English 2 / Вавилова Т.Д. Учебно-методическое пособиепо англ. яз

Задание 1.

а) Выпишите из текста прилагательные и образуйте их сравнительную и превосходную степени.

б) Найдите в тексте пример усиления сравнительной степени прилагательных, которое переводится “гораздо, значительно (лучше…)”.

в) Напишите сравнительные степени прилагательных с усилением и переведите их.

Задание 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “An Alloy that Does Not Sink”.

1.What properties does the new alloy possess?

2.In what medium is the production of the new alloy performed?

3.Name the branches of industry where the new alloy can be used.

Задание 3.

1.Какова цель данного текста: а) развлечь читателя (entertain);

б) проинформировать читателя (inform); в) убедить читателя в чём-либо (persuade).

2.Закончите предложение, с которого можно начать аннотацию текста: The purpose of this text is to…

3.Определите основную мысль 2 абзаца:

а) перечисление физических и механических свойств магния; б) сравнение свойств магния и алюминия; в) классификация металлов по механическим свойствам.

4.Определите основную мысль 3 абзаца:

а) в земной коре лития больше, чем цинка и олова; б) добыча лития на Западе увеличилась в несколько раз;

в) новые и необычные достижения в металлургии, химии и энергетике связаны с литием.

5.Определите основную мысль 4 абзаца:

а) сложность получения магниевого-литиевого сплава; б) описание технологического процесса получения магниевого-литиевого сплава;

в) получение магниевого-литиевого сплава в безвоздушной среде.

6.Выберите предложение, соответствующее основной мысли 5 абзаца:

а) lightweight metals will find a wide application in all branches of industry; б) the new alloy will be widely used in engineering;

в) lightweight metals are required to produce a great variety of products.

7.Напишите аннотацию текста, используя свои ответы на задания пунктов 1-6.

Упр. 15. Прочитайте следующие сообщения, озаглавьте их. Выполните следующие за сообщениями задания.

viscosity [vIs'kOsItI] n – вязкость in short supply – дефицитный

I. A new grade of stainless steels has been developed in Russia. Manganese which adds to the viscosity and resistance of materials is used in it instead of nickel.

It is 50-65 per cent cheaper than the chromium-nickel steel which is in short supply. The new steel is easy to weld and forge and can be used at low temperatures, for example, in the

conditions of the Far North, and also in superconductors. Scientists believe that the steel strength depends mainly on the nickel content.

_____________

solution [sq'lHS(q)n] n – 1. решение (проблемы); 2. раствор black tin n – черная жесть

melt n – расплав

gradually ['grxdjuqlI] adv – постепенно

II. An installation for purification of metals has been designed at the Kazakh Academy of Sciences. This is very important for electronics, power engineering and other branches of science and technology. The installation produces up to a ton of purified metals daily. The new technology has been patented in the USA, Germany and other countries.

The novelty is based on a method of evaporation of salts from solutions. At a very high temperature which is produced in the furnace black tin, for example, turns into a melt from which lead, bismuth, antimony (сурьма) and arsenic (мышьяк) gradually evaporate.

Задание 1. Определите основную мысль сообщений I и II.

Задание 2. Прокомментируйте тезисы, используя следующие выражения.

The statement is right (wrong, partly right); on the one hand, on the other hand;

to my mind; in my opinion;

according to the text; strictly speaking;

as is known;

it goes without saying; on the whole;

the point is that…;

it should be taken into consideration, that … as far as I know…

I.

1.Manganese imparts strength to stainless steels.

2.The manganese stainless steel is in short supply as well as the chromium-nickel steel.

II.

1.The process of metals purification is based on the fact that all metals have different melting points.

2.Purified metals are excellent materials for the electronics, the space industry, the power engineering, the atomic industry and for researches.

УРОК 3

Тема. Основные технологические процессы.

Грамматика. 1. Функции инфинитива – подлежащее и обстоятельство цели (повторение). 2. Конструкция «Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом» (повторение).

Упр. 1. Вспомните значения следующих словосочетаний и подберите к ним соответствующий перевод из правого столбца.

Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на конструкцию «Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом».

1)Metallurgy is considered to be one of the oldest occupations of people.

Считают, что металлургия является одним из самых старых занятий людей.

2)The behaviour of materials under loads proves to depend on many factors.

Оказывается, что поведение материалов под нагрузкой зависит от многих факторов.

3)The data of the experiment are likely to be processed by specialists.

Вероятно, что данные эксперимента будут обработаны специалистами.

1.Iron is known to be extracted from iron ore.

2.Donbas and Kusbas are believed to be the oldest coal basins of the Ukraine and Russia.

3.Any processing engineer is expected to be acquainted with the basic fabricating processes.

4.Electronic devices and turbine parts are known to be produced by different fabricating processes.

5.Casting is believed to have been used for centuries for producing a wide variety of articles.

6.Radio engineering is found to be of great importance for many branches of modern science.

7.Much information is likely to come through space.

8.Laser is sure to find a wider application in different branches of industry.

9.Our life seems to be quite impossible without metals and alloys.

10."Taimyr", the atomic ice-breaker designed for northern rivers in Russia, was reported to have been launched in Finland.

11.Rotor lines are known to have found a wide application in industry.

12.Russia is known to trade with 145 countries, 110 of which buy Russian machines and equipment for various industries.

Прочитайте текст “Basic Engineering Processes”. Выполните следующие задания:

1.Скажите, какие технологические процессы используются для обработки металлов.

2.Найдите в тексте конструкции «Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом»

BASIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

The processing of metals is considered to be the most important part of fabricating a wide range of products, such as the tiniest parts used in electronics, electirtcal and radio engineering, watch-making, all kinds of measuring devices, etc., on the one hand, and gigantic parts for

turbines, engines, machine-tools and even whole sections of machines to produce machinery, on the other hand.

Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques: casting, forming, machining, joining and heat treatment.

Casting may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from the liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds. Some castings are used as they come from the mould, others require machining and finishing operations.

Forming, contrary to casting, is shaping metals in the solid state, which is possible due to the peculiar property most metals possess, called “ductility”. Forming includes rolling, forging, stamping and pressing.

Machining is removing the excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to obtain a desired shape. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine-tools are employed. The most important machine-tools include the milling, boring and grinding machines and the lathe, which is one of the most widely used production machines.

Joining includes welding, soldering, brazing and riverting which are used for attaching one surface to another.

Heat treatment is used to improve the properties of metals by controlled temperature changes. It is possible to impart the metal high mechanical properties required for the operation of modern machinery and tools. There are four major groups of heat treatment, namely: hardening, annealing, tempering and normalizing.

The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be necessary for a processing engineer, in order to choose the most suitable and economical technique.

Упр. 4. При помощи суффиксов - tion, -ment, -ty образуйте существительные от следующих слов. Переведите их на русский язык.

transform, treat, peculiar, ductile, operate, equip, develop, measure, improve, remove, produce, fabricate, employ.

Упр. 5. Переведите однокоренные слова на русский язык и определите части речи:

ductile - ductility, engineer - engineering,

to measure - measurement, solid - solidify - solidification, to vary - various - variety,

to attach - attachment, to name - namely,

to know - knowledge, brief - briefly, briefing,

electron - electronic - electronics, to machine - machining – machinery

Упр. б. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст “Basic Engineering Processes”.

1.Metal processing is considered ...

2.Casting is designed for ...

3.Forming is designed for ...

4.Machining is known as …

5.Joining includes ...

6.Heat treatment is used ....

7.The processing engineer is believed to know ...

Упр. 7. Переведите на русский язык:

1.In casting the liquid metal flows into specially designed moulds where it is cooled.

2.In forming, contrary to casting, the solid metal is shaped due to the peculiar property, called "ductility".

3.Some casting processes are expected to produce castings which will require no machining operations.

4.The choice of the most economical manufacturing process is considered to be of great importance.

5.Rolling seems to be the most economical process for producing a large variety of simple shapes.

6.Joining operations are necessary when one surface is to be attached to another.

7.Heat treatment is considered to be the fabricating process of improving the properties of metals by controlled temperature changes.

8.The processing engineer has to deal with various fabricating processes.

9.Metal processing is believed to play an important part in fabricating a wide range of products.

10.The excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts is said to be removed by means of different machine-tools such as lathes, grinding, milling and boring machine-tools.

11.A new powerful rolling mill (прокатный стан) is reported to have been tested at the Serp and Molot workshops.

Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1.обработка металлов

2.необходимая часть

3.крошечные детали

4.измерительные приборы

5.огромные детали

6.станки

7.основные методы

8.кратко описать

9.требовать механической обработки

10.предназначать(ся) для ...

11.в отличие от ...

12.благодаря

13.особые свойства

14.удалить, снять лишний металл

15.для того, чтобы ...

16.желаемые результаты

17.контролируемые изменения температуры

18.современные механизмы

19.а именно

20.подходящие методы обработки металлов

Упр. 9. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на функции инфинитива.

1.(In order) to export goods to highly developed countries, their quality must be sufficiently increased. (обстоятельство цели)

Для того, чтобы экспортировать товары в высокоразвитые страны, их качество должно быть значительно улучшено.

2.Metals must be melted to a liquid state to be cast. (обстоятельство цели)

Нужно расплавить металлы до жидкого состояния, чтобы их можно было отливать.

3.Tо machine metal parts means to remove the excess metal from cast, rolled or forged

parts. (подлежащее)

Подвергнуть металлические детали механической обработке означает удалить лишний металл с отлитых, прокатанных или выкованных деталей.

1.Тo produce numerically controlled machine-tools ( станки с ЧПУ ) is a very difficult task.

2.Engineers improve the existing equipment to raise labour productivity and to increase the quality of products.

3.To demonstrate the achievements of countries in different branches of industry international exhibitions are often held.

4.To increase the service life of machine parts processing engineers must know the properties of materials these parts are made of and the fabricating processes аs well.

5.To reconstruct the ruined economy of the USSR after the Great Patriotic war became possible due to great efforts of our people.

6.To create Kuzbas, a coal-metallurgical area of nationwide importance, people of 27 nationalities came to Siberia, including a thousand people from the USA, Italy, Germany, Finland, Poland.

7.To construct atomic power stations in the regions where there are no energy sources is necessary.

8.A new 3,000 mm rolling mill at the Azov steel plant is designed to produce 2.5 million tonnes of frost-resistant heat tempered sheet steel for large-diameter pipes, annually.

9.To build the Baikal-Amur Railway was important for the development of industry in Siberia and the Far East.

10.In the 1970’s the Soviet Union delivered modern metallurgical equipment to India to help the country to modernize its ferrous metallurgy.

Упр. 10. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1.Известно, что СССР был крупным экспортером черных и цветных металлов, а также металлургического оборудования.

2.Электрошлаковая плавка (electroslag smelting), как считают, является самым экономичным металлургическим процессом, т.к. она не требует дальнейшей механической обработки деталей.

3.Чтобы получить новый сорт (grade) стали, учёные должны проделать много опытов, применяя различные легирующие элементы,

4.Сообщили, что Япония построила 2 металлургические установки, разработанные в России.

5.Разнообразные изделия из металлов, как известно, изготавливаются на предприятиях чёрной и цветной металлургии.

6.Было сообщено, что запасов угля в Кузбассе хватит на 5-6 веков.

7.Установлено, что сварка, как технологический процесс соединения металлических деталей, используется чаще, чем пайка и клёпка.

8.Говорят, что учёные Института металлургии им. Байкова разработали новый сорт высоко-легированной стали.

9.Доказано, что литьё является одним из самых распространённых технологических процессов.

10.Для улучшения механических свойств металлов применяют термообработку.

Упр. 11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “Basic Engineering Processes”.

1.In what way is the desired shape from cast, rolled and forged parts obtained?

2.What technique is used to shape metals in the liquid form?

3.What technique is used to shape metals in the solid form?

4.What is the term “machining” applied to?

5.What kinds of machine-tools are generally employed?

6.What technique is used to impart metals and alloys desired properties?

7.What are high mechanical properties of metals required for?

8.What do we call a specialist who studies the properties of engineering materials and the existing fabricating processes?

Упр.12. Прочитайте следующие вопросы и найдите ответы на них в тексте

“Beryllium”.

1.What kind of metals are necessary for aircrafts and balloons flights?

2.Why is beryllium considered to be one of the basic aircraft materials today?

3.What parts of the Friendship 7 spacecraft were made from beryllium?

4.Why can beryllium be used in highly efficient propellants for flights to the Moon and other celestial bodies?

BERYLLIUM

emerald ['emqrqld] n – изумруд precious ['preSes] a – драгоценный

mastery ['mRstqrI] of the air – господство в воздухе nose cone [koun] n – головная часть космического корабля precision [prI'sIZqn] n – точность

install [Ins'tLl] v – устанавливать, монтировать propellant [prq'pelqnt] n – ракетное топливо celestial [sI'lestjql] a – небесный

Beryllium as a metal was not known in the past. But its minerals such as emerald, aquamarine, alexandrite were well-known as precious stones. Now beryllium is one of the most remarkable elements of tremendous theoretical and practical importance.

Mastery of the air and flights of aircraft and balloons are impossible without light metals. Scientists forecast that beryllium would help aluminium and magnesium, the current aircraft metals. The future belongs to beryllium!

A study of pure beryllium has demonstrated that it possesses many valuable properties. The atomic weight of beryllium is 9.1.

Being one of the lightest metals, beryllium at the same time is remarkably strong, stronger than structural steels. Moreover, it has a much higher melting point than magnesium and aluminium. This fortunate combination of properties makes beryllium one of the basic aircraft materials today. Aircraft parts made of beryllium are one and a half times lighter than those made of aluminium.

Excellent thermal conductivity, high heat capacity, and heat resistance make it possible to use beryllium and its compounds in space engineering as a heat-protective material. According to American press reports, the nose cone and floor of the cabin of the Freindship-7 spacecraft, on which John Glenn made his orbital flight in 1998 were manufactured from beryllium.

Parts made from beryllium are capable of maintaining high precision and stability of dimensions and are used in gyroscopes, instruments of the orientation and stabilization systems installed on rockets, spacecrafts and artificial earth satellites.

There is yet another property of beryllium which makes it promising in space engineering: while burning it releases colossal amounts of heat – 15 000 kcal per kilogram. Thus, it may well be used in highly efficient propellants for flights to the Moon and other celestial bodies.

Упр. 13. Переведите следующий текст, пользуясь словарём. Озаглавьте его. Выполните следующие за текстом задания.

1. Beryllium alloys are important engineering materials as they possess excellent properties.

Alloys of beryllium with copper – beryllium bronzes – are widely used in aviation for the manufacture of many elements requiring high strength, good resistance to fatigue and corrosion, retention of elasticity in a wide temperature range and high electrical and thermal conductivities. It has been calculated that in a modern heavy aeroplane more than1,000 parts are made of these alloys. Thanks to its elastic properties, beryllium bronze serves as an excellent spring material. Springs made from it are practically unaffected by fatigue and are capable of withstanding up to 20,000, 000 load cycles. Unlike steel, beryllium bronze does not spark when hit on stone or metal.

2.The addition of even a small quantity of beryllium to steel makes it fatigue resistant. While automobile springs made from ordinary carbon steel break after 800-850 000 impacts, springs with beryllium additions can withstand 14 million impacts without a sign of fatigue.

Beryllium strongly affects the properties of magnesium. The addition of only 0.01 per cent of beryllium prevents magnesium alloys from igniting during casting (i.e. at a temperature of about 700° C). It also dramatically reduces the corrosive properties of alloys both in the air and in water.

The union of beryllium and lithium will result in the creation of alloys that will not sink in water.

Metallurgists have found yet another important use for beryllium. Saturation of the surface of steel parts with this metal (beryllization) substantially increases their hardness, strength and wear resistance.

3.Beryllium has played a remarkable role in the development of the atomic structure theory. While bombarding beryllium with alpha-particles, the German physicists V. Bothe and G. Becker discovered the so-called “beryllium radiation”, which was very weak but possessed a very good penetrating ability: it went through a layer of lead several centimeters thick. In 1932 the British scientist Sir James Chadwick established the nature of this radiation as being a flux of electrically neutral particles, each with a mass approximately that of the proton. The new particles were given the name “neutrons”.

4.Beryllium possesses a high radiation resistance, a property it retains even at very high temperatures. All these remarkable properties make beryllium an essential element in atomic engineering.

The “sound transmitting” ability of beryllium is of great interest to science. The velocity of sound is 330 metres per second in the air and 145 metres per second in water. In beryllium it is the record-breaking 12 500 metres per second.