Unit 11. Housing [2]

Grammar:

1. Прилагательные с суффиксами - able, - ible § 24

2. Функции because, due § 39, 45

3. Функции since, for § 36, 37

A. 1. Read and translate the following international words

Gothic, volcanic, protection, cement, mass, type, fortunate, combination, accurate, scheme, structure, characteristic, material, factor, style, illustrate, form, season, architecture, mixture, pozzuolana

1. 2. Learn new words

beam балка brief краткий cheap дешевый clay глина dome купол ease легкость few мало for так как iron железо marble мрамор size размер seldom редко shell оболочка steel сталь temple храм union союз vault свод	accurate точный abound изобиловать absence отсутствие abundance изобилие attention внимание due to благодаря entire весь, целый excellent отличный factor коэффициент fireplace камин look for искать only единственный protection защита recent недавний round круглый skeleton каркас therefore поэтому			available имеющийся в наличии because потому что, так как catch – caught – caught ловить cloudy облачный, туманный flow (down) течь, протекать fortunate удачный, благоприятный inherent присущий, неотъемлемый introduction введение, внедрение largely в значительной степени list список, вносить в список perfect ['pə:fikt] совершенный perfect [pə'fekt] совершенствовать pointed arch остроконечная арка prehistoric доисторический presence наличие, присутствие scheme схема, проект, план throughout the world во всем мире
convenience удобство durability долговечность general общий, обычный influence влиять, влияние interrelate взаимосвязывать note отмечать, замечать possess иметь, обладать pozzuolana пуццолана steep крутой, отвесный strong прочный, сильный timber лесоматериал			be due to быть вызванным, быть обусловленным characteristic характерная черта, особенность come into being возникать, появляться entirely всецело, полностью, совершенно feature характерная черта, особенность framework рама, каркас, рамная конструкция neglect пренебрегать, не обращать внимание obtainable доступный, достижимый scarcity ['skεəsiti] нехватка, недостаток shell construction оболочечная конструкция until до, до тех пор, (до тех пор) пока (не)
melt плавиться, таять mix смесь, смешивать		result in кончаться, приводить к, иметь результатом span пролет, расстояние между опорами, перекрывать

A. 3. Translate the following groups of derivatives:

large – largely, entire – entirely, near – nearly, recent – recently, brief – briefly, accurate – accurately, easy – easily, strong – strength, long – length, absent – absence, present – presence, appear – appearance, obtain – obtainable, attentive – attention, possess – possession, paint – painting, dwell – dwelling, human – humanity, active – activity, difficult – difficulty, durable – durability, protect – protection, decorate – decoration, destroy – destruction, produce – production, introduce – introduction, use – user

A. 4. Translate the following groups of words:

world's great architecture, brick beam, reinforced concrete beam, building area, control area, parking area, arch span, bridge span, wood frames, a door frame, pipe installation, cement floors, water pipes, stone structures, engineering structures, steel structures, wood structures, brick structures, to give much attention to education, entirely undeveloped, throughout the country, for structural purposes, for two hours, to result in a discovery, abundance of goods, the appearance of new materials

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to - able, - ible

1. This process is uncontrollable. 2. The results are easily obtainable. 3. Not all water is drinkable. 4. This difficulty is understandable. 5. Don't make anything of breakable material. 6. Such an experiment is unrealizable. 7. These values are incomparable. 8. These substances are unseparable. 9. This problem is insoluble. 10. These results are obtainable by experiments.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. Building engineers study geology because they must know the local ground, its composition and structure. 2. The accident occured because of high speed of the car. 3. Because of frequent breakdowns of the computer the task wasn't carried out in time. 4. He achieved these results due to his hard work. 5. The access to the mountain was difficult due to the great amount of snow. 6. The colour of water is due to the presence of different materials. 7. The resistance of metal to deformation is due to the forces acting between the atoms. 8. The energy due to friction is unlimited.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. Since there is so much water, some people think that it is of little value or interest. 2. We still use alcohol in modern thermometers, since its expansion is greater than the expansion of mercury. 3. The phenomena of nature are of great importance since weather is one of the chief elements in man's life. 4. Since ancient times people studied nature and natural phenomena. 5. Peter wants to become an engineer for he likes technology. 6. Magnesium is a very light metal for which we find more and more uses. 7. Mendeleyev's system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements. 8. The student couldn't translate the sentence for he didn't know the meaning of some words. 9. Alloys of copper are of great value for engineering.

C. 1. Read the text FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS and find answers to the following questions:

1. What materials is the history of architecture embraced in?

2. Does the climate of a country influence the style of its architecture?

Architecture is the art and science of building. Nearly 2000 years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius listed 3 basic factors in architecture - convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors are always present and interrelated in the best structures.

In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees. The people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves. When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches. From these beginnings was developed the column and beam method of construction. For many centuries the column and beam was the only generally employed method of stone construction.

Most of the world's great architecture¹ is in stone, because until recently this was the material used in practically all the buildings. But to say that the history of architecture is embraced entirely in stone structures is not accurate, for this neglects² the remarkable work of the Romans in concrete and many structures of wood and brick throughout the world. It is of interest to note briefly the influence of materials upon the schools of architecture. Where clay abounded, as in Egypt, sun-dried bricks were easily and cheaply made. Stone was also obtainable, and because of its durability it became the material of the temples and palaces. Simple dwellings were built of brick.

In Mesopotamia the presence of excellent clay and the scarcity of stone and timber led in the very early days to the introduction of brick construction and in the absence of stone and wood to span their areas, the arch and dome came into being.³ Greece possessed perfect marble for columns and beams, and the arch and dome received little attention. A fortunate combination of lime, limestone, clay and pozzuolana gave Rome stone and cement, and the great part of structures is largely due to the union of stone, brick, strong mortar and concrete. During the Roman Empire round arches, vaults and domes were perfected in stone, brick and concrete; this development being made possible by the abundance in Italy of good limestone and pozzuolana, a volcanic material which when mixed with lime produced an excellent cement. The pointed arch was an inherent feature of the Gothic style. In Nothern Europe, Switzerland and Russia, where forests abounded and other materials were difficult to obtain, wooden architecture was characteristic for buildings of all types.

The climate of a country is one of the factors that influence the style of its architecture. It can be best illustrated by British residential buildings. The weather in England is often cloudy and there are few sunny days in the winter season. Therefore, as a rule, the windows in an English house are of a large size to catch as much light and sunshine as possible. Since there is much rain in England, typical British houses have high steep roofs where rain water and melting snow can easily flow down. Most of the houses have a fireplace which forms the most characteristic feature of an English home and is seldom seen in other European countries.

In our time the use of steel and reinforced concrete introduced new possibilities into construction. Great changes in building methods together with numerous mechanical inventions and the appearance of new materials such as concrete resulted in great buildings being erected during the following centuries. The structural scheme today is one of skeleton framework.

1. великая архитектура мира 2. пренебрегать (не принимать во внимание)

3. появились арка и купол

D. Speak on the usage of building materials in different countries using the text, Table and the following: as far as I know, I think, it should be noted, besides

Country	Material	Usage
Russia	wood	wooden houses
Egypt	clay, brick, stone	brick buildings, temples, palaces
Mesopotamia	brick	brick buildings, arches, domes
Greece	marble	columns, beams
Rome	lime, limestone, clay, pozzuolana, stone	concrete structures, brick buildings

A. 5. Translate the sentences

1. Great attention is given to this discovery. 2. Entirely new machinery was installed at the factory. 3. What information did you receive? 4. Clock in railway stations should be accurate. 5. It is to be noted that the strength of concrete is of great importance. 6. The Thames is spanned by many bridges. 7. Wait here until I come. 8. That water boils, when sufficiently heated, is common knowledge. 9. The only ingredients of reinforced concrete are steel, cement, sand and gravel. 10. Every substance is made up of particles so small that they cannot be seen even under a good microscope. 11. We use many materials found in the earth. 12. Man has only to use his intelligence in order to create conditions under which his talents can develop. 13. Heat can be divided into three different types. 14. Plastic articles are often difficult to repair if broken. 15. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. The energy possessed by the body due to its position is called the potential energy. 2. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at atomic power stations. 3. Due to the sun people have immense supplies of energy. 4. Stone was widely used because of its durability. 5. The accident was due to his careless driving. 6. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials. 7. These two methods are not comparable. 8. Much higher strength is obtainable. 9. The advantages of this concrete is comparable to the advantages of that one.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. Since the appearance of air planes weather conditions have played a very important role in aviation. 2. Since the atomic structure became known, many chemical processes were understood. 3. Since helium is an inactive gas, it will neither burn nor explode. 4. Since an atom is electrically neutral, it must have an equal number of positive and negative charges. 5. For centuries wood was the main material used for building purposes. 6. Titanium is preferred to aluminium for it does not lose its properties at high temperature. 7. A thermometer is used for measuring temperature. 8. You can't see an individual atom, for every atom is very small. 9. Granite is an important structural material for it can withstand a pressure of 20,000 pounds per square inch. 10. Only high quality cement should be employed for reinforced concrete work.