
English для юристов. Гончар
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
статня кількість. Вживання перед цими словами неозначеного артикля підкреслює наявність певної, хоча і невеликої, кількості:
We have little evidence. — У нас мало доказів.
We have a little evidence. — У нас є трохи доказів. We have few friends here. — Тут у нас мало друзів.
There were a few visitors, men and women. — Відвідувачів було кілька, чоловіки та жінки.
Числівник (The Numeral)
Кількісні числівники (Cardinal Numerals):
0 nought (zero, oh) |
6 six |
12 twelve |
1 one |
7 seven |
13 thirteen |
2 two |
8 eight |
14519…teen |
3 three |
9 nine |
20590…ty |
4 four |
10 ten |
100 a (one) hundred |
5 five |
11 eleven |
101 a hundred and one |
200 two hundred
1,000 a (one) thousand
1,100 a thousand and one hundred (eleven hundred)
100,000 a hundred thousand
1,000,000 a (one) million
Порядкові числівники (Ordinal Numerals):
1st first |
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8th eighth |
20th twentieth |
2nd second |
9th ninth |
21st twenty5first |
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3rd third |
10th tenth |
100th one (a) hundredth |
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4th fourth |
11th eleventh |
101st one (a) hundred and first |
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5th fifth |
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12th twelfth |
1,000th one (a) thousandth |
6th sixth |
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13th thirteenth |
100,000th one (a) hundred thousandth |
7th seventh |
14th fourteenth 1,000,000th one (a) millionth |
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nineteen hundred |
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nineteen one |
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nineteen five |
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nineteen twenty |
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
1921 nineteen twenty5one
2000 two thousand
Арифметичні дії
2 + 5 = 7 two plus (and) five is seven
7 — 3 = 4 seven minus (take away) three is four 3 x 2 = 6 three multiplied by (times) two is six 9 / 3 = 3 nine divided by three is three
Дробові числівники
1/2 one second |
1/4 a quarter |
1/3 a (one) third |
3/4 three third 0.75 (nought) point seven five |
Конструкція there +to be
Конструкція there + to be вживається в тому разі, якщо необ5 хідно повідомити про наявність або відсутність предмета в певному місці. Вона є одним із способів уведення нової інфор5 мації, тому наступний іменник вживається з неозначеним артик5 лем в однині (у множині і з необчислюваними іменниками артикль відсутній), наприклад:
There is an unusually clear photograph of the missing man there. — Там є надзвичайно чітка фотографія зниклого чоловіка.
There are vacancies in our police station at the moment. — У нашій поліцейській дільниці зараз є вакансії.
There was silence in the court*room. — У залі суду була тиша. Форма дієслова визначається числом наступного іменника і
може співвіднести конструкцію з теперішнім (there is, there are), минулим (there was, there were) і майбутнім часом (there will be).
Питальні речення зі зворотом there + to be утворюються за загальними правилами: на початку речення ставиться дієслово to be у Present чи Past Indefinite, або will у Future Indefinite:
Is there a photograph of the missing man?
Are there any vacancies in your police station?
Заперечення утворюється за допомогою заперечної частки not, ужитої після дієслова, наприклад:
There are not vacancies in our police station.
Проте частіше вживається частка no як означення іменника, і в цьому разі артикль відсутній, наприклад:
There is no photograph of the missing man.
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
Дієслово (The Verb)
Видо часові форми дієслова
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SIMPLE |
CONTINUOUS |
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PERFECT |
PERFECT CONTINUOUS |
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PRESENT |
Present Simple |
Present |
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Present Perfect |
Present Perfect |
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Continuous |
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Continuous |
PAST |
Past Simple |
Past Continuous |
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Past Perfect |
Past Perfect Continuous |
FUTURE |
Future Simple |
Future |
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Future Perfect |
Future Perfect |
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Continuous |
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Simple Tenses. Дія, що відбувається в теперішньому, минулому або майбутньому часі, але не вказує на її характер, тривалість, завершеність чи передування іншій дії або певному моменту в минулому чи майбутньому. Можуть вживатися індикатори часу: usually, often, regularly, sometimes, every day, every month, once a week, last (next) week та ін. Наприклад:
He works in court. — Він працює в суді.
He worked in court in 1999. — Він працював в суді в 1999.
He will work in court next month. — Він буде працювати в суді наступного місяця.
Continuous Tenses. Дія, що триває в момент мовлення або в теперішній період часу, тривала в якийсь момент чи період часу в минулому, триватиме в певний момент чи період часу в май5 бутньому. Дія в розвитку. Можуть вживатися індикатори часу: now, at this moment, at that moment. Наприклад:
I am writing a law report now. — Я пишу доклад з права зараз.
I was writing a law report at the moment you phoned. — Коли ти зателефонував, я писав доклад з права.
I will be writing a law report at this time tomorrow. — У цей час завтра я писатиму доклад з права.
Perfect Tenses. Дія, що відбувалася до певного моменту чи періоду в теперішньому часі, минулому чи майбутньому; завер5 шена дія. Можуть вживатися індикатори часу: already, just, before, by that time, ever, never, lately та ін. Наприклад:
The investigator has already questioned prisoners. — Слідчий вже допитав в’язнів.
The investigator had questioned prisoners before the doctor submitted his report. — Слідчий допитав в’язнів до того, як лікар надав доповідь.
The investigator will have questioned prisoners by 7 o’clock tomorrow. —
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
Слідчий допитав в’язнів до 7 ранку.
Perfect Continuous Tenses. Дія, що почалася до моменту мов5 лення в теперішньому часі або до моменту мовлення в минулому чи майбутньому часі і триває до цього моменту. Дія в розвитку. Можуть вживатися індикатори часу: since 5 o’clock, for a month, for a long time, by the 23rd of June 2004. Наприклад:
I have been studying Criminology for a few years. — Я вивчаю кри* мінологію кілька років.
I had been studying Criminology for two hours when you came home. — Я вивчав кримінологію 2 роки, коли ви приїхали додому.
I will have been studying Criminology for two years by the end of the year. — До кінця року буде вже 2 роки, як я вивчаю кримінологію.
The Present Simple
Індикатори часу: often, usually, always, regularly, as a rule, every day
1) повторювана дія: I usually go to the Academy in the morning.
2) постійний стан: She lives in Ukraine.
3) незмінна істина,
загальновідомий факт: The Earth goes round the Sun.
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У третій особі однини до інфінітива (без частки to) додається закінчення *s, *es (якщо дієслово закінчується на *s, *ss, sh, *ch,
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TO BE – am, are, is |
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Наприклад: I study |
she studies |
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I wash |
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You are a lawyer. Are |
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
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day before yesterday, last year, a month |
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I studied Law at the |
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She sealed the |
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letter, put a stamp on it |
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and posted it. |
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was, were
I worked in court 2 years ago. I was in Kiev. Was
I in Kiev? DID
Past Indefinite правильних дієслів (Regular Verbs) утворюєть5 ся додаванням закінчення 5ed.
Past Indefinite неправильних дієслів (Irregular Verbs) утворю5 ється за допомогою II форми дієслова.
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in the court 2 years ago? |
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Індикатори часу: tomorrow, the day |
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after tomorrow, in 5 minutes, in a year, soon |
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I’ll be glad if you will come. We’ll go home
when I will finish the task.
The Present Continuous
Індикатори часу: now, at the mo* ment
1)дія, що виконується в момент мовлення: He is discussing the matter.
2)запланована дія в найближчому
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3) дії з прислівником always тощо, що виражають |
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You are always interrupting me! |
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die – dying |
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The Past Continuous
Індикатори часу: at five o’clock yesterday, at that moment, at midnight
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Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE |
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1) дія, що відбувалася в певний момент He was discussing the |
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that time yesterday. |
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2) минула дія в процесі, яка була |
I was speaking on the phone when |
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my mother came. |
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Індикатори часу: all day long, all |
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five till six |
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Дія в процесі в певний час |
I shall be discussing the matter |
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all day |
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tomorrow. |
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386

Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
The Present Perfect
Індикатори часу: just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for
1)завершена дія: I have already discussed the matter.
2)дія, що почалася в минулому
та має результат на момент мовлення: She has changed a lot since last year.
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irregular verb) |
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not discussed the matter. |
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have |
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has |
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The Past Perfect |
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Індикатори часу: by, by the time, |
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after |
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Минула дія, що |
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була завершена до іншої дії |
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або до певного моменту в минулому: |
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He had discussed the |
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matter by the time I got there. |
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• |
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I/we/you/they |
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had |
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discussed (verb+ed or PII |
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the matter by the time I got |
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He/she/it |
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of the irregular verb) |
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there. |
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? |
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discussed the matter by the time I got there? |
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had |
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– |
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not discussed the matter by the time I got there. |
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had |
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He/she/it |
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387

Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE |
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The Future Perfect |
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Індикатори часу: by, by the time, |
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by then, before |
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Дія, яка буде завершена до певного |
He will have discussed |
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the matter моменту в майбутньому: |
by 8 p.m. tomorrow. |
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will have |
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discussed (verb+ed or PII |
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the matter by 8 p.m. |
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He/she/it |
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of the irregular verb) |
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tomorrow. |
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Wil |
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have discussed the matter by 8 p.m. tomorrow? |
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not have discussed the matter by 8 p.m. tomorrow. |
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will |
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The Present Perfect Continuous
Індикатори часу: already, since, for
Дія, що почалася в минулому та He has been discussing the продовжується до моменту мовлення: matter for 2 hours.
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I/we/you/they |
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have been |
discussing the matter for 2 hours. |
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has been |
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have |
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been discussing the matter for 2 hours? |
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has |
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have |
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been not discussing the matter for 2 hours. |
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has |
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388

Part IV. GRAMMAR GUIDE
The Past Perfect Continuous
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Індикатори часу: for the last two hours |
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Тривала дія, яка почалася до якогось He had been discussing |
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the matter |
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моменту в минулому і або |
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for 2 hours already when her |
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продовжувалась у цей момент, або mother came. |
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закінчилась перед ним: |
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• |
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I/we/you/they |
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had been |
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discussing |
the matter for 2 hours already |
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He/she/it |
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when the phone rang. |
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had |
I/we/you/they |
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been discussing the matter for 2 hours already |
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He/she/it |
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when the phone rang? |
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had |
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not been discussing the matter for 2 hours already |
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He/she/it |
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when the phone rang. |
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The Future Perfect Continuous |
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Індикатори часу: by the firstt of June, |
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2004 |
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Тривала дія, яка почнеться |
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He will have been discussing the |
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до якогось |
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моменту в майбутньому |
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matter for two hours when you |
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і буде ще |
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тривати в цей момент |
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come at three o’clock. |
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• |
I/we/you/they |
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will have |
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been |
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the matter for 2 hours when you |
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He/she/it |
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discussing |
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come at three o’clock. |
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? |
Will |
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I/we/you/they |
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He/she/it |
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I/we/you/they |
will |
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He/she/it |
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have been discussing the matter
for 2 hours when you come at 3 o’clock?
not have been discussing the matter
for 2 hours when you come at 3 o’clock.
389