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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_158_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
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idpcptides,
proteins,
nucleotides,
nucleic
acid,
amines,
and
antibiotics
nr
usually
not
called
alkaloids.
Natural
compounds
containing
nitrogen
in
the
exocyclic
position
(mescaline,
serotonin,
dopamine,
de.)
are
usually
attributed
to
amines
rather
than
alkaloids.
Some
nulhors,
however,
consider
alkaloids
a
special
case
of
amines
[57].
Characteristics
of
alkaloids:
1
.
They
are
basic
in
nature
due
to
the
presence
of
nitrogen
in
their
ring.
2.
They
have
complex
structures.
3.
They
have
bitter
principles.
4.
They
are
mostly
obtained
from
plant
materials.
Quinine
i.
They
have
high
pharmacological
and
physiological
activities.
Examples
of
alkaloids
are:
Quinine
-
an
antimalarial
drug
isolated
from
a
plant
called
<
mehoma
officialis.Qumme
is
an
antipyretic
alkaloid.
Its
molecular
lunnular
is
C20H24N2O2.
Functional
groups
present
in
quinine
пн
methoxyl
-ОСНЗ,
hydroxyl
-OH,
tertiary
amine
group,
i
h
Quinineis
a
natural
white
crystallinealkaloid
having
antipy-
idic
(fever-reducing),
antimalarial,
analgesic
(painkilling),
and
anti-
inll.immatory
properties
and
a
bitter
taste.
It
is
a
stereoisomer
of
quinidine,
which,
unlike
quinine,
is
an
antiarrhythmic.
Quinine
niilaiiis
two
major
fused-ring
systems:
the
aromaticquinoline
and
1
1
ir
hicyclicquinuclidine.
Quinine
occurs
naturally
in
the
bark
of
the
1
iiiiliona
tree,
though
it
has
also
been
,
nlhesized
in
the
laboratory.
The
medicinal
piopcrties
of
the
cinchona
tree
were
originally
1
li',
covered
by
the
Quechua,
who
are
indigenous
in
Peru
and
Bolivia;
later,
the
Jesuits
were
the
ftp.
I
lo
bring
cinchona
to
Europe.
Quinine
was
i
I
h
'
lust
effective
Western
treatment
for
malaria
R
=•
К
•
И
Moephtiw
alkakwtf
a-H.R
!
=
CHj
R
1
•
Htrniw
1
nir.cd
by
Plasmodium
falciparum,
appearing
in
therapeutics
in
the
I
/lli
century.
It
is
pre-dated
as
a
m
alarial
treatment
by
the
Chinese
In
1
bn
list's
use
of
Artemisia
annua,
described
in
a
4th-century
text,
a
iilniil
liom
which
the
antimalarial
drug
artemisinin
was
derived.
It
и
iniiiiicd
the
antimalarial
drug
of
choice
until
the
1940s,
when
other
https://t.me/med1917
drugs
such
as
chloroquine
that
have
fewer
unpleasant
side
effects
replaced
it.
Since
then,
many
effective
antimalarials
have
been
introduced,
although
quinine
is
still
used
to
treat
the
disease
in
certain
critical
circumstances,
such
as
severe
malaria,
and
in
impoverished
regions
due
to
its
low
cost.
Quinine
is
available
with
a
prescription
in
the
United
States
and
«over-the-counter»
(in
minute
quantities)
in
tonic
water.
Quinine
is
also
used
to
treat
lupus
and
arthritis.
Quinine
was
also
frequently
prescribed
in
the
US
as
an
off-label
treatment
for
nocturnal
leg
cramps,
but
this
has
become
less
prevalent
due
to
a
Food
and
Drug
Administration
state
ment
warning
against
the
practice.
Quinine
is
highly
fluorescent
(quantum
yield
-0.58)
in
0.1
Msulfuric
acid
solution
and
it
is
widely
used
as
a
standard
for
fluorescence
quantum
yield
measurement.lt
is
on
the
World
Health
Organization's
List
of
Essential
Medicines,
a
list
of
the
most
important
medication
needed
in
a
basic
health
system.
Other
examples
of
alkaloids
are:
morphine,
cocaine,
heroine,
etc.
Morphine
is
highly
narcotic
and
analgesic.
Morphine
is
an
opium
alkaloid
which
isolated
from
the
plant
Papavera
omniferous
Occurrence
of
Alkaloids
Like
other
natural
products,
alkaloids
are
found
in
tissues
of
plants
at
point
of
intense
cell
activities,
found
majorly
in
stems,
leaves
and
roots,
seeds
and
barks
of
plants.
Alkaloids
are
common
in
some
higher
plants
such
as
Rubiaceae,
Rotaceae,
Papaveraceae,
etc.
They
perform
certain
functions
in
plants
and
animals
as
a
result
of
their
pharmacological
activities.
Pharmacologically,
they
acts
as
chelating
agents,
in
which
case
they
select
one
metal
in
preference
to
another
from
the
soil
while
rejecting
others.
They
are
usually
solid,
though
some
exists
in
liquid
form.
Nomenclature
of
Alkaloids
There
is
no
systemic
nomenclature
for
alkaloids
due
to
the
complexity
in
their
structures;
hence
trivial
names
are
often
employed
in
the
nomenclature
of
alkaloids.
However,
the
names
often
end
with
-ine
and
this
indicates
the
basic
nature
of
the
compound.
Sometimes,
names
of
alkaloid
depict
the
source
of
the
alkaloid
in
question.
An
example
is
Nicotine
isolated
from
the
plant
Nicotina
tobaccullum.
At
times,
names
of
alkaloids
indicates
the
discoverer
of
such
alkaloid
or
even
the
society
or
tradition
where
https://t.me/med1917
.noli
plants
originated;
e.g.
morphine
alkaloid
came
from
the
name
Morphens
(the
ancient
god
of
Greek)
[58-60].
Classification:
Alkaloids
are
classified
into
two
broad
classes:
Classification
based
on
the
chemical
structure
of
alkaloids:
I
lelcrocyclic
alkaloids-pyrollidine
nucleus,
pyridine
nucleus,
piperidine
nucleus,
pyridine-piperidine
nucleus,
etc.
Classification
based
on
plant
source:
The
classifications
based
on
plant
’
s
source:
in
this
case
alkaloids
are
classified
on
the
basis
of
the
plant
source
such
as
the
family
and
the
genus.
For
instance,
morphine
alkaloid
is
from
Apocynaceae
family.
Opium
alkaloids
aicli
as
morphine,
codeine,
nicotine
and
papaverine
are
derived
from
opium
plant.
Rauwolfia
alkaloids
is
reserpine,
derived
from
Rau-
wolfia
family.
Reserpine
is
an
antihypertensive
alkaloid.
It
equally
nd
as
tranquilizer.
Chintonia
alkaloids:
quinine,
from
Cinchonine,
de.
Alkaloids
are
often
divided
into
the
following
major
groups[61]:
1.
«True
alkaloids»,
which
contain
nitrogen
in
the
heterocycle
and
originate
from
amino
acids.
Their
characteristic
examples
are
atropine,
nicotine,
and
morphine.
This
group
also
includes
some
alkaloids
that
besides
nitrogen
heterocycle
contain
terpene
(e.g.,
evonine)
or
peptide
fragments
(e.g.
ergotamine).
This
group
also
includes
piperidine
alkaloids
coniine
and
coniceine
although
they
do
not
originate
from
amino
acids.
2.
«Protoalkaloids»,
which
contain
nitrogen
and
also
originate
from
amino
acids.
Examples
include
mescaline,
adrenaline
and
ephedrine.
1.
Polyamine
alkaloids
-
derivatives
of
putrescine,
spermidine,
and
spermine.
I.
Peptide
and
cyclopeptide
alkaloids.
Pseudalkaloids
-
alkaloid-like
compounds
that
do
not
iiii|',iiiate
from
amino
acids.This
group
includes,
terpene-like
and
I'.ioid-like
alkaloids,
as
well
as
purine-like
alkaloids
such
as
iHeine,
theobromine,
theacrine
and
theophylline.
Some
authors
lii'.sily
as
pseudoalkaloids
such
compounds
such
as
ephedrine
and
dhinone.
Those
originate
from
the
amino
acid
phenylalanine,
but
Hn|iiiie
their
nitrogen
atom
not
from
the
amino
acid
but
through
i
iiisamination.
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Some
alkaloids
do
not
have
the
earbon
skeleton
characteristic
of
their
group.
So,
galantamine
and
homoaporphincs
do
n
ot
contain
isoquinolinc
fragment,
but
arc,
in
general,
attributed
to
isoquinoline
alkaloids.
44-
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https://t.me/med1917
https://t.me/med1917
https://t.me/med1917
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Serotonin,
psilocybin.
dimethy
tryptairi
Simple
indole
derivatives
(DMT),
bufotenin
__________________
Simple
derivatives
of
p-
>
Tryptophan
->
tryptamine
or
5-
H
arma
n,
harmine,
harmaline,
eleagnine
carboline
___________
|
hydroxitriptofan
_______
’
__ ___
.
------------------------------
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Glutamic
acid
—
>
3-ketoglutamic
acid
->
muscarine
(with
pyruvic
Muscarine,
allomuscarine,
epimuscarine,
acid)
epiallomuscarine
https://t.me/med1917
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