English 2 / Вавилова Т.Д. Учебно-методическое пособиепо англ. яз
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Упр. 13. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где необходимо:
1.Scavengers are added … mud to form sulphides which do not cause corrosion.
2.Metals melt … different temperatures.
3.Methods of combating corrosion are … great significance.
4.Cathodic protection of pipelines is generally relied …
5.Most metals are subjected … corrosion.
6.Oil and gas are transported … pipelines.
7.The percentage of aggressive substances … metal environment influences … the rate of corrosion.
8.Inhibitors are added … aggressive media to slow down the rate of corrosion.
9.The problem of nuclear fusion can be solved … joint efforts … scientists and engineers … many countries.
Упр. 14. Переведите на русский язык:
1.Turbordrilling, the method introduced in 1922 by the Soviet engineer Kapelushnikov, gives a possibility to drill deep wells.
2.The proper material selection for chemical and petrochemical equipment is one of the corrosion considerations.
3.Costly production equipment should be protected against stress corrosion cracking either by inhibition or controlling the environment.
4.Flow head and valves being subjected to galvanic corrosion, the selection of dissimilar metals in contact is a significant corrosion consideration.
5.Deepwater offshore platforms operate in aggressive seawater, cathodic protection method being the most successful for underwater parts.
6.The combination of aggressive substances and cyclic loads can cause corrosion fatique, which results in sudden equipment failure.
7.In recent years the increased use of cathodic protection has reduced external corrosion of pipelines, thinner walled pipes being used.
8.To combat corrosion joint efforts of processing engineers, chemists and designers are necessary.
9.Drillpipes being the most costly part of drilling equipment, every care should be taken to insure their long life.
10.Most drillpipes failures are due to material fatigue, the latter being aggravated (ухудшать) by corrosion.
11.The protection of metals against corrosion requires special consideration because corrosion can cause considerable losses to industry both in materials and time.
Упр. 15. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Считается, что большинство металлов и сплавов до некоторой степени подвергаются коррозии.
2.Коррозийно-стойкие нержавеющие стали, разработанные фирмой “Sandvik”, могут заменить углеродистые стали и стали на основе никеля, которые использовались для изготовления оборудования нефтеперерабатывающих заводов.
3.Метод катодной защиты металлов от коррозии – дорогой процесс, но он представляет большой интерес, т.к. он значительно увеличивает срок службы оборудования.
4.Проблема защиты от коррозии требует особого рассмотрения при конструировании оборудования.
5.Ингибирование – процесс, замедляющий скорость коррозии.
6.При повышенных температурах и при высокой концентрации агрессивного вещества в металле происходит быстрое разрушение оборудования.
7.Одним из методов борьбы с коррозией является контроль за окружающей средой путём удаления агрессивных веществ, а также применение ингибиторов.
8.Добавляя присадки в буровой раствор, буровики уменьшают коррозийную активность бурового раствора.
9.В некоторых случаях применение коррозионно-стойких сплавов является хорошим методом борьбы с коррозией.
Упр. 16. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения “it”.
1.Turbordrilling was first introduced in 1922. It was developed in the USSR.
Турбобурение впервые было применено в 1922 г. Оно было разработано в СССР.
2.It is important to develop pipeline transport because it is very economical.
Важно развивать трубопроводный транспорт, т.к. он очень экономичный.
3.It is known that oxygen is the most abundant element in nature.
Известно, что кислород – самый распространённый элемент в природе.
4.Look at figure 1. It is a picture of localized corrosion on a carbon alloy bolt.
Посмотрите на рисунок 1. Это изображение местной коррозии на болте из углеродистой стали.
5.It is in industrial areas that corrosion of metals is more rapid.
Именно (как раз) в промышленных районах коррозия металлов быстрее развивается.
1.It is water that is the most common thing in our life.
2.High silicon cast iron contains 14.5 per cent silicon, 1 per cent carbon, the remainder being iron. It is probably the most universally corrosion resistant alloy that is commercially available.
3.It is necessary to distinguish between uniform and selective corrosion.
4.Tantalum is not a new material. When it became clear, that it was practically inert to attack by most acids, its application in the laboratory and in the chemical industries was developed.
5.It must be remembered that copper has an excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and it is malleable and machinable.
6.Incoloy alloy 800 contains about 20 per cent chromium, 32 per cent nickel, 46 per cent iron. It is particularly useful for high-temperature equipment in the petrochemical industry.
7.It is cathodic protection that makes it possible to use thinner-walled pipes.
8.It has recently been established that some metals cannot be in contact with each other, otherwise corrosion takes place.
9.It is to industrial technology and scientific research that electronic tools made a great contribution.
10.It was in 1868 when celluloid was discovered that the plastics industry began.
Упр. 17. Прочитайте текст “Cathodic Protection”. Выполните следующие за ним упр. 18, 19, 20.
Задание.
Скажите, на каком физическом явлении основана катодная защита металлов.
CATHODIC PROTECTION
via [vaIq] conj– через
consume v – потреблять, расходовать piling ['paIlIN] n – опора сваи
maintenance ['meIntqnqns] n – эксплуатация buried ['berId] pipeline n – подземный трубопровод
Corrosion in metals is caused by the flow of electricity from one metal to another or from one part of the surface to another one. Simply stated, electricity passes from a positive area (anode) via electrolyte media to a negative area (cathode). This phenomenon is applied in cathodic protection of metals. The purpose of cathodic protection is to reduce or eliminate corrosion by connecting a more active metal to the metal that must be protected. For example, zinc, magnesium and aluminium anodes are used to protect steel in marine and other aggressive environments. The anodes are destroyed but the base metal is protected. The anodes are replaced after they are consumed. This method has been used for a long time to protect pipelines, bridges, offshore platforms, piling, tanks of all types, particularly below water or underground.
Cathodic protection systems are not cheap but they increase the service life of installations and thus have a great economic effect. Besides, they reduce maintenance cost. For buried pipelines they guarantee the absence of corrosion. Cathodic protection systems have also permitted the use of thinner-walled pipes which results in metal saving.
Упр. 18. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:
проще говоря, аноды разрушаются, особенно под водой, срок службы установок, тонкостенные трубы, экономия металла.
Упр. 19. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What is the purpose of cathodic protection?
2.What metals are used as anodes?
3.What structures are protected with this method?
4.What are the advantages of cathodic protection?
Упр. 20. Выполните следующее задание.
1.Определите основную идею текста.
2.Разделите текст на смысловые части.
3.Определите основную мысль каждой части.
4.Напишите заключительную часть текста.
5.Составьте аннотацию текста.
Упр. 21. Переведите текст “A Check on Corrosion”, пользуясь словарём. Выполните следующие за текстом задания.
A CHECK ON CORROSION
Scientists have developed different mеthods of corrosion monitoring. Radiography is one of the most important and most versatile of all the nondestructive test methods used by industry. X-rays and gamma-rays are used for this purpose. Ultrasonic testing is another nondestructive method.
Electrical resistance principle is widely used as well. Now an American firm has come up with an instrument that continually monitors and measures corrosion as it takes place and provides a warning if the corrosion exceeds a danger point.
The Corrosometer 4 200, made by Rohrback Instruments (USA), is a microprocessorcontrolled electronic device that works on the principle that electrical resistance increases as the thickness of a metal decreases. The instrument monitors up to six electrical sensors that are attached to a metal part or the structure. As corrosion eats away at the metal, the sensors generate an electrical current that changes in strength according to the electrical resistance. This current strength is expressed in either inch or metric measurements on a display panel located in the control room.
A printing device can be attached to the unit to provide a permanent record of the corrosion. To provide a warning of a safety hazard caused bу deteriorating the metal condition, both visual and audible alarms can be present for a specific level of corrosion.
Задание 1.
1.Определите основную идею текста.
2.Разделите текст на смысловые части.
3.Определите основную мысль каждой части.
4.Напишите заключительную часть текста.
5.Составьте аннотацию текста.
Задание 2. Прокомментируйте следующие тезисы, используя выражения из задания 2 стр. 22 (урок 2).
1.Nondestructive methods are the best methods of corrosion monitoring.
2.In electrical resistance method the thickness of metals is controled.
3.The electronic device – Corrosometer 4200 – measures the thickness of metal parts subjected to corrosion.
УРОК 8
Тема. Сварка.
Грамматика. Инфинитив в функции определения (повторение). Герундий в функции обстоятельств (повторение).
Упр. 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
the leading research institution |
frameworks of industrial buildings |
welding technologies |
mixtures of different gases |
fundamental research |
the state of a metal |
the study and practical development of welding |
a concentrated source of heat |
the latest achievements |
a carbon electrode |
solid state physics |
an inert gas medium |
by putting into contact |
external pressure |
Упр. 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения:
The process to be used was developed …
Процесс, который следует (нужно) использовать, был разработан … (Процесс, который
будет использован …)
1.The most important properties to be taken into account are …
2.The methods to be used to avoid galvanic action will be discussed …
3.The metals to be chosen should possess …
4.The metals to be welded were cleaned …
5.The welding methods to be discussed here were developed …
6.The metal to be heated has the melting point …
7.The parts to be joined were heated …
8.Cathodic protection to be applied was introduced …
9.Offshore structures to be protected against corrosion are …
10.Scavengers to be added into the mud were examined …
Упр. 3. Переведите следующие предложения:
1.The material to be used for pipes manufacture is carbon steel.
2.The losses to be expected from corrosion are too great.
3.The pipeline to be constructed in several years will transport Russian oil to Bulgaria and Greece.
4.The problem of corrosion to be considered in designing metallic structures requires special attention.
5.Proper materials to be selected for the given equipment will reduce corrosion destruction.
6.Inhibitors to be added into aggressive media slow down corrosion processes.
7.Electroplating to be used will protect carbon steels against corrosion.
8.The buried pipeline to be protected with the cathodic method will have a much longer service life.
Упр. 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в функции обстоятельства с предлогами:
before – до, перед |
on (upon) – по, после, при |
by (by means of) – путём, при помощи |
instead of – вместо |
in – при, во время |
in spite of – несмотря на |
1.Before welding two pieces of metals together, they must be properly cleaned.
2.Corrosion of metals is reduced by applying metallic protective coatings or coatings of paints or lacquers.
3.In drilling deep gas wells special attention must be paid to sulphur content which causes severe corrosion of the drill-string.
4.On solving the problems of corrosion scientists will find a way of saving metals and alloys.
5.In launching spaceships and rockets scientists have learned much about the origin of the Earth.
6.In considering the chemical properties of metals the first thing that must be noted is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity.
7.Instead of manufacturing stainless steel medical instruments in some cases engineers turned their attention to manufacturing titanium instruments as titanium resistance to corrosion is much greater than that of stainless steels.
8.In spite of setting up a comprehensive anti-corrosion programme in many industrialized countries thousands of tonnes of metals and alloys are lost because of corrosion.
9.By means of applying coatings metals and alloys are provided with not only protective measures but decorative ones as well.
10.Titanium and its alloys are relatively free of failures due to possessing high resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Упр. 5. Слова к тексту “Welding” (Part I).
1.turn [tWn] (into) n
2.widespread ['waIdspred] adv
3.detach [dI'txtS] v
4.non-detachable ["nOndI'txtSqbl]
a
5.conduct [kOn'dAkt] v
6.account [q'kaunt] v (for)
7.art [Rt] n
превратиться (в)
Frost turns water into ice.
(широко) распространённый
The storm caused widespread damage.
разъединять, отделять
The bit is detached from the drill string when it is necessary to replace it.
неразъёмный
Besides welding there are other techniques of non-detachable joining – brazing and soldering.
проводить
Copper conducts electricity better than some other metals.
отвечать, нести ответственность
Since 1991 Western European oil pipeline spills on land caused by corrosion have accounted for 13% of all spill volumes.
1. искусство; 2. мастерство
1. The art of the Renaissance attracts everybody with its beauty.
8.skill [skIl] n
9.evidence ['evIdqns] n
10.craftsman ['krRftsmqn] n
11.jewellery ['GHqlrI] n
12.entirely [In'taIqlI] adv
13.advance [qd'vRns] a
14.acknowledge [qk'nOlIG] v
15.former ['fLmq] a
16.breakthrough ['breIkTrH] n
17.thorough ['TArq] a
18.cybernetics ["saIbq'netiks] n
19.weld n
20.fusion ['fjHZn] n
21.molten ['moult(q)n] a
2. Public speaking is an art.
мастерство
Many jobs today require computer skills.
доказательство, свидетельство
The scientists must produce evidence in support of their theories.
ремесленник
A craftsman is a workman possessing a great skill in treating wood, metal or stone with his hands.
ювелирные изделия, драгоценности
Pieces of jewellery – rings, necklaces – have been made by craftsmen since ancient times.
совершенно, полностью
Tsiolkovsky’s life was entirely given up to his researches.
прогресс, успех, улучшение
Science has made great advances during the last fifty years.
1.признавать 2. выражать признательность
1.The Olympic Games are acknowledged as events of international importance.
2.The authors of the article have acknowledged the famous scientist for his assistance.
бывший
My former students occupy high positions.
достижение, прорыв, скачок, победа
Plastic materials have found special uses in different branches of industry as they possess chemical inertness and high strength. One of them – urethanes – provided a complete breakthrough in the insulation area.
тщательный, внимательный
Thorough instructions were given to the workers before starting the job.
кибернетика
The scientific study of the way in which information is moved and controlled in machines, the brain and the nervous system is called cybernetics.
сварной шов
Common problems in welding zirconium are weld contamination with air and the inability to weld zirconium to other metals.
плавка, расплавление
The fusion of copper and tin gives bronze.
расплавленный
When a volcano erupts it sends smoke, fire, rock into the sky and the molten lava flows downwards.
22.do v (without)
23.civil ['sIvIl] a
24.device [dI'vaIs] n
25.employ [Imp'lOI] v
26.fusion welding n
27.filler ['fIlq] metal n
28.arc [Rk] n
29.workpiece ['wWkpJs] n
30.sound [saund] a
31.flux [flAks] n
32.exclude [Iksk'lHd] v
33.slightly ['slaItlI] adv
34.at least
35.as far back as as early as
36.from the standpoint
обходиться без …
People and animals cannot do without air.
гражданский
Civil engineering is a branch of industry connected with designing and building roads, railways, canals, docks etc.
прибор
The company makes devices to detect emissions of sulphur, carbon dioxide, phosphorus into the air.
применять
Zinc coatings are employed to protect the underlying steel against corrosion.
сварка плавлением
Fusion welding processes, among which electric arc welding is the most common, are widely used in the petrochemical industry.
присадочный металл
If filler wire is used in welding zirconium it must be cleaned as thoroughly as the weld joints.
дуга
An arc is a flash of light formed by the flow of electricity between two points.
обрабатываемое изделие
Clean workpieces will help minimize contamination problems in welding.
доброкачественный
Sound welds are obtained when all preparatory steps are carried out.
флюс
Incomplete removal of fluxes after welding with the processes using them may also cause corrosion.
исключать
Some of the data was specifically excluded from the report.
слегка
The strength of products made from urethane rubber is far above than that of conventional elastomers and only slightly below than that of structural plastics.
по крайней мере
You can at least try to take exams.
ещё в …
The plastics industry began as far back as (as early as) 1868, but only in the early 1950s it focused on the corrosion battle on a large scale.
с точки зрения
From the standpoint of modern scientists oil
|
is of organic origin. |
37. it goes without saying |
само собой разумеется |
|
It goes without saying that country life is |
|
healthier than town life. |
38. hardly can any branch of industry |
едва ли какая-нибудь отрасль |
(do) … |
промышленности… |
|
Hardly can any branch of industry avoid |
|
failures. |
39. since then |
с тех пор |
|
He left home in 1990 and has not been heard |
|
of since then. |
forge welding |
кузнечная сварка |
resistance welding |
сварка сопротивлением |
spot welding |
точечная сварка |
seam welding |
шовная сварка |
butt welding |
стыковая сварка |
GNP – Gross National Product |
валовой национальный продукт |
Прочитайте текст “Welding”(Part I). Выполните следующие задания:
1.Скажите, от чего зависит выбор метода сварки.
2.Найдите в тексте случаи употребления инфинитива в функции определения.
WELDING (PART I)
Welding has long turned into one of the most widespread techniques of non-detachable joining of metallic and nonmetallic materials. Nowadays this technology include over one hundred different processes which can be conducted in ordinary conditions here on earth, under water and up in space. Directly or indirectly welding accounts for the production of over a half of the GNP in industrialized countries.
Welding can be considered either an ancient art or a modern skill. There is a good evidence that craftsmen welded gold and brass to make jewellery at least as far back as the year 2,000 BC, and that iron was welded as early as 1,000 BC. From the industrial standpoint, welding is almost entirely a 20-th century advance.
The pioneering work by Soviet scientists in the study and practical development of welding technologies has been acknowledged throughout the world. The Institute of Electric Welding founded by Academical Ye. Paton and named after him was the leading research institution in the former USSR.
It goes without saying that a major breakthrough in metal welding technologies would have been impossible without a thorough fundamental research, without the use of the latest achievements in solid state physics, physical chemistry, plasma physics, cybernetics, nuclear physics and other basic sciences.
Generally we think of welding as a process of joining together metallic parts by putting them into contact and heating the places of contact to the state of fusion or plasticity. However, a weld can be made without heat – applying high pressure.
Welding finds a widespread application in almost all branches of industry. Hardly can any branch of industry do without welding. Frameworks of industrial and civil buildings, bridges, piling of offshore platforms, pipelines, supports of transmission lines, radio and electronic devices, medical instruments are made with the help of welding.
Welding processes may be classified according to the source of energy employed for heating metals and the state of the metal at the place being welded. The sources of energy mainly applied for welding are electricity and mixtures of different gases.
According to the state of the metal at the place being welded welding processes are classified into fusion and pressure welding processes.
In fusion welding the welding area is heated by a concentrated source of heat to a molten state and a filler metal must be added to the weld. The most widely used fusion welding process is electric arc welding. The inventor of this method was a Russian scientist Nikolai Benardos, who in 1886 used electricity from batteries to provide current for an arc between a carbon electrode and a workpiece. Later carbon electrodes were replaced with metal ones. Different electric arc processes have been developed since then. To provide a sound weld the metals to be welded are sometimes placed in an inert gas medium (argon, for example) or are welded under a layer of flux which excludes oxygen in the welding zone and improves the quality of the weld.
In pressure welding processes the metal parts to be welded are heated to a plastic or slightly fused state, after that external pressure is applied. The oldest pressure welding process is forge welding. Now a very popular process is resistance welding which includes spot welding, seam welding and butt welding.
Упр. 6. При помощи суффикса - ly образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных. Переведите на русский язык:
direct, indirect, main, general, rapid, severe, strong, slight, possible, complete, common, thorough.
Упр. 7. Переведите группы однокоренных слов, обратите внимание на способы словообразования:
industry – industrial – industrialized,
to detach – detachable – non-detachable, evident – evidence,
to acknowledge – acknowledgement, to lead – leader – leading,
to achieve – achievement, apply – application, transmit – transmission, to mix – mixer – mixture, to fuse – fusion,
to melt – molten,
to invent – invention – inventor, plastic – plasticity.
Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте слова и словосочетания близкие по значению выделенным словам и словосочетаниям:
more than one hundred different processes; in common conditions;
completely;
all over the world; careful research;
the process of connecting together …; by bringing them into contact; electronic instruments;
to apply;
the welding zone; from the point of view.