U n I t 3

Grammar: Continuous Tense

Present Participle

Pronouns

Use of It

Numerals

Text: Railroad Track

Supplementary text: Unusual Railways

It’s interesting to know: Around the World: Track Innovations

Word Building: -ity, -ty, -ship; -ous, -ive, -y; -ate, -en

Reading rules

C с	[s]	перед i, e, y	capacity, cell, bicycle
	[k]	перед усіма іншими голосними та приголосними	come, exact, direction
	[C]	у сполученнях ch, tch	charge, watch
	[S]	перед сполученнями ial, ient	special, efficient викл. chemistry [k], technique [k], machine [ʃ]

Exercise 1 Practice the following sounds.

[s]	[k]	[tʃ]	[ʃ]
saucer once certain cinema centimetre December dance	can cat come close cake describe correct	watch fetch catch match patch chain chess	special efficient especially commercial crucial sufficient ancient

Exercise 2 Read the following words and explain the rules of reading.

Chalk, picture, chair, mechanic, machinery, French, teacher, exercise, pencil, clean, nice, ceiling, chemistry, mathematics, actual, black, cent, dance, colour, certainly, clock, watch, catch, children, circular, can, ice, nice, neck, space, pact, face, chin, chest, match, catch, cell, chick, chill, watch, charge, patch, snatch, place, chain, cheap, cigarette, cigar, class, species, specialize, specific, cycle.

Grammar Continuous Tense

(Часи групи Continuous)

	Active be+Present Participle (-ing)	Passive be+being+Past Participle (-ed)
Present	I am discussing a new plan now. He is still discussing a new plan. They are discussing a new plan.	A new plan is being discussed. New plans are being discussed.
Past	He was discussing a new plan when the manager came. They were discussing a new plan during the meeting.	A new plan was being discussed when we came. New plans were being discussed during the meeting.
Future	We will be discussing a new plan tomorrow at 5.	-

Spelling:

1. argue – arguing, hate – hating, love – loving (але: age – ageing, dye - dyeing, agree – agreeing, see – seeing)

2. hit – hitting, run – running, stop – stopping

3. ad'mit – admitting, be'gin – beginning, pre'fer – preferring (але: 'budget – budgeting, 'enter – entering)

4. signal – signalling, travel – travelling (AmE.: signaling, traveling)

5. carry – carrying, enjoy – enjoying, hurry – hurrying

6. die – dying, lie – lying

Present Continuous Tense

1. Подовжені дії, що здійснюються під час говоріння (still, now, at 11 o’clock, from 5 to 9 o’clock), або в теперішній період часу (today, this week, this season).

Please, don’t make so much noise. I am studying. (not I study)

Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a café. Tom says, ‘I’m reading an interesting book at the moment.’

‘You are working hard today.’ ‘Yes, I have a lot to do.’

2. Ситуації, які швидко змінюються:

The population of the world is rising very fast. (not rises).

3. Майбутні дії, якщо виказується намір їх здійснення або впевненість у їх виконанні.

What are you doing tomorrow evening?

I am going to the theatre.

Примітка 1. Present Continuous Tense також може використовуватися:

- для висловлення меншої впевненості та офіціальності:

I am hoping you can lend me $100.

I’m afraid we must be going;

- для висловлення незадоволення, скарги, тощо:

He is continually borrowing money from me.