No 2968, October 13, 1986, pp 78—86
27.Chan and Justis, loc. cit.
28."Judge Revokes License of Paris McDonald's," International Herald Tribune (Zurich) September 11—12, 1982, p 14, Steven Greenhouse, "McDonald's Tries Paris, Again,' New York Times, June 12, 1988, p. 1F+.
29.Lawrence S. Welch and Anubis Pacifico, "Management Contracts A. Role in Internationalisation?", International Marketing Review, Vol 7, No 4, 1990, pp. 64—74.
30.Nicolas D. Kristof, "A Not-Soch Grand Hotel A Tibet Horror Story," New York Times September 25, 1990, p. A4.
31.Jeanne Saddler and John R .Emshwiller, "Small U. S. Firms Frozen Out of Kuwait Rebuild Effort," Wall Street Journal, March 8, 1991, p. B2 "Where Top 250 Found Business in 1984"
EngineeringNewsRecord,July 18, 1985,pp.41—53.
32."Nigeria," Business Week, October 1, 1979, p. 60.
33.A Competitive Assessment ofthe U.S. International Construction Industry (Washington U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, July 1984).
34.Louis Berger, "The Construction Scene in Southeast Asia Who's Getting the Business'" Worldwide P & I Planning, January—February 1974, p. 13.
35.Joan Gray, "International Construction," Financial Times, April 12, 1985, pp. 13—17.
36. Welch and Pacifico, loc cit, "USAir, Air France Plan Links Between Busineses, Wall Strut Journal, September 25, 1990, p. C12.
37.F. A. Svindov, ed , The Role of Patent Information in the Transfer of Technology ( New York Pergamon, 1981), p. 137, Shlomo Maital, "Wanted Technology Detectives,' Across the Board, Vol 26, No 9, September 1989, pp. 7—9.
38.Robert Ronstadt and Robert J. Kramer, " Getting the Most out of Innovation Abroad" Harvard Business Review, Vol 60, No 2, March—April 1982, pp 94—99, and Beth Karlin and George Anders, "Importing Science," Wall StreetJournal, October 5, 1983, p. 1+.
39.Carl H. Fulda and Warren F Schwartz, Regulation ofInternational Trade and Investment
(Mineola, N. Y. The Foundation Press, 1979), pp. 776—782.
40.Stephen J. Kobrin, "Trends in Ownership of American Manufacturing Subsidiaries in Developing Countries An Inter industry Analysis," Management International Review, Special Issue 1988, pp. 73—84.
41.Louis Uchitelle, "Mexico's Plan for Industrial Might," New York Times, September 25, 1990 p. C2, E. S. Browning, "Renault, Volvo Agree to Enter into Alliance," Wall StreetJournal, February 26, 1990, p. A3.
42. |
Steven Prokesch, "SAS Builds on Global Alliances," New York Times, November 20, 1989 |
p. 27 ff. |
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43. |
George Getschow, "Foreign Investment in Mexico Swells," Wall Street Journal, May 1981 |
p.34.
44.R. Duane Hall, "International Joint Ventures An Alternative to Foreign Acquisitions," Journal of Buyout and Acquisitions, Vol 4, No 2, March—April 1986, pp. 39—45.
45.Mike Tharp, "Uneasy Partners," Wall Street Journal, November 8, 1976, p. 28.
46.J. Peter Killing, "How to Make a Global Joint Venture Work," Harvard Business Review Vol 60, No 3, May—June 1982, pp. 120—127.
47.Lawrence G. Franko, Joint Venture Survival in Multinational Corporations (New York Praeger 1971), Richard H. Holton, "Making International Joint Ventures Work," in The Management of Headquarters-SubsidiaryRelationshipsinMultinationalCorporations,LarsOtterbeck,ed(London Cower, Aldershot, 1981), pp. 255—267.
48.Yumiko Ono, "Borden's Messy Split with Firm in Japan Points Up Perils of Partnerships There," Wall StreetJournal, February 21, 1991, p. Bl ff, Henry W. Lane and Paul W. Beamish "Cross Cultural Cooperative Behavior in Joint Ventures in LDCs," Management International Review, Vol 30, special issue, 1990, pp. 87—102.
Глава 14 Стратегические альянсы |
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49.John D. Daniels and Sharon L. Magill, "The Utilization of International Joint Ventures by United States Firms in High Technology Industries," Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1991, pp. 113—131.
50.Данные для конкретной ситуации взяты из Ellen Lentz, "Chemical-Group Profits Surge in West Germany," New York Times, December 2, 1974, pp. 53—54; Paul Kemezis, "West German Chemical Giants Plan Additional Expansion in U.S.," New York Times, February 10, 1975, pp. 39—40; Northern Natural Gas Company, Annual Report, 1974; Lou Potempa, "Business Technology Choice," Les Nouvelles, March 1979, pp. 24—27; Steven P. Galante, "How Foreigners Botch Their U.S. Investments," Wall Street Journal, June 6, 1984, p. 32.