English 2 / Вавилова Т.Д. Учебно-методическое пособиепо англ. яз

7.In petrochemical industry different units are subjected … corrosion.

8.Properly applied protective corrosion measures are sure to result … saving metals.

9.… the temperature rises, the rate … corrosion increases.

10.Corrosion is a dangerous problem … it can lead … a failure … a metallic construction.

Упр. 15. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Applying a thin aluminium film on the surface of ordinary rolled steel, we can increase its service life by 8-10 times.

2.Metal plating is one of the most widely used methods of applying protective and decorative coatings.

3.Having developed a new method of electroplating the scientists from the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology saved 0.3 rouble on every square metre of the surface.

4.Being the heaviest metal in common use, lead has good corrosion resistance – it is covered with an oxide film which protects the metal against further corrosion.

5.Titanium resists the attack of almost all acids over a very wide range of temperatures.

6.There are two very dangerous forms of corrosion – pitting (точечная, питинговая) and crevice (щелевая). Having added chromium, molibdenum and nitrogen to some stainless steels, scientists raised the steels resistance to these forms of corrosion.

7.It should be noted that there are metals which are heavily affected by certain chemicals that results, in turn, in failure of the equipment.

8.An important ecological problem, e.g. the atmosphere pollution by industrial enterprises, results in a higher rate of corrosion and, in turn, in considerable losses of metals and alloys.

9.From the earliest times man has been combating corrosion with the help of different methods – from the simpliest ones such as paints, lacquers and lubricants (смазочные средства) up to the most complex ones – such as alloying, controlling environment and electrochemical methods.

Упр. 16. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Были разработаны сплавы на основе никеля, которые устойчивы к некоторым кислотам.

2.Молибден является одним из легирующих элементов, который значительно повышает коррозионную стойкость сталей.

3.Если разрушить окисную плёнку, покрывающую металл, он начнёт разрушаться под воздействием окружающей среды.

4.Чтобы избежать проблем, связанных с гальванической коррозией, теоретически нужно строить конструкции из одного металла, что не реально.

5.Нанося защитные покрытия на поверхность металла, мы значительно повышаем срок его службы, что, в свою очередь, приводит к экономии металла.

6.Металлы можно защищать от коррозии при помощи как металлических, так и неметаллических покрытий.

7.Сообщают, что потери металлов от коррозии велики.

8.Каждая страна должна уделять большое внимание защитным мерам от коррозии, так как это приводит к экономии национальных богатств страны.

9.Загрязнение окружающей среды вызывает более быстрое разрушение металлических конструкций.

10.Обширная технологическая программа по борьбе с коррозией должна быть разработана в каждой стране.

Упр. 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения слова “one”.

1.One must remember … – нужно (следует) помнить …

2.One can take into account, that … – можно принять во внимание, что …

3.Scientists pay special attention to the methods of combating corrosion, the ones which help save metals and man’s labour. – Учёные уделяют особое внимание методам борьбы с коррозией, методам, которые помогают экономить металлы и человеческий труд.

4.One alloying element can substantially change the properties of any alloy. – Один легирующий элемент может значительно изменить свойства любого сплава.

1.Engineers must provide protective measures for all metallic constructions, the ones which are most effective under given conditions.

2.One magnesium anode is capable of protecting approximately 100 ft (30 m) of a bare (без покрытия) pipeline, while it can provide protection for approximately 5 miles (8 km) of a coated one.

3.One must protect aluminium articles against mechanical damages as aluminium may corrode because of defects in its protective oxide film.

4.Pitting corrosion is the one which destroys the metal through its thickness.

5.One must use nickel-base alloys such as Inconel and Monel only in very severe services because of their high cost compared to stainless steels.

6.The particles of iron are strong magnets; those of nickel and cobalt are weaker ones.

7.Friction is оnе of the means of changing mechanical energy into heat one.

8.As one might expect the first metals that were used by primitive man were those that are found free in nature in large quantities.

9.To one unknown to a theory of any science it is difficult to use it in practice.

10.One of the most important tasks of a mechanical engineer is to establish the allowable stress

– the one under which failure will not occur.

11.In designing equipment one's task is to take into account all possible stresses that may develop during the operation.

Упр. 18. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “Corrosion of Metals and Alloys”.

1.What can corrosion be compared to? Why?

2.Why isn’t rust the least dangerous corrosion form now?

3.What is corrosion?

4.What factors does corrosion rate depend on?

5.What types of corrosion protection methods does the anti-corrosion programme include?

Упр. 19. Прочитайте текст “Duplex Stainless Steel Holds up Liberty’s Torch”.

Выполните следующие за ним упр. 20,21,22.

DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL HOLDS UP LIBERTY’S TORCH

hold up v = support v – поддерживать torch [tLtS] n – факел, горелка

vital ['vaItql] a – важный, насущный harbour ['hRbq] a – гавань framework n – каркас

skin n – зд. оболочка

rectify v – исправлять, выпрямлять bar [bR] n – балка, брусок, стержень

Ferralium alloy 255, a super stainless steel developed in Britain played a vital role in the structural restoration on the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbour. After 98 years, the wrought iron framework which supports the statue’s skin is severely corroded. The restoration works lasted two years and had been finished by its 100-th anniversary in 1986. Ferralium alloy 255 bars replaced corroded iron ones in the secondary support structure. Ferralium alloy was also used to rectify a structural weakness introduced when the statue's framework was assembled in l886. The right arm holding the torch was mounted two feet away from the position shown on the designer's drawing. This weakened the skeleton of the arm which was strengthened by replacing Ferralium alloy members for wrought-iron bars in the shoulder and arm.

The restoration project cost 40 mln. dollars.

Упр. 20. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

восстановительные работы; вспомогательная опорная конструкция; монтировать, устанавливать; чертёж конструктора; ослабить каркас; упрочить каркас.

Упр. 21. Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста (упр. 19 стр. 62), используя предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

I can’t agree with you; you are wrong; on the contrary; in my opinion; on the one hand; on the other hand; according to the text.

1.Super stainless steel framework supporting the skin of the Statue of Liberty is severly corroded.

2.The restoration works lasted a year.

3.The structural weakness of the framework was rectified in 1886.

4.The Statue of Liberty holds the torch in the left arm.

5.The restoration works had been finished by the 100-th anniversary of the Statue of Liberty.

6.The restoration project was a cheap one.

Упр. 22. Выполните следующее задание.

6.Определите основную идею текста.

7.Разделите текст на смысловые части.

8.Определите основную мысль каждой части.

9.Напишите заключительную часть текста.

10.Составьте аннотацию текста.

Упр. 23. Переведите текст “Galvanizing” на русский язык, пользуясь словарём. Выполните следующие за текстом задания.

GALVANIZING

with this in mind – имея это в виду

In 1740 a French chemist named Melouin discovered that zinc could protect steel from the effects of rust. But it was to be almost 100 years before the practical problems of coating steel with zinc could be solved. In 1837 Sorel, a French engineer, secured a patent for Hot Dip Galvanizing. It is essentially upon this method that today's techniques have been developed.

Zinc's unique ability to inhibit the rusting of steel depends on a natural phenomenon – the electrical reaction between dissimilar metals, first noted by an Italian scientist named Luigi Galvani over two hundred years ago. With this in mind, Sorel called his process “Galvanization”.

Over the years, hot dip galvanizing has proved to be a very effective and economical means of protecting iron and steel against corrosion.

The process itself is simple and economical. Steel is first pickled in hydrochloric acid to produce a clean and rust free surface, though if the steel is badly contaminated it mау be shotblast first. The steel is then fluxed prior to, or during dipping in a bath of the molten metal at 450°C.

The zinc coating is metallurgically bonded to the steel. Exceptionally tough, resistant to impact and abrasion damage, it will withstand all types of handling or freighting.

Commonly galvanized steel has an effective lifetime of 15 to 20 years in aggressive industrial environments, 25 years plus in the more friendly rural atmosphere.

(“Anti-Corrosion”).

Задание 1.

1.Определите основную идею текста.

2.Разделите текст на смысловые части.

3.Определите основную мысль каждой части.

4.Напишите заключительную часть текста.

5.Составьте аннотацию текста.

Задание 2. Прокомментируйте следующие тезисы, используя выражения из задания 2 стр. 22 (урок 2).

1.For the first time steel was protected with zinc in 1740.

2.The electrical current between zinc and steel destroys zinc coating in 15-45 years and protects steel.

3.Before galvanizing steel surfaces are carefully cleaned.

УРОК 7

Тема. Коррозия оборудования при добыче нефти и газа. Грамматика. Независимый причастный оборот (повторение).

Существительные с предлогами в функции определения.

Упр. 1. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова:

to minimise, arctic, to accelerate, to elevate, cycle, cyclic, preventive, sulfide, waterline.

Упр. 2. Переведите группы однокоренных слов, обратите внимание на способы словообразования:

to refine – refinery; possible – possibility;

to corrode – corrosive – corrosion; acid – acidic – acidity;

present – presence;

to compress – compressive – compression – compressоr; to accelerate – acceleration – accelerator;

to prevent – prevention – preventive; to resist – resistant – resistance;

to protect – protective – protection; complex – complexity; simple – simplicity; to occur – occurrence;

to destroy – destructive – non-destructive – destruction.

Упр. 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

oil and gas production, petroleum industry, special considerations,

a number of possibilities, corrosion considerations, proper material selection, equipment design,

deepwater offshore platforms, refinery equipment,

arctic developments, a common рrоblem,

rapid equipment failures, zinc compounds,

internal pipeline corrosion.

Упр. 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на следующие выражения:

to be of interest – представлять интерес

to be of importance (significance) – представлять значение to be of value – представлять ценность

to be of complexity – представлять сложность

1.Saving minerals, energy and fuel resources is of great importance for the national economy of every country.

2.Diamond tools are of great interest for machine-building as they guarantee high-quality machining of complex parts.

3.Geophisical equipment is of great complexity as it uses modern computer technique.

4.Protection measures against corrosion are of tremendous significance.

5.Generally speaking, protection against corrosion is of great value, as approximately one third of the metals produced world-wide is lost due to corrosion.

6.Devices to control corrosion are of great interest as they allow to prevent failures in different structures.

7.Powder metallurgy, a new branch of industry is of great value as it helps to save metal and to impart structures wearand corrosion-resistant properties.

8.Safety is of prime importance in any type of jobs.

Упр. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на определения, выраженные существительными с предлогами:

in question – о котором идёт речь under study – изучаемый

under discussion – обсуждаемый under investigation – исследуемый under construction – строящийся

under consideration – рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый of interest – представляющий интерес, интересный of importance

of significance – представляющий значение, важный, ценный of value

of use – использующийся in charge – ответственный

1.The cathodic protection method in question was introduced in the 19-th century.

2.Nowadays this method of commercial importance is widely used in petroleum industry.

3.New plastic coatings under investigation will find a wide application in corrosion protection technique.

4.Russian scientists suggested a method of wide use nowadays – a method of continuous casting.

5.Pipelines under construction are examples of great achievements in such branches of industry as metallurgy, chemistry and welding technique.

6.The parts of different mechanisms obtained by powder metallurgy possess properties of great significance.

7.Gas-lift oil production method of great interest is used for dead wells (истощённые скважины).

8.All the theories of value will be discussed at the Corrosion Prevention Simposium.

9.New welding processes under study were described in “Welding Journal”.

10.The metal properties under consideration are important for pipeline construction.

11.The welding methods under discussion are not used for specific purposes.

12.The engineer in charge will inform us about the data of the experiment.

Упр. 6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1)(With) corrosion of metals being an important problem for national economy, scientists and engineers pay special attention to it.

Так как коррозия является важной проблемой для народного хозяйства, учёные и инженеры уделяют ей особое внимание.

2)Oxygen, hydrogen, water are aggressive substances, (with) the rate of corrosion depending on their percentage in the metal environment.

Кислород, водород, вода – агрессивные вещества, причём скорость коррозии зависит от их процентного содержания в среде, окружающей металл.

1.Pipelines are the most economical kind of transport, oil, gas and coal, mineral ores, fertilizers, food products being delivered by them.

2.Carbon steel being little affected by neutral water and most organic chemicals, large water tanks and storage tanks for organic liquids are fabricated from carbon steel.

3.Solar power stations are being constructed in southern regions, соррer being an ideal material for solar panels due to its high thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance.

4.Titanium is a relative newcomer to the industrial scene, its high corrosion resistance speeding its development as a structural metal.

5.Nickel has an outstanding resistance to hot or cold alkalies, with only silver or possibly zirconium having better resistance.

6.Thin aluminium coatings have been applied to the metal supports of electric transmission lines at the Konakovo steel structure factory, the service of life of these supports being increased up to 50 years.

7.A new synthetic paint having been created by Russian chemists, steel structures in buildings and even ship hulls are protected with this paint against corrosion.

8.Carbon and 1ow alloy steels structures are often covered with metallic coatings, chromium, zinc and nickel being widely used for this purpose.

9.Zirconium coming to light in the 60's of the last century, engineers got interested in its unique corrosion resistance in strong acids and other aggressive media.

10.Aggressive substances being removed from the metal environment, the rate of corrosion slows down.

11.Cathodic protection being one of the most effective methods, such huge structures as water tanks, submarines, canal gates, marine piling, condensers, pipelines are protected with this method.

Упр. 7. Слова к тексту “Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production”.

Gasprom, Sevmorneftegas and Total.

Прочитайте текст “Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production”. Выполните следующие задания:

1.Скажите, какое нефтегазовое оборудование более всего подвержено коррозии.

2.Найдите в тексте случаи употребления независимого причастного оборота.

CORROSION IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION

Corrosion is an important and costly problem in the petroleum industry, requiring special considerations in the design of production equipment. A large number of possibilities exist to reduce or to minimize the corrosion losses. Corrosion considerations and proper material selections should be an important part of all equipment design.

Deep hot gas and oil wells, deepwater offshore platforms, refinery equipment, arctic developments are excellent examples of cases that have provided many material and corrosion problems and are expected to continue to do so. The forms of corrosion of most importance in oil and gas production are: 1) weight loss, 2) stress corrosion cracking, 3) corrosion fatigue and 4) galvanic corrosion. Methods that have been developed over the years for combating corrosion include inhibition, material selection, cathodic or anodic protection, coatings and control of the environment.

Weight-loss corrosion is the most common problem, the corrosion occuring as a result of electrochemical reactions between the metal and aggressive substances of the environment. In the case of steel in acidic environments, iron dissolves at the anode and hydrogen is formed at the cathode. Electric current flows through the electrolyte (water, for example). The presence of oxygen or free sulfur causes a significant increase in the rate of corrosion.

Stress corrosion cracking is caused by high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As a result, rapid equipment failures occur. Heat exchanger tubes, compression parts and valves are subjected to this type of corrosion. This process is accelerated at elevated temperatures.

Corrosion fatigue plays an important role in sucker-rod and drillpipe failures. Sucker-rods and drillpipes are subjected to cyclic loads and such aggressive substances as salt water, oxygen and low hydrogen ion concentration (pH) cause corrosion fatigue. A solution to this problem is found through control of the environment by removing the oxygen, raising the pH, adding corrosion inhibitors or lowering loads.

Another problem of drillpipes corrosion is the presence of H2S and CO2 or low pH of the mud. It can be prevented by using scavengers or an oil-based mud. The scavengers are generally metallic materials, such as zinc and iron compounds. They reacting with the H2S, insoluble metallic sulphides are formed which do not cause stress corrosion cracking. Another possible application includes the use of corrosion-resistant alloys for drillpipes. Galvanic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion is a problem for flow head and fittings.

To prevent corrosion of tubes for pipelines which transport aggressive oil and gas plastic coatings or cathodic protection are used. Besides, inhibitors are added into the aggressive oil and gas to minimize internal pipeline corrosion.

Offshore structures corrode rapidly unless protected, paint systems have been developed over the years that are effective for the parts of the structure above the waterline. Cathodic protection is normally relied on as the main source of protection for offshore structures below the waterline.

The study of corrosion is a branch of science of great complexity. It includes the problems which can be solved by the joint efforts of chemists, metallurgists and engineers.

Упр. 8. Образуйте слова противоположного значения, отбросив отрицательную приставку. Переведите на русский язык.

Упр. 9. Найдите в тексте слова близкие по значению следующим словам:

to lower, to raise, quick, pipe, occurrence.

Упр. 10. Найдите в тексте слова противоположного значения следующим словам:

cheap, to reduce, to exclude, high, to slow down, to add, external, above, simplicity.

Упр. 11. Обратите внимание на ударение в следующих парах глаголов и существительных. Переведите на русский язык.

Упр. 12. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

требовать особого внимания, рассмотрения; большие возможности; правильный выбор материала;

глубокие высокотемпературные газовые и нефтяные скважины; морские платформы, расположенные на большой глубине; коррозионное растрескивание под напряжением; контроль окружающей среды; самая обычная, распространённая проблема; наличие кислорода; значительное увеличение; при повышенных температурах; путём удаления кислорода; путём снижения нагрузок; выше ватерлинии.