Гос филология / Гос филология / стилистика / 33. classification of SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS
.docSYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS (SEM)
Any kind of deviation from regular standart synt. str-re, aimed at producing a stylistic effect, is a syntactical expressive means. All styl-ly relevant synt. means may be classified into (Кузнецов, Скребнев):
1. The SEM based on the absence of logically necessary elements: ellipses, one-member s-ces, aposiopesis, apokoinou. This group is based on the principle (Мартине) of economy of synt.means (the law of the least effort).
2. The SEM based on the presense of extra elements: repetition, polysyndeton, synt.totology, paranthesis.
These 2 groups are singled out from the view point of qualitative char-cs of the synt.str-re
3. The SEM based on the unusual arrangement of synt.elements: inversion. This group is singled out with regard to the distr-re of the elements.
4. The SEM based on the interplay of the appointing s-ces and phrases: parallel constructions, chiasmus
5. The SEM based on the pecularities of connections/connectives: detachment, parcellation, coordination instead of subordination, gap-s-ce link
6.Synt.str-res with some change in their semantic function (shifts in the semantic m-ng): rhetorical questions, quasi-negative, quasi-interrogative, quasi-imperative statements.
1) The SEM based on the absence of logically necessary elements:
Ellipsis is the deliberate omission of one or more elements in a s-ce.
Ex. The ride did Ma good. Rested her.
Ellipsis is a common feature of the oral part of speech. It’s a norm for colloquial style
Ex. Glad to see you!
It’s also used in encyclopedic and reference books, in newspapre announcements, telegr.messages..They are widely used in military commands. In lit-re it’s used in speech char-n, reflecting the natural str-re of life speech (“Understand?”).
E. is a frequent device in represented speech. Functions:
- creates brevity, laconism, dynamism
- It gives prominence and emotional tension to the narration,
- creates a quick tempo,
- conveys the mood of the ch-re or narrator
One-member s-ces are s-ces with one synt. centre, expressed by the substantive.
OMS may be used in static description in exposition (Sunrise.) They may often create a cinematographical effect, where general panorama is followed by blow ups (Ночь. Улица. Фонарь…). OMS may be used to create represented speech..
The functions of noun-s-ces:
- their laconic ch-re helps to focus the reader’s attention on what is important
- may create application, convey additional m-ng
- highten the emotional tension and reveal the narrator’s attitudeto what’s said
Aposiopesis is a breaking off in speech, leaving the s-ce unfinished, incomplete, both logically and stylistically.
Ex. You’re going – or else.; It depends, you know.
A. is a typical feature of oral speech and is widely used in represented speech
Functions:
- conveys a great tension (If police come – find me...)
- may express attitude to what is said
- often creates implication
Apokoinou (от общего) is the blending of two s-ces through a common w-d, which has two synt. functions, one for each of the blended s-ces
Ex. It was he told me about it. There was a door led to the kitchen.
The w-d common for both s-ces is often a predicative in the first and subject – in the second.
Functions:
- helps to char-ze a person through his speech: hurried, careless
- may be perceived as an archaic element
2)The SEM based on the presense of extra elements in contrast with the 1st group is based on redundancy
Asyndeton is the connection of s-ces, phrases or w-ds without any conjunctions.
Ex. People sang. People cried. People fought...
Functions:
- helps to make each phrase sound independant and significant
- creates an effect that the enumeration is not completed
- creates a certain rhythmical effect, measured and energetic, retardation
- may give a rise to dynamic tension
- increases emotional colouring
Repetition. It’s hard to ever estimate the significance value and importance of R. in art. It acquires harmony.
R. is the reiteration of some l-ge elements, which serves to emphasize, to acieve a harmonious presentation of ideas
Ex. Alone, alone, all, all alone,
Accord. to the position occupied by the repeated unit, we distinguish the foll. types:
- ordinary: no fixed place of the repeated unit
- anaphora – the repetition of the 1st w-ds of several successful s-ces or phrases
(Sonnet №61): a..., a..., a... .
- epiphora – the repetition of the final w-ds (It’s of ample use in nursary rhymes, ballads
Parenthesis – an explanatory or qualifying s-ce, phrase or w-d. it is usually marked off by brackets, commas or dashes (And he stirred it with his pain (in vain)). Due to P. the narration is conducted into 2 plains – the succession of events is given and the author’s comments on them.
Functions:
- creates the atmosphere of intimacy, to involve the reader into the act
- makes the speech emotionally coloured, to show the author’s attitude
- creates a humurous effect
Polysyndeton – is the connection of s-ces, phrases or w-ds with any conjunctions.
Ex Red shirts and green shirts and yellow shirts.
Functions:
- creates an atmosphere of bustling activitie (and)
- serves either to stress iqual importance or dif-ce (or)
3)The SEM based on the unusual arrangements of synt.elements:
Inversion. The norm is char-sed by fixed w-d-order. The violation of traditional word-order, which doesn’t utter the denotative m-ng, but gives it an additional emotional or emphatic colouring is called inversion. As a result, a component is placed in an unusual position, acquiring special importance and producing a definite stylistic effect. Due to the I. the displaced element becomes the rheme of the utterance, the most imporatant part of it.
Ex. ... up with which I can’t put
Functions:
- singles out some important parts
- gives emotional tension
- creates specific melody
- makes the narrative dynamic
- may contribute to a humorous effect
Rhetorical questions present statements in the form of questions. They don’t require any answers, but contain them in themselves
Ex. Do you call this music?
RQ are sometimes called gram. metaphors, because there is an interplay of two structural m-ngs: that of the question and that of the statement (affirmative or negative). In lit-re, RQ serve dif. purposes, f.ex. emphatical, emotional; sometimes, satyrical or ironic. The form of RQ is often negative.
Functions:
- creates irony
- conveys emotional colouring
Quasi-negative statements.
a)sometimes negative m-ng may be expressed by the use of affirmative s-ces and
phrases containing no negative forms. It’s usually in dialogues (colloquial speech)
Ex. - They’re supposed to find diamonds
- Diamonds – my food! (“Pigmaleon Show”)
b) the use of rhetoric q-ns with affirmative pr-te to imply negative m-ng.
Ex. Did I say a word about the money?
Quasi-imperative st-tes. The function of the imperative s-ces may be fullfilled by the use of nouns or noun-phrases (the context is very important here)
Ex. Tea. For two. Out here.
Quasi-interrogative st-tes. Interrogative m-ng may be rendered by a positive statement without the usual inverted word-oder. In this case the s-ce implies the speaker’s assurance of getting the answer he expects or his wish to make the intellocutor talk
Ex.That’s my name. There’s nothing the matter.