Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3947_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Resistance to Antiplatelet Drugs
90. Lev EI, Patel RT, Maresh KJ, Guthikonda S, Granada J, DeLao T, Bray PF, Kleiman NS (2006) Aspirin and clopidogrel
drug response in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the role of dual drug resistance. J Am Coll
Cardiol 47:27–33
91. Angiolillo DJ, Bernardo E, Sabate M, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Costa MA, Palazuelos J, Hernandez-Antolin R, Moreno R,
Escaned J, Alfonso F, Banuelos C, Guzman LA, Bass TA, Macaya C, Fernandez-Ortiz A (2007) Impact of platelet reac-
tivity on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll
Cardiol 50:1541–1547
92. Campbell CL, Smyth S, Montalescot G, Steinhubl SR (2007) Aspirin dose for the prevention of cardiovascular disease:
a systematic review. JAMA 297:2018–2024
93. Topol EJ, Easton D, Harrington RA, Amarenco P, Califf RM, Graffagnino C, Davis S, Diener HC, Ferguson J, Fitzgerald
D, Granett J, Shuaib A, Koudstaal PJ, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, Sigmon K, Pieper K, Vallee M, Willerson JT (2003)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international trial of the oral IIb/IIIa antagonist lotrafiban in coronary
and cerebrovascular disease. Circulation 108:399–406
94. Quinn MJ, Aronow HD, Califf RM, Bhatt DL, Sapp S, Kleiman NS, Harrington RA, Kong DF, Kandzari DE, Topol EJ
(2004) Aspirin dose and six-month outcome after an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:972–978
95. Snoep JD, Hovens MM, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Huisman MV (2007) Association of laboratory-defined
aspirin resistance with a higher risk of recurrent cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch
Intern Med 167:1593–1599
96. Hovens MM, Snoep JD, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Mertens BJ, Huisman MV (2007) Prevalence of persistent
platelet reactivity despite use of aspirin: a systematic review. Am Heart J 153:175–181
97. Abaci A, Yilmaz Y, Caliskan M, Bayram F, Cetin M, Unal A, Cetin S (2005) Effect of increasing doses of aspirin on
platelet function as measured by PFA-100 in patients with diabetes. Thromb Res 116:465–470
98. von Pape KW, Strupp G, Bonzel T, Bohner J (2005) Effect of compliance and dosage adaptation of long term aspirin
on platelet function with PFA-100 in patients after myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 94:889–891
99. Tohgi H, Konno S, Tamura K, Kimura B, Kawano K (1992) Effects of low-to-high doses of aspirin on platelet aggrega-
bility and metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin. Stroke 23:1400–1403
100. Gorelick PB, Weisman SM (2005) Risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin use: an update. Stroke 36:1801–1807
101.
Weil J, Colin-Jones D, Langman M, Lawson D, Logan R, Murphy M, Rawlins M, Vessey M, Wainwright P (1995)
Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ 310:827–830
102. Boneu B, Destelle G (1996) Platelet anti-aggregating activity and tolerance of clopidogrel in atherosclerotic patients.
Thromb Haemost 76:939–943
103. Cadroy Y, Bossavy JP, Thalamas C, Sagnard L, Sakariassen K, Boneu B (2000) Early potent antithrombotic effect with
combined aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel on experimental arterial thrombogenesis in humans. Circulation
101:2823–2828
104.
Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, Malmberg K, Rupprecht H, Zhao F, Chrolavicius
S, Copland I, Fox KA (2001) Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in
patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 358:527–533
105.
Gurbel PA, Cummings CC, Bell CR, Alford AB, Meister AF, Serebruany VL (2003) Onset and extent of platelet inhibi-
tion by clopidogrel loading in patients undergoing elective coronary stenting: the Plavix Reduction Of New Thrombus
Occurrence (PRONTO) trial. Am Heart J 145:239–247
106. Muller I, Seyfarth M, Rudiger S, Wolf B, Pogatsa-Murray G, Schomig A, Gawaz M (2001) Effect of a high loading
dose of clopidogrel on platelet function in patients undergoing coronary stent placement. Heart 85:92–93
107.
Knight CJ, Panesar M, Wilson DJ, Patrineli A, Chronos N, Wright C, Clarke D, Patel D, Fox K, Goodall AH (1998)
Increased platelet responsiveness following coronary stenting. Heparin as a possible aetiological factor in stent throm-
bosis. Eur Heart J 19:1239–1248
108. Angiolillo DJ, Bernardo E, Ramirez C, Costa MA, Sabate M, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Hernandez R, Moreno R, Escaned
J, Alfonso F, Banuelos C, Bass TA, Macaya C, Fernandez-Ortiz A (2006) Insulin therapy is associated with platelet
dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on dual oral antiplatelet treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol
48:298–304
109. Angiolillo DJ, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Bernardo E, Ramirez C, Sabate M, Banuelos C, Hernandez-Antolin R, Escaned J,
Moreno R, Alfonso F, Macaya C (2004) High clopidogrel loading dose during coronary stenting: effects on drug
response and interindividual variability. Eur Heart J 25:1903–1910
110. Kastrati A, von Beckerath N, Joost A, Pogatsa-Murray G, Gorchakova O, Schomig A (2004) Loading with 600 mg
clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease with and without chronic clopidogrel therapy. Circulation
110:1916–1919
463
https://t.me/med1917
Antithrombotic Drug Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
111. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hayes KM, Yoho JA, Herzog WR, Tantry US (2005) The relation of dosing to clopidogrel
responsiveness and the incidence of high post-treatment platelet aggregation in patients undergoing coronary stenting.
J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1392–1396
112.
von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G, Schomig E, Kastrati A, Schomig A (2005) Absorption, metaboliza-
tion, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE
(Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Choose Between 3 High Oral Doses for Immediate Clopidogrel
Effect) Trial. Circulation 112:2946–2950
113. Patti G, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Pepe LL, Montinaro A, Di Sciascio G (2005) Randomized trial of high loading dose of
clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention: results
from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study.
Circulation 111:2099–2106
114. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Morange PE, Nait-Saidi L, Carvajal J, Lehmann A, Lambert M, Bonnet JL, Alessi MC
(2006) Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with
non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1339–1345
115.
Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King SB III, Morrison DA, O’Neill WW, Schaff HV,
Whitlow PL, Williams DO, Antman EM, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF,
Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B (2006) ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous
Coronary Intervention–summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). Circulation 113:156–175
116.
Angiolillo DJ, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Bernardo E, Ramirez C, Sabate M, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Hernandez R, Moreno R,
Escaned J, Alfonso F, Banuelos C, Costa MA, Bass TA, Macaya C (2005) Platelet function profiles in patients with
type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease on combined aspirin and clopidogrel treatment. Diabetes 54:2430–2435
117.
Angiolillo DJ, Shoemaker SB, Desai B, Yuan H, Charlton RK, Bernardo E, Zenni MM, Guzman LA, Bass TA, Costa
MA (2007) Randomized comparison of a high clopidogrel maintenance dose in patients with diabetes mellitus and
coronary artery disease: results of the Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus (OPTIMUS) study.
Circulation 115:708–716
118. Sugidachi A, Asai F, Ogawa T, Inoue T, Koike H (2000) The in vivo pharmacological profile of CS-747, a novel anti-
platelet agent with platelet ADP receptor antagonist properties. Br J Pharmacol 129:1439–1446
119. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S,
Murphy SA, Riesmeyer J, Weerakkody G, Gibson CM, Antman EM (2007) Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients
with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 357:2001–2015
120.
Storey RF, Newby LJ, Heptinstall S (2001) Effects of P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptor antagonists on platelet aggregation
induced by different agonists in human whole blood. Platelets 12:443–447
121. Storey RF, Husted S, Harrington RA, Heptinstall S, Wilcox RG, Peters G, Wickens M, Emanuelsson H, Gurbel P,
Grande P, Cannon CP (2007) Inhibition of platelet aggregation by AZD6140, a reversible oral P2Y12 receptor antago-
nist, compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1852–1856
122.
Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Winters KJ, Weerakkody G, Murphy SA, Behounek BD, Carney RJ, Lazzam C, McKay RG,
McCabe CH, Braunwald E (2005) Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine
P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Joint Utilization of Medications
to Block Platelets Optimally (JUMBO)-TIM. Circulation 111:3366–3373
464
https://t.me/med1917
A
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 262, 450
ACS. See Acute coronary syndromes
Activated clotting time (ACT)
anticoagulation ideal level, 167, 269
UFH and, 172, 176, 276
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
argatroban, 441
artificial reagents, 23
DIC, 438
lepirudin, 440
Activated protein C (APC)
description, 73
inhibiting fibrin generation, 51
protective effects, 52
risk factors, 71
Activated protein C resistance (APCR), 71, 73
Activated prothrombin time assay, 167
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
abciximab, 146
angiogenic growth factors, 47
anti-inflammatory strategies
bare-metal stent implantation, 52
LDL-receptor mice, 52–53
leukocyte adhesion, 53
antiplatelet agents, 158
aspirin, 147, 148
bivalirudin, 273
clopidogrel, 149, 152, 264
DTIs use
STEMI, 198–199
UA/NSTEMI, 198
eptifibatide and tirofiban, 268
fondaparinux
clinical trials, 206–213
cost-analysis, 213
fondaparinux and enoxaparin, 272
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 153, 156–158, 186
GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, 267
heparins, 274
inflammation control
ACE inhibitors, 50
aspirin, 49
cell to cell interaction, 52
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 49–50
thrombin receptor antagonists, 50–52
LMWHs, 270–271, 276
MPO relationship, 46
NSTE, 221, 225, 226, 230
platelet activation, 43
prasugrel, 277
risk stratification, 47
thienopyridine clopidogrel and aspirin, 132
Acute STEMI
DTI
bivalirudin, 242–243
fibrinolysis, 241
hirudin, 242
trials, 241–242
fondaparinux
ACS, 240–241
UFH/placebo, 241
heparin
LMWHs, 237–240
vs. UFH, 236
Acute stroke, 400
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
cangrelor, 158
clopidogrel resistance, 227
oral reversible, 159
platelet activation, 450, 452–453
prasugrel, 158–159
P2Y
12
, 221
receptor blockade, 148–149
Adjunctive therapies
agents
antiplatelet, 252
antithrombotic, 253
fondaparinux, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and DTI, 254
LMWHs, 253–254
ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate
Alteplase
description, 290–291
vs. SK, 291
STILE, 291–292
Anticoagulant therapy duration, VTE
balancing reduction, 376
bleeding, 375
comparisons, duration
indefinite therapy vs. intermediate, 375
short vs. intermediate, 374
and intensities
reversible risk factor, 377, 379
subsequent risk, 379–380
Index
465465
https://t.me/med1917
Index466
Anticoagulant therapy duration, VTE (Continued)
patient preferences, 376
risk factors
antiphospholipid antibodies, 373
cancer, 366
D-dimer level and hereditary thrombophilias, 373
isolated calf DVT vs. proximal DVT, 367
pulmonary embolism vs. DVT, 367, 373
recurrence markers, 374
residual deep vein thrombosis and sex, 373
reversibility, 366–372
second vs. first episode, 367
vena caval filter, 373–374
treatments, 377
vitamin K antagonists
anticoagulants, 377
low-molecular-weight-heparin, 376–377
unfractionated heparin, 376
vitamin K management
duration, 366
initiation, 364
monitoring and adjustment, 364
optimal intensity, 364–365
Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), 30
Antiplatelet drug resistance
clinical confounders
clopidogrel, 455
diabetic patients, 454
clinical significance, 455
definition
clinical failure, 451
pharmacodynamic/laboratory resistance, 452
failure, anti-platelet
aspirin use, 455–456
clopidogrel resistance, 456–457
mechanisms
aspirin, 452
clopidogrel, 452–453
prevalence, 452
testing
agglutination, 454
platelet function, 453
treatment
aspirin, 457
clopidogrel, 457–458
Anti-platelet therapies
glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, ACS, 153, 158
novel
AZD6140 dose, 159
cangrelor, 158
prasugrel, 158–159
NSTEMI
aspirin, 146–148
clopidogrel, 149, 152
DES and clopidogrel therapy, 152–153
thienopyridines, 148–149
ticlopidine, 149
Antiplatelet therapy
aspirin, 293–294
glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, 294–295
PCI
aspirin, 262
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, 265–268
thienopyridines, 263–265
APC. See Activated protein C
A2 Phospholipases (PLA
2
), 47
aPTT. See Activated partial thromboplastin time
Argatroban
cross reactivity, 441
PCI, 443
Arterial and venous thrombosis, coagulation role
clinical manifestations, 20
description, 19–20
dysregulation
and atherosclerosis links, 31–32
thrombophilia risk factors, 32
physiology
endothelial cells and platelets, 20
extrinsic pathway, 23
fibrin formation and common pathway activation,
23–25
hemostatic system elements, 20–22
intrinsic pathway, 21–23
in vivo coagulation activation, 25
regulation
endothelium and microparticles roles, 27–28
and platelet activation, 28
protein Z system, 27
thrombin, 26–27
tissue factor, 26
venous thromboembolic disease and dysregulation
acquired and congenital thrombophilia, 30–31
FVL, 29–30
prothrombin G20210A, 30
Arterial thrombosis, platelets
adhesion and receptors
endothelial cells, 4
GPIb-IX-V, 4–5
GPVI, 5–6
integrin a2b1, 6
aggregation and receptors
aIIbb3, 10–11
modulators, 11–12
agonist receptors
ADP and P2Y1, 7
P2X1, 8
P2Y12, 7–8
PARs
G protein-coupled, 8–9
in vitro and in vivo, 9
https://t.me/med1917
Index 467
thrombus formation, 3–4
Arterial thrombotic disorder, genetic variants
fibrinolytic system, 84
hemostatic system genes
coagulation proteins and risk, 82–83
factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A, 81–82
fibrinogen, 81
mechanisms, 84–85
platelet surface receptors
glycoproteins, 83
integrin a2b1, 84
vs. venous thrombotic risk, 85–86
Aspirin. See also Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
ACS, 122
action mechanism
COX-1 and COX-2, 119
prostaglandin H synthase, 118
adverse effects, 124–125
antiplatelet therapy, 294–295
benefits, 147, 454–455
cardiovascular mortality, 124
and clopidogrel response variability, 318–319
description, 117–118, 220
doses, 147–148, 457
effects, antiplatelet, 119, 312
in heart failure, 428
irreversible inhibitor, 146
mechanisms, 452
NF-kB activity, 49
optical platelet aggregation tests, 126
PCI antiplatelet therapy, 262
pharmacokinetics, 118
vs. placebo, 220
platelet activation and regulation, 451
primary prevention
benefits and risks, 120
roles, 124
trial characteristics, 123–124
renal failure, 276
resistance, 455
responsiveness, 453
secondary prevention
antiplatelet effects, 119
placebo-controlled trials, 120
platelet cyclooxygenase-1, 121
risk reduction, 122
STEMI, antiplatelet therapies
dosing and resistance, 221
uses, 220
stroke reduction, 393–395
Atherosclerosis
cellular and humoral mediated response
mast cell, 42
monocytes and macrophages, 41–42
chemokines and cytokines
CD40 and CD4OL, 45
interleukins, 44–45
TNF-a, 44
development and progression, 46
inflammation pathobiology
adhesion molecules, 40–41
endothelial function, 40
nuclear transcription factors
NF-kB, 45
PPAR, 46
Atrial fibrillation and cardioversion
anticoagulation in patient
acute stroke, 400
catheter ablation, 399
elective diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, 400
percutaneous coronary intervention, 399–400
thromboembolism, 398
antiplatelet therapy, 395
aspirin, 393, 395
direct thrombin inhibitors, 396
factor Xa inhibitors, 396, 398
LWMHs, 395–396
thromboembolism risks, 390–391
warfarin
clinical practice and risks, 393
coagulation factors, 391
AZD6140 dose, 159, 230
B
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), 5
Bioprosthetic valves, 412
Bivalirudin
bleeding, 190
cardiac surgery, 444
carotid stenting, 297
monotherapy, 191, 193
PCI, 441, 443
peripheral intervention
efficacy, 286–287
half-life, 286
thrombin binding, 188
Bivalirudin angioplasty trial (BAT)
bleeding, 191
ischemic complications, 190
Bridging therapy
anticoagulation, 419
FFP, 420
VKA therapy, 419–420
C
Cardioversion, 398–399
Carotid intervention
anticoagulation, thrombin inhibitors
direct, 297
indirect, 296–297
https://t.me/med1917
Index468
Carotid intervention (Continued)
fibrinolytics
acute ischemic/iatrogenic embolic stroke, 298–299
antiplatelet, 299–300
intravenous and intra-arterial, 299
mechanical thrombectomy, 300–301
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
(CTPH), 334
Clopidogrel
ACS, 152, 158
acute ischemic events, 263–264
and aspirin
antiplatelet effects, 312
comparison, 149
CPA, 313–314
response variability, 318–319
benefits, 134
DES and, 152–153
dosing regimen, 457
loading doses, 264–265
mechanisms, 452–453
PCI and stenting, 135
platelet function, 309–310
pleiotropic properties, 458
prasugrel, 132, 138
pretreatment risk, 265
randomized trials, aspirin, 133
resistance, 456–457
safety and efficacy, 132, 134
therapy
benefits, 222, 224, 225
duration, 226–227
vs. PCI, 225–226
platelet response and resistance, 227
STEMI, 224
treatment, 224
unstable angina, 148
use, ACS, 264
Clopidogrel for high atherothrombotic risk and ischemic
stabilization, management and avoidance
(CHARISMA) study
aspirin, 135
CAPRIE trial, 137
clopidogrel, 135–136
REACH registry, 138
subgroups, 136
Collagen-epinephrine (CEPI), 310, 454
Cone and plate(let) analyzer (CPA), 313–314
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
ACT, 167
benefit, 225
bleeding, 176
Coronary artery diseases, 52
C-reactive protein (CRP)
cardiovascular risk factor, 47
cell migration and proliferation, 48–49
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 118–119
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 118–119
Cytokines
chemotactic, 43
pleiotropic proinflammatory, 44
TNF family, 45
D
Danaparoid, 442
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
affected sites, 334–335
coumarin-induced VLG, 437
diagnosis
duplex compression ultrasonography, 335–336
plasma D-dimer, 336
venography, 335
fondaparinux, 442
IVC filters, 340–341
treatment
anticoagulation, 336
fondaparinux, 340
heparin, 336–337
LMWHs, 337–339
vitamin K antagonists, 339–340
upper extremity and superficial venous thrombosis, 341
Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), 26. See also Acute
STEMI; Fibrinolysis
ACS
STEMI, 198–199
UA/NSTEMI, 198
anticoagulant therapy
bleeding rates, 197
heparin, 196
myocardial infarction, 194
bivalent and univalent, 186–187
bivalirudin
and argatroban, 188
and ecarin clotting time (ECT), 323
carotid intervention, 297
clot-bound thrombinn bind, 241
effect, anticoagulant, 322–323
and heparin, 185
hirudin, 187
LMWH, 186
meta-analysis, ACS, 243
NSTE ACS trials, 196
orally active, 188
peripheral intervention, 286
STEMI
fibrinolysis, 193
HORIZONS-AMI study, 194
trials, 195, 196
UA and NSTEMI
ACUITY trial, 191–193
hirudin, 189–190
Kaplan–Meier time-to-event curves, 192
https://t.me/med1917
Index 469
meta analysis, 190
plaque disruption, 188
REPLACE-2 trial, 191
thrombin, schematic representation, 189
UFH, hirudin, 241–242
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
HIT, 437
hypofibrinogenemia, 438
Drug eluting stents (DES)
vs. bare metal stents, 153–155
thrombosis and clopidogrel therapy, 152–153
DTI. See Direct thrombin inhibitors
DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis
E
Ecarin clotting time (ECT), 323, 444
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
activation, 26–27
gene, 75
polymorphisms, 29
Enoxaparin
alkaline depolymerization, 166
chronic kidney disease, 176
dosage, 175
LMWHs, 168
noninferiority, 174
peripheral intervention, 285–286
tirofiban, 173
vs. UFH
GP IIb/IIIa inhibition, 173
NSTE ACS, 169–172, 175
EPCR. See Endothelial protein C receptor
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 64, 72
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins
heterogeneous group, 6
RGD sequences, 6–7
support adhesion, 4
F
Factor V Leiden (FVL), 29, 30
Fibrin, 3
Fibrinolysis
agents
antiplatelet, 252–253
antithrombotic, 253
bleeding and hypersensitivity, 251–252
data, 250–251
fondaparinux, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
and DTI, 254
LMWHs, 253–254
use and contraindications, 252
angiographic and hemodynamic benefits
and heparin comparism, 353
streptokinase infusion, 352–353
clinical benefits, 355
DTI, 241–242
hemorrhagic complications and contraindications,
354–355
high-risk, massive PE, 355–356
intermediate-risk
heparin vs. rtPA treatment, 357–358
normotensive patients, 356–357
non-high-risk, non-massive PE, 356
vs. PCI
coronary angiography, 248–249
factors, 248
myocardial infarctions (MI), algorithm, 250
primary, 248–249
PE regimens
hemodynamic results, 354
urokinase efficacy, 353–354
STEMI diagnosis, 248
Fibrinolytic therapy
antiplatelet
aspirin, 299
glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, 300
thienopyridines, 299–300
aspirin, 220
CLARITY-TIMI 28 trial and COMMIT/CCS-2, 224
clopidogrel, 222
PCI use, 254–255
Fondaparinux, 272–274. See also Fibrinolysis
HIT
antibodies, 442
patients, 444
UFH, 443
FRagmin during instability in coronary artery disease
(FRISC), 169
FRAXiparine in ischemic syndrome (FRAXIS), 172
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 420
G
Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. See also Fibrinolysis
antiplatelet therapy, 294–295, 300
bivalirudin plus, 274
LMWHs, 271
mechanical reperfusion, 228–229
PCI antiplatelet therapy
abciximab, 263–268
eptifibatide and tirofiban, 268
pharmacologic reperfusion, 228
renal failure, 276
STEMI, antiplatelet therapies
abciximab, 227
primary PCI, 228–229
and reduced-dose fibrinolytic therapy, 228
UFH and, 273
women, 275
Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonist monitoring trials
blockade optimal level, 316–317
chimeric monoclonal 7E3 Fab and abciximab, 316
7E3 dose, 315
https://t.me/med1917
Index470
Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonist monitoring trials
(Continued)
MACE, 317
and PCI, 317–318
PFA-100 evaluation, 318
H
Heart failure and cardiomyopathy, anti-thrombotic therapy
anticoagulant therapy (warfarin)
aspirin, 430
atrial fibrillation, 429
myocardial infarction, 428–429
aspirin monotherapy, 428
bleeding risks, 430–431
limitation, 431
rationale
hypercoagulability, 426–427
left ventricular dysfunction, 426
sinus rhythm, 425–426
thromboembolism
epidemiology, 426
treatment, 427
Heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE)
trial, 455
Heparin
carotid intervention
acute stroke, 296–297
use, 296
infusion, 167
peripheral intervention, 284
Heparin-induced osteoporosis (HIO), 413
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
ACS, 185
argatroban, 188, 441
bivalirudin, 274, 441
cardiac surgery
anticoagulation, 444
ECT, 444–445
clinical features
acute limb occlusion, 437
DIC, 438
pathogenesis, 437
thrombocytopenia, 436
DTIs, 440
fondaparinux and danaparoid, 442
heparin antibodies, platelet factor 4, 445
hirudin, 187, 199
incidence
heparin type, 436
reduction, 443
isolated, 443
laboratory testing
functional tests, 438–439
pretest probability, 439
4T scoring system, 438
lepirudin
antibodies, 441
bleeding, 440
LMWHs, 337–338
management
heparin, 439
platelet transfusions, 440
pathogenesis, 436–437
PCI and
bivalirudin, 443
lepirudin, 444
platelet activation, 186
temporal patterns, 438
warfarin, 442–443
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 47
Hirudin
bivalirudin and, 188
half-life, 187
Hirulog and early reperfusion of occlusion (HERO)-2
DTI effects, 241
group mortality, 243
Hypertension optimal treatment trial (HOT), 120,
122, 123
I
Indirect thrombin inhibitors
carotid intervention
heparin, 296–297
warfarin, 297
peripheral intervention
heparin and warfarin, 284
LMWHs and enoxaparin, 287–288
Infarct related artery (IRA)
heparin therapy, 240
short-term, 237
Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters, 340–341
Inherited thrombotic disorders
clinical manifestations, 88–89
screening considerations
clinical testing, 90
family history, 89
treatment implications
long-term anticoagulation, 90–92
pregnancy management, 92
VTE, 90
Integrin a2b1, 6
Interventional cardiology
anticoagulant
DTI, 322–323
LMWHs, 321–322
unfractionated heparin, 320–321
platelet
aspirin and clopidogrel variability, 318–319
function tests, 308–315
trials of GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, 315–318
https://t.me/med1917
Index 471
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
diagnosis, 251
risk factors, 251–252
therapies
combination, 254
thrombolytic, 252
IRA. See Infarct related artery
L
Lepirudin
bleeding, 440
cross-reactivity, 441
HIT patients, 444
Light transmittance aggregometry (LTA), 262, 453
Light transmittance platelet aggregation, 262
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). See also
Fibrinolysis
agents, 166
anticoagulant effect and ACT, 322
anti-factor Xa assays, 168
enoxaparin, 238, 285–286
HIT patients, 438
isolated HIT, 443
NSTE ACS
vs. placebo, 169
vs. UFH, 169–171
PCI, 321–322
properties and placebo comparison, 237
reviparin and metabolic modulation, 237–238
STEMI, fibrinolysis, 238–240
TIMI trialists, 240
trials, 239
vs. UFH
early invasive strategy, 173–174
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, 173
trials, 174
Low-weight-molecular heparins (LWMHs), 395–396
Lytic therapy
agents, 251
bleeding and hypersensitivity, 251–252
contraindications and elderly patients, 252
M
Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)
ACS, 203
rates, 204, 207
without antiplatelet therapy, 456
Mitral annular calcification (MAC), 407–408
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 407
Monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), 41
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 46
Myocardial infarctions (MI)
aspirin, 132
COMMIT, 134
pathophysiology, 247
N
Non ST-segment elevation (NSTE), 221, 225, 226, 230
Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes
(NSTE ACS)
antithrombin therapy, PCI
enoxaparin, 175
LMWH, 174
aPTT, 176
enoxaparin
anti-factor Xa assays, 168
vs. UFH, 169, 172
fondaparinux, 176–177
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, 177–178
heparin monitoring and dosing
enoxaparin, 168
UFH, 167–168
LMWH
vs. placebo, 169
vs. UFH, 169–171, 173–174
protocols, 178
structure and action mechanism, 166
UFH
clinical trials, 168
heparin, 166
Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction
(NSTEMI)
aspirin
arachadonic acid, 146
dosing, 147–148
heparin, 147
clopidogrel, 149, 152
DES and clopidogrel therapy, 152–153
DTIs, 188–193
vs. STEMI, 247
ticlodipine, 149
O
Organiation for the assessment of strategies for ischemic
syndromes (OASIS)
aPTT, OASIS 2, 167
fondaparinux, 241
OASIS-5
clinical outcomes, 208
low-dose fondaparinux, 209
P
PARs. See Protease-activated receptors
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
ACT, 167
antiplatelet therapy
aspirin, 262
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, 265–268
thienopyridines, 263–265
antithrombin therapy, NSTE ACS patients
enoxaparin, 175–176
https://t.me/med1917
Index472
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (Continued)
NICE study, 175
UFH, 174–175
bivalirudin
in elderly women and renal impairmental patients, 274
UFH/enoxaparin plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibition, 273
clopidogrel, 134, 135
vs. clopidogrel therapy, 225–226
dosing, fondaparinux, 207
DTI, 322–323
facilitated, advantages and full-dose lytics, 255
vs. fibrinolysis, 248–250
fibrinolytic therapy. See Rescue angioplasty
fondaparinux, 272
GPIIb/IIIa
inhibitor, 316, 317
receptor antagonists, 172
receptor inhibitors, 228
half dose lytics and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, 256
HIT and, 443–444
indications, 206
LMWHs
ACS patients, 270
anticoagulant effect, 272
anticoagulant monitoring, 321–322
ESSENCE and TIMI-11B trials, 270–271
roles, 271
OASIS-5, 209
primary, 243
renal failure
bivalirudin, 276–277
thrombotic and bleeding complications, 275–276
UFH and LMWHs, 276
reperfusion therapy, 241
and stenting, 135
thienopyridines, 225
ticlodipine, 149
triple antiplatelet therapy, 173
UFH
ACT and bleeding complications, 269–270
anticoagulant monitoring, 320–321
anticoagulation level, 269
description, 268–269
women, 275
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
clopidogrel, 294
fibrinolytic trials, 289
glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, 294–295
r-PA studies, 292
symptomatic, 135, 137
thienopyridine to aspirin, 138
Peripheral intervention
anticoagulation
direct thrombin inhibitors, 286–287
indirect thrombin inhibitors, 284
low-molecular weight heparins, 285–286
antiplatelet therapy
aspirin, 293–294
glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, 294–295
thienopyridines, 294
mechanical thrombectomy
indications, 295
treatment, 295–296
thrombolytics
alteplase, 290–292
reteplase and tenecteplase, 292
staphylokinase, 292–293
streptokinase, 287–288
urokinase, 288–290
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 122
Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs), 46
Phospholipase C (PLC), 7
Placental growth factor (PGF), 47
Platelet count ratios, 314–315
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 32
Platelet function analyzer (PFA-100), 310–311, 454
Platelet function tests
bleeding time and turbidimetric aggregometry, 308
CPA
physiologic shear forces, 313
turbidimetric aggregometry and VerifyNow
RPFA, 314
flow cytometry, 309–310
PFA-100, 310–311
platelet count ratios
test performance, 314
and turbidimetric aggregometry, 314–315
thromboelastography
characteristics and limitation, 313
clot mechanical properties, 312
VerifyNow RPFA, 311–312
WBA, 308–309
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 308, 309, 311
Plateletworks. See Platelet count ratios
Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS)
characters, 334
prevention, 336
thrombolytics, 340
Prasugrel therapy, 458
Prosthetic heart valves
bioprosthetic, 412
mechanical
anticoagulation, 408
data collection and, 408, 411
INR levels and goals, 411
Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT)
diagnosis, 416
prevention, 418
treatment, 416–418
https://t.me/med1917
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана