MODULE 1

THE SHIP OF STATE NEVER SLOWS DOWN IN A FOG

LESSON 1. GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN

BY THE COUNTRY

IT KEEPS

PART 1. CHECKS AND BALANCES

1.Work in pairs. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions in column B and their translation in column C.

2.Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. What branches of power can you think of? What are the functions of each of the branches of power?

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3. Work in pairs. Read the text and fill in the table below.

One of the most important aspects of the United States Constitution is a special concern for the division of powers. The Constitution enumerates the powers of the federal government, gives all other powers to the states, and explains the relationships of the states among themselves and with the federal government. It establishes three branches of the federal government: legislative, which is the Congress and has the duty to make the laws; executive, which is the President (and the President’s team), whose duty is to see that the Congress laws operate in the right way; and judicial, which consists of the national court system with the United States Supreme Court at the head, whose duties are to interpret the laws and to administer justice. As the supreme law of the nation, the United States Constitution sets standards against which lawyers must judge all other laws.

POWERS

ȿɯ. 4. Make sentences using the words below. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0. powers, concern, a, constitution, of, is, of, special, division, the

Division of powers is a special concern of the constitution

1.powers, the, states, the, of, the, enumerates, constitution____________________________

2.relationships, states, government, explains, of, the, the, constitution, federal, the, with____

3.laws, duty, the, make, branch, the, legislative, has, to _____________________________

4.three, the, power, establishes, branches, of, constitution ____________________________

5.that, function, power’s, to, task, correctly, is, executive, laws, see, the _______________

6.of, Supreme, the, Court, United, head, system, is, the, national, States, the, at, court ______

7.are, laws, power, of, the, to, the, to, the, judicial, duties, interpret, ____________________

8.function, justice, is, of, States, administer, to, another, United, courts _________________

9.States, nation, law, the, is, of, the, the, supreme, Constitution, United__________________

10.judge, the, laws, against, must, the, Constitution, lawyers, all ________________________

5.Listen to the text on checks and balances in the system of the US government. Then read it and fill in the scheme below. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.

CHECKS AND BALANCES

The three main branches of powers are carefully balanced. Each branch serves as a check on the others to keep any branch from gaining too much power or from misusing its powers.

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Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress can override a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. The President may suggest legislation, but Congress can refuse to provide funds requested by the President. Only Congress can ratify treaties and declare war. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal judges; but they must be approved by the Senate. The courts have the power to determine the constitutionality of all acts of Congress and of Presidential actions, and to strike down those they find unconstitutional. The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. For example, that new Presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish.

BALLOT BOX

CONGRESS CAN make laws

PRESIDENT CAN

6.Read the text on checks and balances in Britain. Then fill in the scheme below in the same way as in exercise 5. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN

Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch as head of State. The British constitution, unlike those of most other countries, is not a single document, but a combination of laws and conventions. In law the Queen is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature and head of the judiciary. However nowadays the Queen acts on the advice of her ministers. Prime Minister, who suggests legislation, is an actual head of the executive power. Parliament, Britain's legislature, comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen in her constitutional role. The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Commons. Limitations on the power of the Lords about its power to delay passage of laws for a year are based on the principle that the Lords, as a revising chamber, should complement the Commons and not rival it. When legislation passes through both Houses, it receives the Royal Assent and it then becomes law. Parliament also controls the executive power through parliamentary committees, which question ministers and civil servants before preparing reports on public policy. The House of Commons can force the Government to resign by passing a resolution of ‘no confidence’. The Government must also resign if the House rejects a proposal that is very important to the Government’s policy. The Lord Chief Justice, sitting in the House of Lords, appoints judges on behalf of the Monarch, and is head of the judicial branch. The highest court of

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appeal within the UK used to be the House of Lords. In practice, only the Law Lords hear cases. After 2008, the highest court of appeal is a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

BALLOT

BOX

QUEEN CAN

PRIME MINISTER CAN

JUDICIARY

HOUSE OF LORDS CAN

7.Compare and contrast the systems of government in the USA and Britain. In which ways are they similar and in which different? Don’t give separate descriptions of each system. You may use the clues in the boxes below. There is a possible beginning of your essay below the boxes (See: Opinion Essays in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work).

Stating and justifying opinions

I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think

...Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ... If you want to know what I think, ... This is what I think ... Not everybody will agree with me, but... I'm not sure, but I think that... In my personal opinion ..

Comparing and contrasting

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Example

The systems of government in the USA and Britain have both similar and different features. Both systems have three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial. In both systems the legislative brunch is represented by the Parliament. However…

8. Translate into English

Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɚɝ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɰɿ ɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɫɭɧɟɧɧɿ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ. ȼɿɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɝɨɥɨɫɢɬɢ ɜɿɣɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ. ɍ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ. Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɭɝɨɞɚ ɦɚɽ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɚ ɋɟɧɚɬɨɦ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɝɿɥɤɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɿɧɲɿ. ɐɟ ɪɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿɣ ɝɿɥɰɿ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɚɛɢ ɜɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɸ. Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ. Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ, ɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ, ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɬɢ ɜɟɬɨ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɿɜ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɿ. Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɚɥɟ ɋɟɧɚɬ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ʀɯ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɞɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ʀɯ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɋɟɧɚɬ. ɋɭɞɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɿɜ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɬɚ ɞɿɣ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɿ ɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɯ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɽ ɧɟɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ.

Ȼ. Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɿɣ. Ɂɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɫɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɞɿɽ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɩɨɪɚɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɦ’ɽɪ-ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚ. ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ, ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ, ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɢ ɜ ʀʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɪɨɥɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɯɨɱɚ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɢ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɨɛɨɦɚ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɭ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɽ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ. ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ ɹɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɦɚɽ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɚɥɚɬɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɸ, ɬɨɦɭ ɥɨɪɞɢ ɪɿɞɤɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɿɤ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɩɚɥɚɬɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɦ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɦ, ɹɤ ɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɜɿɬɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ.

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PART 2. THE BICAMERAL THINK TANK

1.Work in pairs. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions in column B and their translation in column C.

2.What do you know about the British Parliament? Where is its seat? How many chambers does it have? How many Members of Parliament are there in each of them? What are the functions of the chambers? How do they make laws? How do they control the government?

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3.For questions 1-10 read through the following text and then choose from the list A-J the best phrase given below to fill each of the spaces.

THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

Parliament, Britain's legislature, comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen in her constitutional role. The Commons has 651 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), ___________ (1). The Lords is made up of 1,185 hereditary and life peers and peeresses, and the two archbishops and the 24 most senior bishops of the established Church of England.

The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Commons. Limitations on the power of the Lords – it rarely uses its power to delay passage of most laws for a year – are ___________ (2) that the House, ___________ (3), should complement the Commons and not rival it. Once passed through both Houses, legislation receives the Royal Assent and it then becomes law.

Parliament has a number of other means ___________ (4) the executive. A wide range of parliamentary committees question ministers and civil servants ___________ (5) on matters of public policy. Question time gives MPs opportunities to ask ministers questions, and there are a number of occasions ___________ (6). Ultimately the House of Commons can force the Government to resign ___________ (7) of 'no confidence'. The Government must also resign if the House rejects a proposal so vital to its policy ___________ (8) of confidence. The proceedings of both Houses of Parliament are broadcast on television and radio, sometimes live or more usually in recorded and edited form.

General elections to choose MPs must be held ___________ (9). Voting, ___________ (10), is by secret ballot and is from the age of 18. The simple majority system of voting is used. Candidates are elected if they have more votes than any of the candidates – although not necessarily an absolute majority over all other candidates.

4.In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.

1. Attendance at this meeting is absolutely required. 2. The world cup final will be relayed directly from London. 3. This folder contains acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made under the authority of the School Law. 4. Why is the candidate targeting that rather small group of people who live and vote there? 5. Some forms of property rights are transmissible. 6. They used the first-past-the-pole system with people writing their choices on a piece of paper in secret. 7. Do you think the Parliament will attempt the impeachment? 8. The Parliament’s meeting was shown in an abridged version. 9. The Government is to reintroduce a bill, which has twice been thrown out by MPs in the House of Lords. 10. It occurred on the day of a very important discussion of the government strategy by the Progressive Party top officials. 11.

Finally the corrupt government employees were forced to leave their jobs. 12. These public services are not supposed to compete, they should add to each other instead. 13. That priest of a high rank, responsible for a large area, seldom postpones his decisions on such issues.

5. Translate into English

ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʀ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɜɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ: ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɜɥɚɞɭ ɭ

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ɫɜɨʀɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɪɨɥɿ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɨɛɨɦɚ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɭ ɡɝɨɞɭ. Ɍɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ.

ɇɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɽ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɿɱɭɽ 651 ɜɢɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɚ, ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ. Ɂɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɱɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɿɜ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ. ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɫɩɚɞɤɨɽɦɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɪɢɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɫ, ɞɜɨɯ ɚɪɯɿɽɩɢɫɤɨɩɿɜ ɬɚ 24 ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɢɯ ɽɩɢɫɤɨɩɿɜ ɚɧɝɥɿɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ. ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ ɹɤ ɪɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɦɚɽ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɚɥɚɬɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɸ. Ʌɨɪɞɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿɡɚɤɨɧɿɜɧɚɪɿɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɪɿɞɤɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹɧɢɦ.

6. Work in pairs. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using the text in exercise 3.

Britain's Parliament consists of: 1) ___________ 2) _____________ 3)_________

MP means: ________________________________________________________

Elected MPs sit in the House of ________and hereditary and life peers sit in the

House of _______________________

Number of MPs in the House of Commons __________________________

Number of members in the House of Lords _________________________

Members of the House of Lords include: 1) 2) __________

3) _____________

Both Houses should ______________, but should not__________

Legislation becomes law after it ___________________________ and

_______________________

The executive branch is controlled by ________________________________________________

Parliamentary committees control public policy by________________________________________

‘Question time’ means ________________________________________________________________

The Government must resign if: 1)___________________________ or 2) ___________________

People may follow Parliament’s meetings on ______________ or on ___________________

Parliamentary elections should take place minimum once in _______________________ years Minimum voting age is _________, but voting is not ________________________________

The voting system used in Parliamentary elections ____________________________________

In Parliamentary elections the winner is the candidate who ______________________________

7.Work in pairs. Use the exercise above and tell your partner everything you can about the British Parliament.

8.For questions 1-11, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).

The Government is _______ (0) by the party with majority _______ (1) in the Commons. The Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As _______ (2) of the Government, the Prime Minister appoints about 100 ministers, of whom about 20 are in the Cabinet – the senior group, which takes _______ (3) policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible for government decisions and individually _______ (4) for their own departments. The second largest party forms the official Opposition, with its own leader and ‘shadow cabinet’. The Opposition has a duty to _______ (5) government policies and to present an _______ (6) programme. Policies are carried out by government departments and executive agencies _______ (7) by politically neutral civil servants. They serve the government of the day _______ (8) of its political complexion. Over half the Civil Service – or about 295,000 civil servants – work in over 75 executive agencies. Agencies _______ (9) many of the executive functions of government, such as the payment of social security benefits and the issue of passports and drivers' licences. They are headed by chief executives, who are personally responsible for the performance of the agency and enjoy _______

(10) freedom on financial, pay and personnel _______ (11).

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9.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the British parliamentary system. In which ways is it better or worse than others? You may use the clues in the boxes below.

Stating and justifying opinions

10. Translate into English

ɉɚɪɬɿɹ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ, ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɭɪɹɞ, ɚ ʀʀ ɥɿɞɟɪ ɫɬɚɽ ɩɪɟɦ’ɽɪ-ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɨɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɩɚɪɬɿɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ «ɬɿɧɶɨɜɢɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ» ɿ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ, ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɨʀ ɽ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɥɹɱɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ. ɏɨɱɚ ɩɪɟɦ’ɽɪ-ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɽ ɝɥɚɜɨɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɚɠɟɥɿ, ɚɛɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɿ ɝɿɥɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɢ – ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɭ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɭ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɨɧɚ ɽ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɢɦ ɤɭɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɧɝɥɿɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɚ ɜɫɿ ɫɭɞɢ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɽ ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɢɦɢ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɟ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɢ ɜɿɞ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɟɦ’ɽɪ-ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɨɦ ɽ ɦɚɥɨɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɢɦ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɢɦ ɭɫɿɯ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ʀɣ ɩɪɢɫɹɝɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ. Ⱥɥɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɢ ɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɦɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɭɜɚɝɢɞɨɛɪɨɱɢɧɧɿɣɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.

ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɜɱɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɟɛɚɬɚɯ ɭ ɩɚɥɚɬɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ, ɞɟ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɢ, ɚɛɢ ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɭɪɹɞɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɨɬɭɦ ɧɟɞɨɜɿɪɢ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ.

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ɩɟɪɟɫɚ (ɬɢɬɭɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɹ ɡɧɚɬɿ, ɳɨ peeress ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɥɨɪɞɿɜ)

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PART 3. NOTHING IS CERTAIN WHILE CONGRESS

IS IN SESSION

1.Work in pairs. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions in column B and their translation in column C.

2.What do you know about the US Congress? Where is its seat? How many chambers does it have? How many congressmen are there in each of them? What are the functions of the chambers? How often are the congressmen elected?

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3.In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.

1. There are a lot of our hotels throughout the country, and this card gives you the right to enjoy all of them. 2. They must have an official survey of the inhabitants to find out how many people live there. 3. The Queen called upon the government to build more low cost homes for local natives. 4. The assumed proportion of men's jobs to women's in this area is 10 to 3, it should be made more equivalent. 5. Many people in this area keep to the old religion. 6. Under the constitutional clauses, all women over 18 are entitled to vote. 7. Do you think the states in the USA may set extra conditions for election to Congress? 8. The congressmen should have some legislative knowledge, at least at the state level. 9. The US Constitution entitles the Congress to decide about the qualifications necessary for its members. 10. The formula to determine the ratio of representatives to people has to be corrected every ten years. 11. The regular rearrangement of the seats in the House of Representatives is necessary because of the population changes. 12. The overall number of members of the House of Representatives is distributed among the states according to their populations, not considering their sizes.

4.Read the passage on the structure of the US Parliament (Congress) below and then proceed to the tasks.

Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative powers of the federal government to a Congress divided into two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of two members from each state as provided by the Constitution. Its current membership is 100. Membership in the House is based on each state's population, and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution. Its current membership is 435.

5.You will hear the speaker talking about the qualifications of members of Congress. As you listen, complete the information sheet for the questions below. You will hear the recording twice.

6.Work in pairs. Discuss the following issues: What is, in your opinion, the difference between the two chambers of the Congress? Both the United Kingdom and the USA have a two-chamber parliament. What is the difference between them?

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7.Work in pairs. For questions 1-20, read the text on the powers of the House and Senate below. Use the words in the box to form one word that fits in the same numbered space in the text. The exercise begins with an example (0 – legislation).

8.Work in pairs. Use the exercises above and tell your partner everything you can about the US Congress.

9.Work in pairs. Compare the structure and the scope of power of parliaments in the USA, and the United Kingdom. Use the texts of parts 1 and 2 in this Lesson. You may use the clues in the boxes below (See: Opinion Essays in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work).

Stating and justifying opinions

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10. Translate into English

Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɋɒȺ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ: ɋɟɧɚɬɭ (100 ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ, ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɬɭ) ɿ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ (435 ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ, 1 ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ 600 000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ). Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɹɤɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɡ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɋɟɧɚɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɯɜɚɥɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɨ ɡɛɿɪ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ, ɳɨ ɡɦɿɧɹɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɭɬɶ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɿɡ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɨɛɨɯ ɩɚɥɚɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɲɭɤɚɽ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɿɫ. Ⱦɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶɋɟɧɚɬɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɿɜ ɋɒȺ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɚɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ. ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɋɟɧɚɬɿ ɫɤɚɫɨɜɭɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɭ ɞɿɸ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɠ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɟɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɰɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ ɩɪɨ ɿɦɩɿɱɦɟɧɬ. Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɋɟɧɚɬ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɪɨ ɿɦɩɿɱɦɟɧɬ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɢ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɰɿɜ ɜɢɧɧɢɦɢ ɱɢ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɢɦɢ. ȼɢɡɧɚɧɧɹɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɭɪɹɞɨɜɰɹɜɢɧɧɢɦɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɞɨɣɨɝɨɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹɡɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀɩɨɫɚɞɢ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ, ɳɨɛ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪ ɋɒȺ ɛɭɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɲɢɦ ɬɪɢɞɰɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɛɭɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɨɦ ɋɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɒɬɚɬɿɜ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɞɟɜ’ɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɟɲɤɚɧɰɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɬɭ, ɜɿɞ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶ. ɑɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɲɿ 25 ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɫɟɦɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɿ ɦɟɲɤɚɧɰɹɦɢ ɲɬɚɬɿɜ, ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ. ɒɬɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɦɟɧɚ, ɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɿ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ.

ɋɟɧɚɬɨɪɢ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɚɯ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɬɭ. ɐɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ. ɋɟɧɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɦɚɧɞɚɬ ɞɿɣɫɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɲɟɫɬɢɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɠɧɿ ɞɜɚ ɪɨɤɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɚ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɬɨɠ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɞɜɿ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɢ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɠɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɬɜɨɪɱɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ.

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PART 4. THE GRAND LAWMAKING ASSEMBLEY

1.Work in pairs. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions in column B and their translation in column C.

2. Work in pairs. Discuss the following: What do you know about the Ukrainian parliament, the Verkhovna Rada? Where is its seat? How many chambers does it have? How many deputies are there? What are the functions of the Verkhovna Rada? How often are Ukrainian MPs elected?

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3.In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column A in exercise 1.

1. On the President’s proposal the Verkhovna Rada appoints top public officers, including the Prosecutor General. 2. Judges for long-lasting terms and one-third of the Constitutional Court are elected by the Verkhovna Rada. 3. The Ukrainian parliament gives formal approval to international treaties or cancels them. 4. In some cases the Verkhovna Rada may propose changes to the Constitution and vote for them. 5. The Ukrainian parliament takes an active part in the formulation of internal and foreign policies. 7. Decisions of the Verkhovna Rada are valid only when they are taken at the meetings that should be attended by all its members. 8. The Ukrainian parliament can impeach the President or appoint his elections, as well as the elections of local self-government bodies. 9. The Verkhovna Rada, within each period of parliament work between the two general elections, has the legal power if at least two-thirds of the constitutional overall number of deputies has been elected. 10. The members of the Ukrainian parliament cannot be involved in any for-profit or business activity, they cannot be members of any observation councils of an enterprise, either. 11. The Ukrainian parliamentarians, elected for five years, cannot hold any other representative authorization, they cannot be part of any commercial activity, either. 12. Only if the Ukrainian parliamentarians observe this non-involvement rule, they are guaranteed the deputy protection against law-enforcement bodies. 13. The Verkhovna Rada is composed of 450 elected deputies sitting in a one-chamber representative advisory assembly.

4. Work in pairs. Read the text and fill in the table below.

The Ukrainian parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, is a unicameral representative deliberative assembly composed of 450 elected deputies. The term of office is five years. Deputies of Ukraine shall not have any other representative mandate, be in the civil service, hold any other paid offices, carry out other gainful or entrepreneurial activity, or be a member of the governing body or supervisory council of an enterprise or a profit-seeking organization. They are guaranteed parliamentary immunity. The Verkhovna Rada of each convocation is competent on the condition that no less than two-thirds of its constitutional composition has been elected. Decisions are taken exclusively at plenary meetings by voting in person. The Verkhovna Rada formulates domestic and foreign policies, introduces amendments to the Constitution, adopts laws, the State Budget and the Activity Program of the Cabinet, impeaches the President, calls elections of the President and local self-government bodies, ratifies and denounces international treaties, declares war and peace, exercises certain control functions, elects judges for permanent term and one-third of the Constitutional Court. Upon the submission by the President, the Verkhovna Rada appoints to office the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Head of the Security Service, the Head of the National Bank and the Prosecutor General. Upon the submission by the Prime Minister the Verkhovna Rada appoints other ministers and officials. The Verkhovna Rada dismisses the Prime Minister, the Cabinet members and the officials mentioned above.

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5.Work in pairs. Use the table above and tell your partner about the duties and powers of the Verhovna Rada and its deputies.

6.Translate into English

A. ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɚ Ɋɚɞɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (ȼɊɍ) — ɨɞɧɨɩɚɥɚɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɚɽ ɞɨɪɚɞɱɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯɫɨɬ ɩ’ɹɬɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ.

Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ – ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɫɶɤɚ ɧɟɞɨɬɨɪɤɚɧɧɿɫɬɶ. ȼɊɍ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɢɤɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɧɨɸ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɨɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɹɤ ɞɜɨɯ ɬɪɟɬɢɧ ɜɿɞ ʀʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹɯ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ, ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ, ɨɛɿɣɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɹ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ, ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɨʀ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɿ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ; ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ; ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ; ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɚɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ; ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ; ɨɝɨɥɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɣ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɢɪɭ; ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɡ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɿɦɩɿɱɦɟɧɬɭ. ȼɊɍ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɫɚɞ, ɨɛɢɪɚɽ ɫɭɞɞɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɬɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɋɭɞɭ.

7. Choose the correct verb form in the following sentences.

1.Deputies of Verkhovna Rada have not / do not have any other representative mandate.

2.Does /is this deputy in the civil service?

3. All deputies are having / have parliamentary immunity.

4.He holds / is holding a paid office now.

5.She does / is doing business while she is / is being a deputy in Verkhovna Rada.

6.The deputies are considering / consider Constitutional amendments all the plenary meeting long.

7.Why is / does Verkhovna Rada of this convocation competent?

8.The deputies are taking / take the decision at the plenary meeting at the moment.

9.Is / does the Parliament approving / approve the state budget after its members have discussed the domestic and foreign policies problems?

10.When do / are the deputies elect / electing judges for permanent term?

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8.You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.

Committee Consideration

First reading

Second reading

Third reading

Does not sign

Speaker

Sign

2\3

Law

9.At home write everything you can about Verkhovna Rada. Use the text below and other texts in this Lesson (See also: Discursive Essays in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work).

The Verkhovna Rada elects from among its ranks the Chairperson (Speaker), the First Deputy Chairperson (Vice-Speaker), and the Deputy Chairperson. The Speaker presides over parliamentary sessions, signs bills and sends them to the President for promulgation, signs and promulgates parliamentary acts (other than bills), organizes staff work. The Speaker can call special sessions of parliament, and participate in the meetings of the National Security and Defense Council. In case the post of the President of Ukraine becomes vacant, the Speaker becomes acting head of state with limited authority. The Verkhovna Rada establishes committees and temporary special commissions to draft laws, to prepare and conduct the preliminary consideration of issues and temporary investigatory commissions to investigate issues of public interest. The Authorized Human Rights Representative exercises parliamentary control over the observance of constitutional human and citizens' rights and freedoms. Deputies can voluntarily unite in a faction provided it consists of at least 14 deputies.

10. Translate into English

ȼɊɍ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɫɥɿɞɱɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ. ȼɊɍ ɨɛɢɪɚɽ ɿɡ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ (ɫɩɿɤɟɪɚ), ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɿ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɤɥɢɤɚɽ ʀɯ ɡ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞ. ɋɩɿɤɟɪ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɬɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ʀʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɭ ɮɪɚɤɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɹɤ 14 ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ.

ɉɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ ɭ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɿɣ Ɋɚɞɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜɿ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɚɦ ɬɚ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ. Ⱦɨ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɭ

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ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɚɯ ɬɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹɯ. əɤɳɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɣ ȼɊɍ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɹɤ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ʀʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ, ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ. ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɜ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɜɿɧ ɧɟɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ȼɊɍ ɣ ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɨɦ.

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LESSON 2

A SUCCESSFUL EXECUTIVE DELEGATES ALL RESPONSIBILITY

PART 1A. THE WHITE HOUSE IS THE FINEST

PRISON IN THE WORLD

1.Work in pairs. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions in column B and their translation in column C.

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2.In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column A in exercise 1.

1. There are no limits to the number of candidates for the office of the president in the US presidential election. 2. In 1951the Congress voted for the 22d Amendment, which restricts the president to two periods of occupying his/her position. 3. The vice president serves at the same time as the president. 4. The vice president has the right to be the next one to occupy the presidential position, and he also supervises the work of the Senate. 5. The vice president has the legal right to take control of the presidential office if the president becomes too ill or weak to carry out his/her job. 6. The 25th Amendment, which was accepted by the Congress in 1967, and which adds details to the process of presidential succession, provides for the continuation of the office by the president if he/she gets healthy again. 7. According to the 25th Amendment, if the vice president resigns from his position, falls ill or dies, the president must, with congressional sanction, name the new vice president. 8. The US president has the duty to see that the laws are carried out in a proper way and for this aim he/she uses the federal government, including the non-retired military human resources.

3.Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. Who can become the US President? In what way and how often do the Americans elect their president? When do the US presidential elections take place? What are the powers of the US president? What is the function of the US vice president? What is the maximum term to hold the president’s office in the USA? What happens if the US president falls seriously ill?

4.Work in pairs. Read the text and fill in the gaps in the sentences below.

The Constitution requires the president to be the native-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. Candidates for the presidency are chosen by political parties several months before the presidential election, which is held every four years (in a year divisible evenly by four) on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. The Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, limits the president to two terms of office.

The vice president serves concurrently with the president. In addition to the right of succession, the vice president is the presiding officer of the Senate. The Twenty-fifth Amendment, adopted in 1967, amplifies the process of presidential succession. It describes the specific conditions under which the vice president is empowered to take over the office of president if the president becomes incapacitated. It also provides for resumption of the office by the president in the event of his recovery. In addition, the amendment enables the president to name vice president, with congressional approval, when the second office is vacated.

The office of president of the USA is one of the most powerful in the world. The president, the Constitution says, must “take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” To carry out this responsibility, he presides over the executive branch of the federal government – a vast organization numbering about 4 million people, including 1 million active-duty military personnel. In addition, the president has important legislative and judicial powers.

The requirements for the US president: 1) Age: _________ ; 2) Residence: _________________

Candidates for the US president’s office are proposed by _______________________________

The US presidential election is held: 1) how often______________________________________

2) in what kind of years: _______________________; 3) when: __________________________

The maximum amount of years to hold the president’s office: ____________________________

The vice president’s functions: 1) ________________________; 2) _______________________

The number of the Amendment that explains the process of presidential succession: __________

This Amendment was adopted in ___________________________________________________

Things that happen if the president becomes incapacitated: ______________________________

Things that happen if the president recovers: _________________________________________

Things that happen if the vice-president becomes incapacitated: __________________________

The president’s constitutional responsibility is: _______________________________________

Things that the president uses to carry out his constitutional responsibility __________________

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5.Listen to the text on the executive powers of the US president and fill in the gaps in the sentences below. You will hear the text twice.

call into federal __________ (11) the state units of the National Guard. In times of war or

________ (12) emergency, the _________ (13) may grant the president even broader

_________ (14) to manage the national _____________ (15) and protect the __________ (16) of the United States. The president nominates – and the __________ (17) confirms – the heads of all executive ___________ (18) and agencies, together with hundreds of other high-ranking federal __________ (19). The large majority of _____________ (20) workers, however, are selected through the Civil Service system, in which ___________ (21) and promotion are based on ability and experience.

6.In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.

LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

Despite the constitutional provision that “all legislative powers” shall be vested in Congress, the president, as the chief formulator of public policy, has a major legislative role. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress and, unless two-thirds of the members of each house vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law. Much of the legislation, with which Congress deals, is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch. In his annual and special messages to Congress, the president may propose legislation, which he believes is necessary. If the Congress adjourns without acting on those proposals, the president has the power to call it into special session. But in addition to this official role, the president, as head of political party and as principal executive officer of the U.S. government, can influence public opinion and in this way influence the course of legislation in Congress. To improve their working relations with Congress, presidents in recent years have set up a Congressional Liaison Office in the White House. Presidential aids keep abreast of all important legislative activities and try to persuade senators and representatives of both parties to support administration policies.

7. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. Use the material of the texts in exercises 5 and 6.

Executive Powers of the President

The president can issue: 1)____________, 2) ____________, and 3) ______________ , which are called ______________________________________.

Presidential ________ orders have the force of __________upon _______________________.

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Presidential executive _________do not need _______________________________________. President is the commander-in-chief of _____________________________________________ . President can call into federal service ______________________________________________ . Congress may grant the president broader powers to: 1) ________________________________; 2) __________________________________________________________________________ . The president nominates: 1) ______________________________________________________; 2) __________________________________________________________________________ . Civil Service system selects ______________________________________________________ . This selection is based on _______________________________________________________ .

Legislative Powers of the President

The president can veto ________________________________________________________, but Congress can _______________________________________________________________. The executive branch drafts ______________________________________________________ . President may propose __________________________________________________________. President may call Congress _____________________________________________________ . President may influence the course of legislation in Congress by 1) ______________________; 2) ___________________________________________________________________________

.

8.At home write everything you can about the US President’s powers. Use the texts in this Lesson or any other material you can get. You may also use the clues in the box below. See also: Opinion Essays in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

Stating and justifying opinions

9. Translate into English

Ⱥ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ – ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ, ɹɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ, ɦɚɽ «ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɭɦɥɿɧɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ». Ɂɚɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɜɿɧ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɭ ɝɿɥɤɭ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɹɞɭ – ɜɟɥɢɱɟɡɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 4 ɦɿɥɶɣɨɧɿɜ ɨɫɿɛ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ 1 ɦɿɥɶɣɨɧ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɿɣɫɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ. ɍ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɹɞɭ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɜɢɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɿ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɦ. əɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɜɚɱ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɜɚɪɞɿʀ ɲɬɚɬɿɜ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɱɢ ɞɿʀ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɨɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɋɒȺ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɚ ɋɟɧɚɬ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɢɯ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɨɬɧɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɰɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɜɿɞɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɐɢɜɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɞɟ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

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Ȼ. ɇɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ «ɜɫɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ» ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɢ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɜɿ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɬɜɨɪɟɰɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɪɨɥɶ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɢɣ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɦ, ɿ ɹɤɳɨ ɞɜɿ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɢ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɡ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɟɬɨ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ, ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɨɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɍ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɹɯ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿ ɚɤɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɣɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ. əɤɳɨ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɨɝɨɥɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɜɭ ɭ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɜɲɢ ɰɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɟɫɿɸ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ. Ɍɚ ɣ ɩɨɡɚ ɰɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɚɪɬɿʀ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɟɰɶ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɹɞɭ ɦɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɭ ɞɭɦɤɭ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟʀ – ɿ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɿɜ ɡ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ Ȼɿɥɨɦɭ ɞɨɦɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɿɡ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɦ. ɉɨɦɿɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɢɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɭɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɭɥɶɫɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɨɛɨɯ ɩɚɪɬɿɣ ɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ.

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