О. М. Ільченко Англійська мова для науковців

Exercise 10.

importance important

1.He is one of the ____ people in our company.

2.The real _____ of this invention is hard to overestimate.

3.It's ____to learn foreign languages.

(to) recycle recycled recyclable

4.This bag is made of _____ paper.

5.It's possible _____ glass.

6.This plastic is ______.

7.He may forget about it, he is not very____.

8.I'm _____ informed of it.

9.You can depend only on _____ source of information.

10._____ is opposite to reliability.

possible possibility possibly

11.They have many ____ to improve the system.

12.This is only one of many ____ answers.

13.Please, do it as soon as ____.

14.It's _____ that the store is still open.

15.Could you _____ lend me 20 dollars ?

16.There is strong____ that they won't come.

17.Let's consider another ____.

responsible responsibility

18.Who is ____ for this work?

19.He is very ____.

20.I take full ____ for this work.

21.It's his _____ to make the decision.

Exercise 11. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

For many years Antarctica was thought to be only an archipelago with islands tied together above sea level by ice. It was thought to be made up of two small subcontinents — East Antarctica, the larger, and West Antarctica, containing the Antarctic Peninsula. The two continents were supposed to be separated below sea level. Modern geophysical studies, however, have revealed a fairly complete picture of the Antarctic landform below its ice cover. Now we know that West Antarctica is connected to the main part of the continent by a chain of mountains well above the sea level. The bedrock of much of East Antarctica appears to be above sea level; some of it (in the Transantarctic Mountains) is far above sea level. Whether mineral wealth lies hidden by ice is unknown. No deposits rich enough to be economically useful have been found. Interpretation of continental structure is an important objective of any extensive geologic investigation, yet except for the earth's ocean basins, no area the size of Antarctica is so geologically unknown. With 98 percent of the continent covered by ice, it is extremely difficult to decipher the continent's general structure.

1.This text is concerned primarily with the

a.geological composition of Antarctica

b.continents of the world

c.exploration of minerals in Antarctica

d.earth's ocean basins

2.According to the passage, Antarctica is made up of

a.two subcontinents

b.connected land masses

c.several islands

d.two peninsulas

3.It can be inferred from the passage that little is known about Antarctica's

a.climate and size

b.landform

c.bedrock

d.mineral wealth

4.The author implies that

a.Antarctica used to be an archipelago

b.Antarctica supplies rich mineral resources

c.the Earth's ocean basins are not thoroughly investigated

d.much of East Antarctica is above sea level

5.How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?

a.90 percent

b.89 percent

c.88 percent

d.98 percent

Ecxercise 12.Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for it.

1.Virtually all the members were in agreement with the proposal.

a.actually

b.almost

c.eventually

d.seemingly

2.Our project is now under way.

a.under examination

b.being discussed

c.moving forward

d.under consideration

3.Hopefully, the committee's suggestions will be implemented soon.

a.studied

b.discarded

c.discussed

d.carried out

4.These factories seem to pollute the air.

a.make clean

b.make impure

c.harness

d.affect .

Chapter 10

Focus on:

Evolution of Manufacturing

Intelligent Manufacturing

Grammar: Verbals

Gerund

Text B Read the text and be ready to answer the questions that follow.

Manufacturing technology is the technology of process control. It is machines, human labor, and the organization of work brought together to control a manufacturing process. Whenever the approach to process control shifts significantly, many parameters change. These shifts suggest six epochs in manufacturing. The new technology dictates changes in the nature and organization of manufacturing, and in the machines used to effect those changes.

The English system of manufacture originated in the late 18th century with the invention of general-purpose machine tools, such as lathes, that could be used to fabricate a variety of workpieces. The American system of manufacture that emerged in the mid-1800s emphasized precision and interchangeability of parts.

The era of scientific management began in the late 1800s with the works of Frederick Winslow Taylor, a U.S. mechanical engineer whose principles of manufacturing management are known as Taylorism. Recognizing that the workers themselves were limiting the speed and efficiency of machines, Taylor claimed that these activities could be measured, analyzed, and controlled with techniques analogous to those applicable to physical objects. Using job analysis and time study, he determined a standard rate of output for each job. This approach placed control in the hands of management, which could monitor a worker's productivity by comparing his or her

Manufacturing entered the computer-

integrated era in the late 1980s. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is based on information about, and models of functional expertise that make it possible to examine and systematize the interactions among functions. Recognizing these interactions and predicting their consequences constitutes system intelligence. The systems enabled by CIM are extraordinary, to say nothing of versatility in the form of new products and processes.

Each of six manufacturing epochs focused on a particular aspect of process control — from accuracy, precision, and reproducibility to stability, adaptability, and versatility.

The first three epochs embraced mechanization, with manufacturing conceived in terms of increasing efficiency and control. The engineering focus was on machines, and labor was required to adapt to machines and, ultimately, to become yet another machine. Now the emphasis is on versatility and intelligence. Machines have come to be viewed as extensions of the mind that can enhance cognitive abilities of human beings. This shift, based on information technology, suggests new managerial imperatives (like building small cohesive teams), broadens the role of engineering management, and starts treating manufacturing as a service.

Evolution of

Manufacturing

1.What is the subject of this passage?

2.What is manufacturing technology?

3.How can we classify epochs in manufacturing?

4.What is specific about each epoch?

5.What is meant by CIM? Why are interactions among functions so important?

Exercise 1. Give English equivalents of:

велика кількість параметрів; наприкінці 18 сторіччя; верстат; виробляти різноманітні речі; епоха наукового менеджменту; обмежувати ефективність; стандарти результативності; відволікати увагу; універсальні системи; комп'ютерні інтегровані виробництва; людська праця; невеликий згуртований колектив.

Exercise 2. Give Ukrainian equivalents to:

to dictate changes; nature and organization of manufacturing; to effect changes; the system originated in early (late) XIX century; to fabricate a variety of workpieces; to emphasize precision and interchangeability of parts; the workers themselves; to place control in the hands of management; to monitor productivity; different results at different times; adaptability vs. stability; to focus on a particular aspect.