27-02-2014_16-52-53 / МРО зфо экономист часть 2
.pdfand own all their profits. On the other hand, owners of proprietorships are personally responsible for all business debts and, because they are constrained by the limits of their personal financial resources, they may find it difficult to expand or increase their profits. For those reasons, sole proprietorships tend to be small, primarily service and retail businesses.
A partnership is an association of two or more people who operate a business as co-owners. There are different types of partners. A general partner is active in the operation of a business and is liable for all of its debts. In small businesses with only two or three owners, all typically will be general partners. A limited partner, by contrast, invests in a business but is not involved in its daily operations. Partnerships, like sole proprietorships, are relatively easy to establish. Furthermore, partners can pool financial resources to fund expansion and can divide their duties and responsibilities according to personal expertise and abilities. For example, one partner may be very good at selling, while another has a knack for maintaining good financial records. As with sole proprietorships, however, partnerships may entail substantial financial risks, as all of the general partners are liable for the debts of the business. And unlike proprietorships, disagreements among partners can harm partnership businesses.
A corporation is a legal entity that exists as distinct from the individuals who control and invest in it. As a result, a corporation can continue indefinitely through complete changes of ownership, leadership, and staffing. Current owners can sell their holdings to other individuals or, if they die, have their assets transferred to heirs. This is possible because a corporation creates shares of stock that are sold to investors. One strength of the corporate business structure is that stockholders have limited liability, as opposed to the unlimited liability of general partners, so they cannot lose more than their initial investment. Investors may also easily buy and sell stocks of public corporations through stock exchanges. By offering stock publicly, a corporation enables anyone with some money to buy the stock and become a partowner of the company. As a result, corporations can more easily raise capital for business expansion than can sole proprietorships and most partnerships.
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Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
1.How many sole traders were there in the USA at the beginning of the 21st century?
2.What are the advantages of being a sole proprietor?
3.What makes a limited partner different to a general one?
4.Which of the following forms of ownership implies limited liability of its owners?
5.Why is it easier for a corporation to raise capital than it is for other types of business?
Вариант № 10.
I.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1.We eat dinner in ……. evening
2.I bought …… shirt and ……. dress. …… dress is blue and …. shirt is
green.
3.I hope you have . . . lovely time and . . . good weather. ~ But I'm not going for . . . holiday; I'm going on . . . business.
4.He looked at me with . . . horror when I explained that I was . . . double
agent.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их
производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1.I can pay. I have ... money.
2.There wasn't ... furniture in the room. It was completely empty.
3.I am afraid there isn't … coffee left.
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4.Is there ... mail for me this morning?
5.'What's wrong?' 'There's ... in my eye.'
6.I'm sure there is … inside, just knock louder!
7.'Would you like ... to eat?' 'No, thank you. I'm not hungry.'
III. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.At last the librarian (to give) me the book which I (to wait) for during two months. I was very glad. I (to go) home and (to begin) reading it at once.
2.Don't speak to him: he (to be) very busy, he (to do) some very urgent work.
3.I did not want him to go there: I (to be) afraid that something (to happen).
4.I did not notice that my watch (to stop), and when I (to arrive) at the station, my train (to leave) and I (to have) to ask when the next train (to come).
5.He (to wait) for fifteen minutes when at last he (to see) her at the end of the platform.
6.By the end of the year he (to read) about two hundred pages.
7.We were happy when the sun (to rise), for the night (to be) very cold.
8.Where you (to put) my dictionary? I cannot find it anywhere.
9.I (not yet to fall) asleep when the telephone (to ring).
10.What you (to do) from six till nine yesterday?
IV. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме в
пассивном залоге. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1 . A new stadium (build) opposite our house last year.
2.I (wake) by the noise in the street.
3.Where the conference (hold)? — In London.
4.Yesterday a purse-snatcher (catch) by a dog.
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5.The morning paper (read) by over 200,000 people every day.
6.I don't have my car today. It's in the garage. It (repair) right now.
7.I'm sorry, but the computer job is no longer available. A new computer programmer (hire, already).
8.This problem (discuss) at the last meeting.
9.The game (win/probably) by the other team tomorrow. They're a lot better than we are.
10.The Eiffel Tower (be) in Paris, France. It (visit) by millions of people every year. It (design) by Alexander Eiffel (1832-1923). It (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition. Since that time, it (be) the most famous landmark in Paris. Today it (recognize) by people throughout the world.
V. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме в условных предложениях. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.If my brother (to be) in trouble, I will help him, of course.
2.If I don't manage to finish my report today, I (to stay) at home tomorrow.
3.If she were more careful about her diet, she (not to be) so stout.
4.You would not feel so bad if you (not to smoke) too much.
5.If he (to learn) the poem, he would not have got a bad mark.
6.If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I (to translate) this text.
7.If I (to be) a musician, I would be very happy.
8.If Barbara (to get) up at half past eight, she would have been late for school.
9.If you had not put the cup on the edge of the table, it (not to get) broken.
10.I should be very glad if he (to come) to my place.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с английского языка на русский язык, составьте к каждому вопросительное предложение:
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1.Thus, if women tend to commit more minor crimes, they will have a much better chance of avoiding detection.
2.Certain principles have never yet been contested in any court of law so that precedent for their consideration has never been laid down.
3.In 1965 Ferdinand Marcos became President and retained power thereafter through the increasing use of political corruption and coercion.
4.He dreamed that he stood in a court of law, charged with some wrongdoing and sentenced to make reparations.
5.Police said the couple had been under surveillance for about five days.
6.What took place has to be reconstructed with the principal witness for the prosecution being unavailable.
7.Defense lawyer Charles Black said he was not surprised by the verdict.
8.The security chief is involved in a court case in which some of his subordinates have been convicted of torture.
9.No government has ever made abortion a capital crime or executed either a pregnant woman or an abortionist for murder.
10.Conviction for such an offence carries a five-year prison sentence.
VII. Прочтите текст. Письменно переведите.
Types of Business
Manufacturing firms produce a wide range of products. Large manufacturers include producers of airplanes, cars, computers, and furniture. Many manufacturing firms construct only parts rather than complete, finished products. These suppliers are usually smaller manufacturing firms, which supply parts and components to larger firms. The larger firms then assemble final products for market to consumers. The advantage that large businesses have in being able to efficiently and inexpensively control any parts of a production process is known as economies of scale. But small manufacturing firms may work best for producing certain types of
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finished products. Smaller end-product firms are common in the food industry and among artisan trades such as custom cabinetry.
Merchandisers are businesses that help move goods through a channel of distribution—that is, the route goods take in reaching the consumer. Merchandisers may be involved in wholesaling or retailing, or sometimes both. A wholesaler is a merchandiser who purchases goods and then sells them to buyers, typically retailers, for the purpose of resale. A retailer is a merchandiser who sells goods to consumers. A wholesaler often purchases products in large quantities and then sells smaller quantities of each product to retailers who are unable to either buy or stock large amounts of the product, benefiting from economies of scale.
The division between retailing and wholesaling is now being blurred by new technologies that allow retailing to become an economy of scale. Telephone and computer communications allow retailers to serve far greater numbers of customers in a given span of time than is possible in face-to-face interactions between a consumer and a retail salesperson. Computer networks such as the Internet allow a nearly unlimited capacity for sales interactions known as 24/7. Computer technology also provides retailers with another economy of scale through the ability to sell goods without opening any physical stores, often referred to as electronic commerce or e-commerce.
Service enterprises include many kinds of businesses. Examples include dry cleaners, shoe repair stores, barbershops, restaurants, ski resorts, hospitals, and hotels. In many cases service enterprises are moderately small because they do not have mechanized services and limit service to only as many individuals as they can accommodate at one time. In recent years the number of service enterprises in wealthier free-market economies has grown rapidly, and spending on services now accounts for a significant percentage of all spending. Wealthier nations have developed postindustrial economies, where entertainment and recreation businesses have become more important than most raw material extraction such as the mining of mineral ores and some manufacturing industries in terms of creating jobs and stimulating economic growth.
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Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
1.What products are made by large manufacturers?
2.In what areas are smaller producers more efficient?
3.What is wholesaling?
4.Why is division between retailing and wholesaling disappearing?
5.What is meant by ‗post-industrial economy‘?
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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1
Список библиографических источников для подготовки к практическим занятиям и написанию реферата по дисциплине Иностранный язык.
Основное (обязательное) обеспечение
1. Библиографический список:
а) учебники:
1.Любимцева С.Н. Английский язык для студентов финансовоэкономических вузов. Начальный курс: Учеб./С.Н. Любимцева. – 2-е изд.,
испр. – М.: Высш. шк., 2008. – 296 с.
2.Английский язык: экономика и финансы (Environment): [Электронный ресурс ]Учебник / Г.А. Дубинина, И.Ф. Драчинская и др.; Финансовая Академия при Правительстве РФ. - М.: Альфа-М: ИНФРА-М,
2011. - 208 с. Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
3.Английский язык: экономика и финансы (Majors): [Электронный ресурс ]Учебник / Г.А. Дубинина, И.Ф. Драчинская, Н.Г. Кондрахина; Финансовый университет при Правительстве РФ. - М.: Альфа-М: ИНФРА-М,
2011. - 176 с Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
б) учебные пособия:
1.Грамматический справочник по английскому языку с упражнениями: [Электронный ресурс ] Учебное пособие / О.В. Полякова. - М.: Флинта:
Наука, 2011. - 160 с. Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
2.English for Business Communication. [Электронный ресурс
]Английский язык для делового общения: Учебное пособие / Т.А. Яшина, Д.Н. Жаткин - М.: Флинта: МПСИ, 2009. Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
3.Reader on Sociology: [Электронный ресурс ]Английский язык для социологов: Учебное пособие / С.В. Ляляев, И.А. Скрипунова. - М.: Флинта:
Наука, 2011. - 128 с. Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
4.Revision Tables Student's Grammar Guide. [Электронный ресурс ]
Грамматика английского языка в таблицах: Учебное пособие / М.Г. Кожаева, О.С. Кожаева. - М.: Флинта: Наука, 2010. - 120 с. Режим доступа: http://www.znanium.com/
5.Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. – 5-е изд., –
СПб.: КАРО, 2007.
2.Дополнительное обеспечение
2.1.Библиографический список:
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а) учебные пособия:
1.Воевода, Е. В. Курс английского языка Раздел 1, ч. 1 (для студентов I курса экон. вузов) / Воевода Е. В., Тимченко М. В. ; Моск. гос. ин-т
между нар. отношений (ун-т) МИД России, Каф. англ. яз. №2 М. Изд-во МГИМО (Ун-т) МИД России 2003 214 с.
2.Почкаева, Е. И. Учебное пособие по развитию умений и навыков чтения : для студентов 3-го курса факультета политологии. Тема: "Противоречия глобализации" (английский язык) / Е. И. Почкаева, К. В. Цыбульская ; Моск. гос. ин-т междунар. отношений (ун-т) МИД России, Каф. англ. яз. №7 .- М. : МГИМО-Ун-т МИД России, 2005
3.Тарновская, Марина Леонидовна Verbals & Conditionals сб. грамматических упражнений / М. Л. Тарновская, О. М. Кочкина ; Моск. гос. ин-т междунар. отношений (ун-т) МИД России М. Изд-во МГИМО-Ун-т МИД России 2004 156 с. ил.
4.Яшина, С. Л. Английский для экономистов : пособие по англ. яз. для экон. факультетов вузов / С. Л. Яшина, Е. А. Закоморная .- 3-е изд., испр. и доп .- М. ; Ростов н/Д : МАРТ, 2006
5.Gordina, E. A. Conducting Effective Presentations [учеб. пособие] / Gordina E. А. ; НГУЭУ Новосибирск 2005 72с.
6.Grishina,N.Y. Business Negotiations (Manual) / Grishina N.Y., Surnina
1.\/.,;НГУЭУ Новосибирск 2004 97 с.
7. Голицынский, Юрий Борисович Грамматика сб. упражнений / Ю.
Голицынский, Н. Голицынская СПб. 542 с.
3 Интернет-ресурсы:
Чтение http://www.independent.co.uk/
www.cnn.com – home of CNN Interactive, the cyber-version of CNN, the world‘s first 24hour TV news service.
www.guardian.co.uk – use the clearly defined sections to follow regularly updated stories on everything from politics to sport.
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www.the-times.co.uk – The Times Internet Edition. The Times is an alternative to The
Guardian, offering information on the day‘s events and in-depth stories. Updated daily. www.uexpress.com – United Express, a big newspaper company in the United States very
generously publish a daily paper.
http://www.britannica.com/ - encyclopedia Britannica.
www.literature.org/authors - the online literature library, a massive collection of classic stories are held on file at this top-notch website. If you fancy a Sherlock Holmes mystery, a Victorian romance or a gothic horror tale, they are all here.
http://www.englishclub.com/reading/classic-reading.htm - these are short, famous texts in English from classic sources like the Bible or Shakespeare. Some texts have word definitions and explanations to help you.
http://www.englishclub.com/reading/test.htm - reading test. This test evaluates how well you understand what you read in English.
http://www.linguapress.com/inter.htm - the articles, short stories, dialogues, based on discussions with English students, use real language in context.
Письмо
www.its-online.com – its-online is a unique Internet resource for teachers of English as a foreign or second language. At its-online you'll find a community site for your students (itsmyworld) with online projects, blogs, forums, and penpals.
http://www.englishclub.com/writing/index.htm -is for ESL learners, to help you learn the skill of writing in English. Write your ideas and thoughts on a variety of topics. Spelling rules, Peer Editing (why you need a friend to help you check your own writing - and how s/he can do it). http://www.englishclub.com/business-english/business-letters-write.htm - how to write
Business Letters in English.
Аудирование
www.real.com – Real Player, which allows you to play streamed audio and video files on the Internet, can be downloaded free.
www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/newshour/ - news channel site, with video, real audio and tips for teachers.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmeguide/ - the BBC‘s International Radio Station. It says how and when to listen.
http://www.englishclub.com/listening/index.htm – it helps you learn the skill of listening in English.
http://www.englishclub.com/esl-articles/200204.htm - instructions for successful listening. http://www.englishclub.com/listening/radio.htm - listen to television or radio news in
English on your computer. From this page you can get instant access to English language TV and radio news programmes wherever you are in the world, without a TV or radio. Perfect for listening practice.
www.broadcast.com/books/index.asp - you can listen to audiobooks. www.english4theworldteam.com - video and audio lessons. www.leeds-castles.com – movie with the sound.
www.royal.gov.uk - movie with the sound. www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/progs/listenagain.shtml - BBC radio 4: online and archive. www.linguapress.com - online radio news.
www.EnglishListening.com – features recordings of ordinary English speakers, with questions and other study aids.
www.esl.about.com/cs/listening/index/htm - English Listening Skills and Activities-
Effective Listening Practice - listening comprehension for all levels (beginners to advanced). |
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www.globalenglish.com - listening comprehension |
for |
all |
levels (from |
beginners |
to |
advanced). The GlobalEnglish Mobile Learning Network |
provides business-focused audio and |
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video podcasts that can be downloaded to a portable media player for on-the-go learning. |
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www.englishlistening.com - listening comprehension |
for |
all levels |
(beginners |
to |
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