Pronouns

(Займенники)

Особові		Присвійні		Зворотні
Називні	Об’єктні
Хто? Що?	Кому? Чому? Кого? Чого?	Чий? Чия? (з іменником)	Чий? Чия? (самостійно)	Як? (сам)
I you he she it	me you him her it	my your his her its	mine yours his hers its	myself yourself himself herself itself
we you they	us you them	our your their	ours yours theirs	ourselves yourselves themselves

Exercise 20 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate personal pronouns.

1. … go to our Academy every morning. 2. My friend saw … yesterday in the cinema. 3. The first train carried freight. But … also carried passengers. 4. This engineer presented a new project of a railway. … suggested connecting two cities. 5. … doesn’t work at her English hard. 6. … took our luggage and went to the station. 7. Our friends like to travel. This year ... have visited many European countries. 8. We’re staying at a very nice hotel. ... room is very comfortable. 9. We are going to invite all ... friends to the party. 10. Do you think that most people are happy in ... jobs?

Exercise 21 Choose the right word.

1. Is this your / yours book? 2. It is their / theirs problem, not our / ours. 3. That is not my / mine umbrella. My / Mine is yellow. 4. They know our / ours address but we don’t know their / theirs. 5. My / Mine room is bigger but her / hers is nicer. 6. Is this camera your / yours? 7. They’ve got two children but I don’t know their / theirs names.

Exercise 22 Finish the sentences with myself / yourself etc.

Model: I cut myself with a knife.

1. Be careful! That plate is very hot. Don’t burn ... 2. I’m not angry with you. I’m angry with ... 3. They never think about other people. They only think about ... 4. When people are alone they often talk to ... 5. I got out of bath and dried ... with a towel. 6. He fell off the ladder but he didn’t hurt ... 7. I’d like to know more about you. Tell me about ... (one person) 8. Goodbye! Have a good holiday and look after ... ! (two people) 9. The doctor said that she felt ... much better.

Exercise 23 Translate the following sentences.

1. Мої підручники лежать на столі, а його – на дивані. 2. У мене дуже старий підручник. У ньому немає п’ятої вправи. 3. Вчора вони взяли наші журнали і залишили нам свої. 4. Моя книжка дуже важка для мене, а його книга – легка. 5. Я чув це від людини, яка була там сама. 6. Поглянь у дзеркало, ти себе не впізнаєш. Ти дуже брудний. Піди помийся. 7. Я завжди готую собі сніданок сам. 8. Він переклав цю статтю самостійно. 9. Вони збудували цей дім самі. 10. Вона відчула себе зовсім молодою.

Use of It

(Вживання It)

1. Замінює згаданий раніше іменник-неістоту та перекладається залежно від його граматичного роду.

Where is my book? – It is on the table.

Де моя книга? – Вона на столі.

2. Використовується як підмет чи додаток, перекладається як це.

It is a magazine. – Це журнал.

I am going to do it. – Я збираюся це зробити.

3. Використовується як формальний або безособовий підмет (не перекладається).

It is spring now. – Зараз весна.

It is getting dark. – Стає темно.

It is five o’clock now. – Зараз п’ята година.

It is dangerous to drive so fast. – Небезпечно їздити так швидко.

It often rains in late autumn. – Наприкінці осені часто йде дощ.

4. Емфатична конструкція It is (was) + визначальне слово + that (who, which, when). Перекладається як саме, це, як раз.

It was yesterday when I met her at the concert. – Як раз учора я зустрів її на концерті.

It was in Kiev that I ran into my old friend. – Саме у Києві я випадково зустрів свого старого друга.

It is our group, which will participate in the competition. – Це (Саме) наша група братиме участь у змаганні.

Exercise 24 Translate the following sentences.

1. Where is my suit? – It is in the wardrobe. 2. It is the book of a well-known English writer. 3. Have you watched this film? – No, I have not. But I am going to do it. 4. Look at this building. It is the highest building in our city. 5. It is important to learn new English words every day. 6. It is hard to learn this subject in a short time. 7. It is known that new railway will connect two big cities. 8. It is no use missing lessons. It would be difficult to pass the exam. 9. It was the railway that became the shortest way from Europe to Asia. 10. It is the railways that are the most popular means of travel. 11. It was only yesterday when we discussed the plan of work at the project. 12. It gets dark early in winter. 13. It was raining cats and dogs. 14. It got colder.

Exercise 25 Paraphrase the following sentences using the emphatic construction It is (was) … that (who, which).

1. The Cherepanovs constructed the first steam locomotive in Russia. 2. Climatic conditions made the construction of this line difficult. 3. In 1891 the construction of Trans-Siberian railway began. 4. The first steam trains opened up a new era in transportation. 5. Railways are the safest and the most popular means of communications.

Exercise 26 Complete the sentences. Use it’s + A + to + B.

A	B
difficult, dangerous, easy, impossible, nice, stupid, easy	see you again, wear, understand him, meet people, go out alone, sleep, save

Model: It’s easy to understand him because he speaks very slowly.

1. ..., Jill. How are you? 2. ... at night. There is always a lot of noise. 3. A lot of cities are not safe. ... at night. 4. If you haven’t got a well-paid job, ... money. 5. ... warm clothes in hot weather. 6. Everybody is very friendly in this town. ... .

Exercise 27 What does it refer to in the following sentences?

Model: It’s very interesting. I’ve just read Chapter 10. (it = a book or a novel)

1. We stood on it and looked down at the river. 2. It landed ten minutes ago. 3. It’s next Saturday in St. Mary’s Church. Then the reception’s in the Bedford Hotel. 4. It isn’t very sharp. I can’t cut the meat. 5. I can’t see my face in it. It’s cracked. 6. It barked and ran after us. 7. Can I have it well done, please, with chips? 8. I like it dry and white. 9. I need a new bulb for it. 10. I don’t take it in tea, but I take one spoonful in coffee.

This / These

That / Those

- для людей або речей поруч з нами. These shoes over there are mine; -для позначення ситуацій у наступному або майбутньому часі. I’m going to Disneyland this month; -коли знаходимося у місці, про яке говоримо. This room is very untidy. (The speaker is now in the untidy room); -для того, щоб познайомити людей одного з одним або представитись по телефону. ‘John, this is Ann.’ ‘Hello? This is Pam speaking.’

-для людей або речей, які знаходяться на відстані від нас. That chair over there is broken; -для позначення ситуацій у минулому часі. We had a wonderful Christmas that year; -для того, щоб відіслати до чогось, що згадувалось раніше. ‘She failed her exams.’ ‘That’s bad’; -коли, розмовляючи по телефону, ми запитуємо, хто говорить з нами. ‘Hello? This is Jo. Who’s that speaking?’

Exercise 28 Put this, these, it or they into the gaps.

Model: A: Bob, this is my mother.

B: Hello, Mrs Smith.

1. Take ... bags into the kitchen. 2. I don’t like ... music. 3. Is ... book John’s? – Yes, ... is. 4. Are ... books Mary’s? – Yes, ... are. 5. How much are ... glasses? – ...’re very cheap. 6. ... exercise is very easy. – No, ... isn’t. ...’s difficult.

Exercise 29 Put that, those, it or they into the gaps.

1. Is ... your brother over there? 2. Look at ... beautiful flowers! 3. What’s ... in your bag? 4. Is ... house Ann’s? – Yes, ... is. 5. Are ... boys your brothers? Yes, ... are. 6. How much is ... hi-fi? – ...’s $350. 7. Do you like ... shoes? – No, I don’t. ...’re horrible.

Exercise 30 Translate the following sentences.

1. Зараз зима. 2. Йому було важко перекладати цю статтю, бо він не знав багато слів. 3. Так дивно, що йому не сподобалось подорожувати. 4. У кімнаті дуже темно і я не бачу, що знаходиться у дальньому кутку. 5. Нам цікаво поговорити з ним. Він вчора повернувся з Англії. 6. Зараз шоста година. Гадаю, дуже рано будити його. 7. Вам буде приємно подивитись на наше місто. Воно дуже змінилося. 8. Я знаю, що йому важко вчитися в інституті і працювати на заводі. 9. Студентам було легко розмовляти з ним англійською. 10. Тут дуже спекотно, чи не так?