Unit 7. Cities and towns [I]

3. Grammar:

1. Функции слова One § 32

2. Continuous Tenses § 15

3. Participle II § 53

A. 1. Mind the pronunciation of the following words

Great Britain ['greit 'britn], London ['lndən], Moscow ['moskəu], fort [fɔ:t]

A. 2. Learn new words

already уже beauty красота between между both оба brick кирпич cathedral собор choice выбор ever когда-либо never никогда place место ring кольцо round вокруг stone камень tower башня width ширина	abbey аббатство bank берег, банк century век, столетие cross пересекать exist существовать fortress крепость in place of вместо invade вторгаться like подобно, как market рынок, базар massive массивный outside снаружи settle поселяться similarity сходство Thames [temz] Темза			change [teindʒ] изменять chiefly главным образом compare [ kəm'рεə] сравнивать dissimilar непохожий give - gave - given давать gradually постепенно hear - heard - heard слышать inside внутренний, внутри prince [prins], принц, князь replace [ ri 'pleis] заменять resident постоянный житель Roman ['roumən] римлянин run – ran – run бежать surround [sə'raund] окружать unlike [n'laik ] в отличие от
choose - chose - chosen выбирать locate располагаться, находиться same тот же самый, одинаковый side сторона, бок, край, стенка take part in принимать участие			English Channel пролив Ла-Манш erect возводить, строить, сооружать form образовывать, формировать; форма lead – led – led (to) вести, руководить similar ['similə] подобный, похожий
into [′intu / ′intə] внутрь, в(о) unnecessary ненужный wooden деревянный		convenient [kən'vi:niənt] удобный, подходящий grow — grew — grow расти, возрастать magnificent великолепный, величественный

AD [ei'di:] Anno Domini После Рождества Христова, ... нашей эры

BC [bi'si:] Before Christ До Рождества Христова, до нашей эры

Westminster Abbey ['westminstə 'æbi] Вестминстерское аббатство

A. 3. Translate the following groups of derivatives

compare – comparative – comparison, resident – residential, change – changeable, erect – erection, locate – location, grow – growth, wide – width, convenient – convenience, exist – existence, develop – development, replace – replacement, tremendous – tremendously, gradual – gradually, chief – chiefly, necessary – unnecessary, similar – dissimilar – similarity, like – unlike, begin – beginning, surround – surrounding cross – crossing

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations

physical development, to develop new methods, to change a five-pound note, a change in the programme, to grow rice, the rapid growth of the economy, to compare two translations, to make a comparison between two things, to choose friends, a careful choice, an enormous sum of money, to be similar in colour, to replace coal by oil, to surround a house

A. 5. Translate the sentences

1. It is getting dark gradually. 2. The liquid may become a gas which has no definite size. 3. The two designs can't be compared. 4. The art of brick making dates from very early years. 5. The palace was surrounded by a high wall. 6. Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow? 7. Cultural contacts already existed between Russia and England at the time of Ivan [aivn] the Terrible. 8. The broken part must be replaced by a new one. 9. They obtained similar results in all the experiments. 10. This road is used by pedestrians and vehicles.

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to ONE

1. One of our teachers will be in London this week. 2. The church was designed and built by one and the same man. 3. The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution. 4. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral. 5. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones. 6. This apparatus is more powerful than the one installed in the laboratory. 7. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on. 8. One cannot read this technical paper without a dictionary. 9. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. Is Nick still doing his lab work? 2. When I came into the hall the teacher was explaining something. 3. Some of us are collecting additional information on the problem. 4. Qualified engineers were perfecting this technique for several months last year. 5. He was correcting the translation of the article for several hours yesterday. 6. The professor was examining the students for three hours yesterday. 7. We were analyzing the results all day long yesterday. 8. Is this installation still functioning in the lab? 9. The discussion was going on from three to five o'clock yesterday.

B. 3. Form Participle II from the following verbs: find, found, add, change, maintain, know, install, consider, lose, do, put, achieve, receive, leave, divide, give, speak, solve, assemble, write, mean, think, require, compare, begin, build, improve, choose, forget, grow, say, go

B. 4. Translate the following word combinations

The book mentioned by the engineer, the achieved results, all developed countries, the information discussed at the conference, the railway built between the towns, the lecture read by the professor, the research made in the laboratory, the design completed by specialists

B. 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II

l. The article translated by the student is interesting. 2. The invention made by Popov didn’t interest the government. 3. The information received is of great importance. 4. A maser is a device made of special material. 5. The English used since the 15^th century is called Modern English. 6. Wood was treated with creosote. 7. The houses built in the last century needed reconstruction. 8. The lecture delivered by the professor was on new methods of technology. 9. A bus was moving along the street covered with stones. 10. The results of the experiments discussed yesterday will be published.

C. 1. Read the text A FEW FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF BIG CITIES and answer the questions:

1. Was London built according to an architectural plan?

2. Who was Moscow founded by?

3. What kind of similarity between London and Moscow can we see?

London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Ceasar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain in the middle of the first century BC, people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river Thames. Like many other very old cities,¹ London was never planned. It grew around two centres - a fort, the Romans built on one bank of the Thames, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London, the country's business centre, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. By the middle of the first century AD² London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Roads leading to other towns had changed into streets, market grounds became squares. London was growing.

At about the same time in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by a prince on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient location in the middle of a magnificent forest on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later became the capital of the Russian state.

If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them. Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its centre, which has been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one. The fortress was chiefly built of white stone and got the name of "White-stone Moscow". Later in place of the old "white-stone" wall a new wall was built with far more massive walls and towers.

Russian and Italian architects took part in the erection of the new buildings. Palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as³ the Kremlin. Now again, new houses were built around this centre, forming enormous rings, and the roads to other towns gradually changed into streets running across them.

Notes: 1. подобно многим другим очень старым городам

2. к середине первого века нашей эры 3. образуя то, что сейчас известно как

D.1. Speak on London

B. 6. Translate the sentences with ONE

1. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine. 2. This article is easier than the one we translated last week. 3. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one. 4. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one. 5. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry. 6. This was one of the reasons for the lengthening of the bus route. 7. This model is similar in quality to that one. 8. The old equipment was replaced by the new one. 9. One should turn off the gas when one leaves home. 10. One should always be careful when he operates this machine-tool.

B. 7. Translate the following sentences

1. We were discussing that plan for two hours. 2. Qualified experts are testing this equipment now. 3. Designers are constantly improving the quality of the computers. 4. The engineer is not using this new device at the moment. 5. He is repairing the equipment at the moment. 6. I'll finish my work while you are playing chess. 7. He is speaking to the dean now. 8. The engineer was conducting the experiment. 9. What branches of industry are being developed in Siberia? 10. They are designing a new model of computer.

B. 8. Translate the sentences

1. The number of specialists connected with new branches of science and engineering is increased every year. 2. A bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork who builds walls and other parts made of bricks. 3. To provide pure air in a factory they use air - purifying plants. 4. The device made at our laboratory will be used in industry. 5. There are large areas in Australia which are still unpopulated. 6. Communication satellites used by all countries make intercontinental television transmission possible. 7. Walls made of bricks and concrete blocks are suitable both for small buildings and multi-storey structures.

C. 2. Read the text MAGNITOGORSK and render it in Russian

Magnitogorsk, a city in the Chelyabinsk Region, was founded near very rich iron ore deposits in 1929. The Ural River divides the city into two parts. One part of the city is in Asia, and the other is in Europe. In 1931 Magnitogorsk got city status. This was the time when people were creating a coal and metallurgical centre in the east of our country. Nowadays, the population of the city is constantly growing.

The Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Works is one of the largest and best equipped enterprises of this kind in our country. The works' first blast - furnace was put into operation on January 31, 1932. It was the biggest of its kind. In the years of operation the works supplied hundreds of million tons of pig iron, steel and rolled stock.

Magnitogorsk is not only a well - known industrial giant, but a well -planned modern city, an important cultural centre in the Southern Urals. The city has dozens of secondary specialized and vocational schools and some schools of higher learning.

C. 3. Read the text MOSCOW and discuss it with your partner

1. Where is Moscow located?

2. What is world-known about Moscow Underground sys­tem?

3. What are the places of interest in Moscow?

4. Why is the Kremlin the most important place of interest for tourists?

Moscow is the capital of our Motherland. It was founded more than 800 years ago. Its popu­lation is over 10 million people. It is the largest political, economic, scientific, cultural and industrial center of the coun­try and one of the most beautiful cities on the globe.

Moscow covers an area of about 880 square kilometres. It is situated in the centre of the European part of the country on the Moskva River.

Railways, numerous airlines and a system of canals link the city with all parts of Russia, with major cities of Europe and with all the countries of the world. The city has an up-to-date transport system. The quickest and the most convenient form of transport is the Metro famous for its marble-walled stations, which connects all districts, carrying more than 5 million passengers daily.

One of the oldest monuments of the past is the Kremlin built many centuries ago. A stone wall, up to 21 m in height and 19 towers, surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments of tsarist times, some of them dating from the Middle Ages. The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849, is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. Other notable Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya Palace (1491) and the Terem (1636). Among the many cathedrals, now used mainly as museums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes. Another landmark of the Kremlin is the Tower of Ivan the Great, a bell tower 98 m. high. On a nearby pedestal is the Tsar's Bell (nearly 200 tons), one of the largest in the world.

There are more than 150 museum and exhibitions – Kremlin Cathedrals, the Academy of Arts and many others – are filled with historical and artistic treasures. The Tretyakov Art Gallery and Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts are highly popular with visitors from other cities. The Tretyakov Art Gallery founded in the 18^th century has a wonderful collection of Russian Art. The Museum of Fine Arts contains works of prominent European artists and those of ancient East, Greece and Rome.

Moscow has over 3,200 libraries. The State Lenin library is the largest in the world. Its collection contains over 25 million volumes. Moscow is famous for its drama, opera and ballet. The Moscow Art and Vakhtangov theatres, the Bolshoy and Maly theatres have won universal recognition. The Moscow Chaikovsky Conservatoire is the country’s leading school of music.

Red square is one of the most beautiful squares in the world. On the southern side of Red Square is St Basil's Cathedral, a masterpiece of ancient Russian Architecture, famous for its unique architecture and coloured domes. Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports; and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform.

C. 4. Read the text London and discuss it with your partner.

D. 2. Speak on the sights of London

London is the capital of England. It is a very old city and the number of sights is rather great.

Trafalgar Square with some elegant fountains is one of the most beautiful squares. It is situated in the centre of London. Trafalgar Square was named so in honour of Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar. In the middle of the square stands a tall column, 185 feet high, with the figure of Nelson on the top. The column is guarded by four bronze lions. St. Paul’s Cathedral is the most striking building in the City. It was designed by Christopher Wren, England’s greatest architect. St. Paul’s Cathedral with its huge dome and rows of columns is a fine specimen of Renaissance architecture.

London is well-known for its museums and art galleries. The Tower of London was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison in the past. Now it is a museum of armour. The most popular sight is the strongly guarded room in which the Crown Jewels are displayed.

The British museum contains a priceless collection of different things: sculptures, coins, ancient manuscripts, drawings, paintings, etc. The British museum is famous for its library – one of the richest in the world. The National Gallery contains one of the finest collections of paintings in the world. All schools of art are represented here. The Tate Gallery is the gallery of British Painting and of Modern Foreign Art.

The Houses of Parliament are situated on the North bank of the Thames. The two graceful towers stand high above the city. The highest of the two, the Clock Tower, contains the largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben. Not far from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey, a very beautiful church which is famous for its architecture and its stained glass. Many outstanding English statesmen, poets and painters are buried in the Abbey.

Tower of London Тауэр Лондона Trafalgar Square Трафальгарская площадь

City Сити (деловая часть Лондона) St. Paul’s [pɔ:l] Cathedral собор св. Павла

Westminster Abbey Вестминстерское аббатство

E. 1. Put the verbs into the correct form

1. The shop (open) at 9.00 and (close) at 19.00 every day. 2. What time (the banks close) in Britain? 3. George (not / go) to the cinema very often. 4. How many languages (you speak)? 5. I have a car but I (not / use) it very often. 6. Where (Tom / work)? - (Tom / work) at the bank.