Management
There is a statement:“ Management is getting things done through other people”. Most of achievements in any society take place because groups of people get involved in joint effort.
Almost everyone is, was, or someday will be a manager ( the person who coordinates human, physical, and financial resources of an organization. Management is a team of managers who are in charge of the organization at different levels. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform 5 basic functions:
-Planning
-Organizing
-Staffing
- Directing
-Controlling
-Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved. Managers consider alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action at all managerial levels.
-Organizing is putting the plan into action. Organizing involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the objectives can be attained; creating new positions and determining responsibilities.
-Staffing is choosing the right person for the right job.
-In Directing managers guide, teach and motivate people so that reach their potential abilities, and at the same time achieve the company goals set in the planning stage.
-At last managers Control and evaluate how well overall company objectives are being met. If there are any problems and objectives are not being met, changes need to be done in the company’s organizational or managerial structure.
Effective managers achieve the goals of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
The united kingdom of great britain and nothern ireland
The United Kingdom Of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( UK ) consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Ulster). Several islands off the British coast are also part of the United Kingdom (for example, the Isle of Wight, the Orkneys, Hebrides and Shetlands, and the Isles of Scilly).
English language developed from Anglo-Saxon and is a Germanic language. However, all the invading people, particularly the Norman French, influenced the English language and you can find many words in English which are French in origin. Nowadays all Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak English, but all the counties have their own special accent and dialects.
About 2,000 years ago the British Isles were inhabited by the Celts who originally came from continental Europe. During the next 1,000 years there were many invasions. The Romans came from Italy in AD 43 and gave Britain its name. The Angles and Saxons came from Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in the 5th century, and England gets its name from this invasion (Angle - land). The Vikings arrived from Denmark and Norway throughout the 9th century, and in 1066 the Normans invaded from France. These invasions drove the Celts into what is now Wales and Scotland, and they remained, of course, in Ireland. The English are the descendants of all the invaders, but are more Anglo-Saxon than anything else.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch ( a king or a queen ) as its Head of State. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. The Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and House of Lords. First new bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed.
London is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London was not built as a city in the same way as Paris or New York. It began life as a Roman fortification at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames. A wall was built around the town for defence, but during the long period of peace which followed the Norman Conquest, people built outside the walls. In 1665 there was a terrible plague in London, so many people left the city. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended the plague.
The gradual growth of London helps to explain the fact that the city has a number of centres, each with a distinct character: the financial and business centre called the City, the shopping centre in the West End, the industrial centre in the East End and the government centre in Westminster.
The City of London is one of the major banking centres of the world. The centre of the country’s judicial system is to be found in the western part of the City.
The West End is the area of central London. It includes Trafalgar square, the main shopping areas of Oxford Street, Regent street and Bond Street and the entertainment centres of Soho.
The East End is a part of London where people from abroad come to find job. It is an industrial and the poorest part of London.
Westminster is a part of London where most governmental buildings are situated. On the left bank of the Thames is Westminster Palace, famous as the House of Parliament. It is the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower with the hour-bell called ’Big-Ben’ is known all over the world.
Opposite the House of Parliament stands Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding painters, writers and poets are buried there. For example Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling. There are also memorials to William Shakespeare, Robert Burns and Walter Scott.
The famous people of England are: William Shakespeare, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens.
The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh .Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and its industrial centre. Glasgow is also the home of the Scottish National Orchestra, the Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet. The Scottish Highlands contain some of the most magnificent scenery in Europe. A typical sight in many Highland valleys is the white buildings of the malt whisky distillers. There are more than 100 malt whisky distilleries in the Highlands and it is not surprising that the word ‘scotch’ is used to mean whisky in the world.
The famous people of Scotland are Robert Burns, Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson.
The capital of Wales is Cardiff, a major industrial town and an important port. One of the biggest power-station in the world is being built in the heart of a Welsh mountain. It uses neither oil nor coal to produce electricity, but the water of a large mountain lake.
The capital of Ireland is Dublin and Ireland is an independent state. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast and the Northern Ireland belongs to ‘UK’. Belfast is known for such industries like linen, engineering, tobacco and the sea-trade.