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i<
I
iiiolcnc
is
probably
the
most
important
as
a
precursor
of
vitamin
\
I
central
cleavage
into
retinol
and
some
retinoic
acid
(b-carotene
ides
about
40%
of
human
dietary
retinol
equivalents).
The
nu|on(y
of
carotenoids
are
still
manufactured
chemically,
but,
iiiii-iitly,
the
microbial
production
of
b-carotene
is
of
commercial
iiii|H>rlance.
Blakeslea
trispora
is
one
of
the
best
fungal
strain
uiploycd
for
the
production
of
b-carotene,
commercially
utilized
by
I
r.M.
B.
trispora
produces
up
to
3%
carotene
per
cell
dry
weight.
B.
iih/iora
is
also
employed
for
the
production
of
natural
lycopene,
■
Hinnicrcialized
by
Vitatene.
The
marine
algae
Dunaliella
salina
is
I
о
employed
for
manufacturing
of
b-carotene.
Carotene
and
lycopene
are
known
to
improve
skin
properties
Klien
ingested
as
supplements
or
in
vegetal
products.They
protect
i.iyuiiist
sunburn,
increasing
the
basal
defense
against
UV
light-
mediated
damage
to
the
skin,
although
their
efficacy
is
not
■
<
и
nparable
to
the
use
of
a
sunscreen
[129].
In
human
serum
several
carotenes
and
xanthophylls
have
been
delected.
If
a-
,
b-carotene
and
lycopene
are
frequently
quoted
in
pccialized
papers,
some
others
are
now
determined
with
precise
lll'LC
methods
(lutein,
zeaxanthin,
cantaxanthin
and
b-cryp-
loxanthin).
Xanthophylls
https://t.me/med1917
These
compounds
originate
from
ingested
fruit,
green
leaves,
berries
and
yellow
corn.
Egg
yolk
usually
contains
about
175-
400
mg
of
lutein
and
about
200-300
mg
of
zeaxanthin,
but
this
could
be
affected
by
hen's
feed
composition.
Up
to
18%
losses
of
xanthophylls
have
been
observed
after
various
cooking
methods
[130-131].
Lutein
has
its
maximum
absorption
at
450
nm,
cryptoxanthin
at
453
nm
and
zeaxanthin
at
454
nm.
Lutein
and
zeaxanthin
are
the
only
xanthophylls
found
in
human
serum
that
are
present
in
retina,
macula
(the
central
region
of
the
eye
(they
are
frequently
referred
to
as
macular
pigment),
and
lenses.
Thus,
they
are
at
the
origin
of
the
name
of
the
central
part
of
the
retina,
macula
lutea
(yellow
spot).
By
absorbing
blue-light,
the
macular
pigments
protect
the
underlying
photoreceptor
cell
layer
from
light
damage,
possibly
initiated
by
the
formation
of
reactive
oxygen
species.
Increasing
the
intake
of
lutein
or
zeaxanthin
may
prove
to
be
protective
against
the
development
of
age-related
macular
degeneration
[132].
Several
nutritional
investigations
have
suggested
that
lutein
sup
plements
may
improve
visual
function
and
optical
density
in
aged
people
[133].
Natural
aromatic
derivative
of
lutein,
3,3'-dihy-
droxyisorenieratene
and
its
non-hydroxylated
parent
compound,
isorenieratene,
are
produced
by
green
sulfur
bacteria
and
by
Brevibacterium
linens,
a
bacteria
used
in
the
dairy
industry
for
production
of
smear
cheese.
3,3'-Dihydroxyisoremeratene
(R
b
R
2
=
OH)
Isorenieratene
(R
b
R
2
=
H)
Their
high
antioxidant
activity
against
free
radicals
and
their
specific
ability
to
prevent
oxidatively
generated
damage
to
DNA
make
them
interesting
compounds
for
the
development
of
endogenous
photoprotective
systems
[134].
https://t.me/med1917
Astaxanthin,
present
in
yeast,
microalgae,
crustaceans
and
fish,
is
a
natural
nutritional
component,
used
as
a
food
supplement
for
human
and
animal
consumption.
Its
commercial
production
comes
from
both
natural
and
synthetic
sources.
Astaxanthine
In
vitro,
astaxanthin
is
several
fold
more
active
as
a
free
radical
antioxidant
than
b-carotene
and
a-tocopherol.
In
animal
models,
its
modulates
immune
response,
inhibits
cancer
cell
growth,
and
reduces
bacterial
load
and
gastric
inflammation
in
vitro
and
rodent
models.
In
humans,
dietary
astaxanthin
decreases
a
DNA
damage
biomarker
and
acute
phase
protein,
and
enhances
immune
response
[135-137].
Ketocarotenoids
belong
to
the
xanthophyll
group
and
are
quite
unique
in
nature.
Among
these
compounds,
echinenone
and
can-
thaxantin
are
abundant
in
cyanobacteria
are
characteristic
of
cyanobacteria
[138].
Violaxanthin
is
an
epoxidized
derivative
of
antheraxanthin
(hydroxylated
cryptoxanthin)
and
forms
with
zeaxanthin
the
xanthophyll
cycle
that
is
said
to
protect
the
photosynthetic
system
of
plants
against
damage
by
excess
light.
Violaxanthin
Two
cycloaddition
products
of
/ra«.s-violaxanthin
with
a-
locopherol
have
been
isolated
from
seeds
of
Pittosporum
tobiraand
I
heir
structures
elucidated.
These
C69
carotenoids
were
named
pittosporumxanthins.
Their
global
structure
is
given
below.
https://t.me/med1917
Pitto
spo
mmxanthin
Further
investigations
have
revealed
the
existence
of
six
other
forms
based
on
addition
of
a-tocopherol
with
antheraxanthin,
neoxanthin
or
violaxanthin
[139].
Fucoxanthin,
as
an
allenic
carotenoid
with
a
5
,6-monoepoxide
group,
is
one
of
the
most
abundant
carotenoid
in
brown
algae
and
diatoms.
This
compound
contributes
more
than
10%
of
the
estimated
total
production
of
carotenoids
in
nature.
Fucoxanthin
This
carotenoid
has
shown
interesting
biological
properties,
such
as
anticarcinogenetic
effects,
anti-inflammatory
effects
and
radical
scavenging
activity.
Furthermore,
it
has
been
shown
that
fucoxanthin
has
an
anti-obesity
effect
in
connection
with
the
expression
of
the
uncoupling
protein
UCP1
in
white
adipose
tissue.
Its
ability
to
enhance
the
docosahexaenoic
acid
concentration
in
the
liver
of
treated
obese
mice
remains
to
be
examined
more
thoroughly.
A
great
part
of
the
biological
properties
of
fucoxanthin
may
be
related
to
its
ability
to
take
up
pe
roxynitrite
through
the
formation
of
nitro
fucoxanthin
and
the
inhibition
of
the
nitration
of
tyrosine
by
peroxynitrite.
Therefore,
fucoxanthin
may
have
the
potential
to
reduce
the
risk
of
cancer
induced
by
reactive
nitrogen
species
[141-142].
Neoxanthin
is
another
common
allenic
carotenoid,
widely
https://t.me/med1917
distributed
in
higher
plants
and
algae,
which
was
first
isolated
from
the
green
leaves
of
barley
in
1938
by
Strain
HH.
Neoxanthin
is
thought
to
be
a
part
of
the
light
harvesting
complexes
in
thylakoids
and
as
a
precursor
to
the
plant
growth
hormone
abscisic
acid.
Neoxanthin
More
than
40
allenic
carotenoids
have
been
described
in
vegetals
and
accumulated
in
animals.
An
unusual
carotenoid
ester
was
identified
in
fresh
mango
lipids
as
violaxanthin
dibutyrate.
Another
unusual
acetylenic
carotenoid
was
discovered
and
identified
in
a
marine
sponge
(Prianos
osiros)
[143-145].
That
new
molecule
was
shown
to
be
strongly
cytotoxic
toward
cultured
human
colon
tumor
cells.
Specific
carotenoids
are
found
in
mineral
sediments
or
crude
oils
and
are
used
as
biomarkers.
Among
them,
isorenieratane,
found
in
oils
of
Devonian
age,
is
derived
from
the
carotenoid
isorenieratene
(an
homologue
of
the
previous
one
but
with
an
unsaturated
isoprenoid
chain),
which
is
synthesized
by
photosynthetic
green
sulfur
bacteria
(Chlorobiaceae).
https://t.me/med1917
Isorenieratane
Another
C40
carotenoid,
paleorenieratane,
also
thought
to
be
derived
from
the
same
bacteria
has
been
identified
in
Devonian
aged
sediments
and
crude
oils[
146].
Paleorenieratane
These
green
sulfur
bacteria
are
strict
anaerobes
that
require
light
and
hydrogen
sulfide
in
stratified
water
columns
to
carry
out
photosynthesis
and
are
thus
markers
for
these
photic
zones
(euxinic)
in
depositional
environments.
C50-carotenoids,
including
bacterioruberin
which
is
present
in
halophilic
Archaea,
characterize
the
colored
saltern
ponds
[147].
OH
Bacterioruberin
Although
green
leaves
contain
unesterified
hydroxy
carote
noids,
most
carotenoids
in
ripe
fruit
are
esterified
with
fatty
acids.
However,
those
of
a
few
fruits,
particularly
those
that
remain
green
when
ripe,
such
as
kiwi,
undergo
limited
or
no
esterification.
Carotenoid
mono-
and
diesters
were
identified
in
mandarin
essential
oil,
in
Haematococcus
pluvialisand
in
the
Antarctic
krill
Euphausia
superba.
https://t.me/med1917
Carotenoids
fatty
acid
esters
were
also
described
in
the
carapace
of
the
spiny
lobster
Panulirus
japonicus.
Astaxanthin,
adonixanthin,
and
pectenolone
were
esterified
with
fatty
acids
with
a
large
range
of
chain
length
and
unsaturation.Several
esterified
seco-carotenoids,
the
tobiraxanthins,
have
been
isolated
from
the
seeds
of
Pittosporum
tobira.
Two
fatty
acid
molecules
(lauric
or
myristic
acid)
acylated
the
carotenoid
part.
One
of
these
compounds
is
shown
below
(Tobiraxanthin
Al)
[148-149].
|,СНг}1г
c-o
9=0
Tobiraxanthin
Al
((W
’
z
4.7.
Essential
oils
from
Kazakh
traditional
medicinal
plant
of
Thymus
altaicus
Introduction
The
traditionally
natural
products
have
played
an
important
role
in
developing
of
natural
product
chemistry
which
continues
to
expand
to
exciting
new
frontiers
of
great
importance
in
medicine.
In
Kazakhstan
49
genuses,
247
species
of
plants
are
growing
that
belong
to
family
Lamiaceae
and
genus
Thymus
have
around
27
species
[150].
Thymus
altaicus
has
efficiently
been
used
in
the
treatments
of
cold
and
cough
with
the
properties
of
immunostimulant,
expectorant,
diuretic
and
detumescence
in
Kazakh
traditional
medicine
[151].
Essential
oils
(EO)
are
also
known
as
volatile
oils,
which
is
a
concentrated
hydrophobic
liquid
containing
volatile
aroma
compounds
and
internationally
defined
as
the
product
obtained
by
hydrodistillation,
steam
distillation
or
dry
distillation
or
by
a
suitable
mechanical
process
without
heating
(for
Citrus
fruits)
of
a
plant
or
of
some
parts
of
it.
Essential
oils
of
aromatic
plants
and
spices
are
used
https://t.me/med1917
in
industries
for
production
of
bath
products,
cosmetics,
soap,
perfumes
and
toiletries.
Many
of
them
are
also
used
in
traditional
medicine
for
various
purposes
such
as
aromatherapy
for
the
purpose
of
altering
one's
mood,
cognitive,
psychological
and
physical
well
being
.
The
volatiles
constitutes
were
extracted
from
the
aerial
parts
oi
Thymus
altaicus
by
water
steam
distillation
were
analyzed
by
GC-
MS
method.
Fifty
six
compounds
were
separated.
Their
relative
contents
were
determined
by
area
normalization
in
which
47
volatiles
were
identified.
The
major
volatile
oils
of
T.
altaicus
are
3
-cyclohexene-
1-
methanol,
a,a-4-trimethyl-
(35.84%),
benzene,
l-mehtyl-2-(l-
methylethyl)-
(15.24%),
P-myrcene
(10.30%),
thymol
(7.94%),
1
,4-cyclohexadiene,
l-methyl-4-
(1
-methylethyl)-
(5.34%),
caryophyllene
(5.26%),
l,6-octadien-3-
ol,3,7-
dimethyl(4.78%),
2,6-octadien-
l-ol,
3,7-dimethyl-(E)-
(2.06%),
2,6-
octadien-l-ol,3,7-
dimethyl-,
acetate,
(E)-
(1.31%),
caryophyllene
oxide
(1.23%).
Materials
and
Method
Plant
material:
Thymus
altaicus
was
collected
in
Altay
region
of
east
Kazakhstan,in
July
2012
and
identified
by
Prof.
Shen
Guan
Min
from
the
Xinjiang
Institute
of
Ecology
and
Geography,
Chinese
Academy
of
Sciences.
The
oils
were
isolated
by
water-distillation
for
4
hrs
and
then
dried
over
anhydrous
sodium
sulphate.
GC-MS
analysis:the
aerial
part
of
Thymus
altaicus
were
analyzed
byElectron
Impact
Ionization
(El)
method
on
Perkin-Elemer
Autosystem
XL
-TurboMass
(Gas
Chromatograph
coupled
to
Mass
Spectrometer)
fused
silica
capillary
column
(30m
x
2.5mm;
0.25
pm
film
thickness),
coated
with
PE-5
ms
were
utilized.
The
carrier
gas
was
helium
(99.999%).
The
column
temperature
was
programmed
from
60°C
(held
for
5
min),
at
2°C/min
to
180°C,
at
3.5
C/min
to
290°C.
https://t.me/med1917
The
latter
temperature
maintained
for
40
min
(Acquisition
parameters
full
scan;
scan
range
40-350
amu).
The
injector
temperature
was
310°C.
Injection:
with
a
O.lul:
detector
ion
source
(EI-70eV).
Samples
were
injected
by
splitting
with
the
split
ratio
1:60.
Identification
of
the
compounds:Identification
of
compounds
was
done
by
comparing
the
NIST
and
Wiley
library
data
of
the
peaks
and
mass
spectra
of
the
peaks
with
those
reported
in
literature.
Percentage
composition
was
computed
from
GC
peak
areas
on
PE-5
ms
column
without
applying
correction
factors[152-154].
Volatile
oils
from
the
aerial
parts
of
Thymus
altaicuswcxc
analyzed
by
GC-MS.
Fifty
six
compounds
were
separated.
Their
relative
contents
were
determined
by
area
normalization.
The
yield
from
whole
herbs
of
Thymus
altaicus
was
found
to
be
5.53
%.
Table
1
report
the
composition
of
the
volatile
oils
of
the
aerial
parts
of
T
altaicus.
Forty
seven
components
have
been
identified
in
the
volatiles
(Table
4.2)
of
T
altaicus
which
the
major
constituents
are
3
-cyclohexene-
1
-methanol,
a,a,4-trimethyl-
(35.84%),
benzene,
l-mehtyl-2-(l-
methylethyl)-
(15.24%),
p-myrcene
(10.30%),
thymol
(7.94%),
1,4-cyclohexadiene,
1
-methyl-
4-(l
-methylethyl)-
(5.34%),
caryophyllene
(5.26%),
1,6-octadien-
3-ol,3,7-dimethyl-
(4.78%),
2,6-octadien-
1-,3,7-dimethyl-,
(E)-
(2.06%).
According
to
the
report
3
-cyclohexene-
1
-methanol,
a,a,4-trimethyl-(a-terpineol)
(35.84%)
shows
antioxidant
effects
and
antiseptic
is
present
in
many
extracted
oils
of
various
plant
species,
acts
as
an
antihyper
nociception
and
anti-inflammatory
[155].
And
second
major
volatile
constituent
benzene,
l-mehtyl-2-(l-
methylethyl)-
(15.24%)
showed
antimicrobial
and
antibacterial
activates
[156-157].
P-myrcene
(10.30%)
and
essential
oils
containing
this
terpenoid
compound
are
widely
used
as
a
fragrance
in
cosmetics,
as
a
scent
in
household
products,
and
as
a
flavoring
additive
in
food
and
alcoholic
beverages
[158].
Furthermore,
it
was
reported
that
p-myrcene
is
an
analgesic
substance
and
the
active
principle
of
lemongrass
(Cymbopogon
citratus
Stapf)
'abafado',
an
infusion
made
with
the
pan
covered
in
order
to
prevent
the
loss
of
volatile
constituents
[159].
Lemongrass
'abafado'
is
widely
used
in
Brazilian
folk
medicine
as
a
sedative
and
as
a
remedy
for
gastrointestinal
disorders
[160].
https://t.me/med1917
The
volatile
constituents
of
aerial
parts
of
Thymus
altaicus
Pea
к
No.
Constituents
tR
(min)
Molecu
lar
Formula
MW
Coni
cnl
(%)
1
2
3
4
5 6
1
l-R,a-pinene
16.03
CioHje
136
0.7?
2
Bicyclo[3.
1
.0]hex-2-ene,
2-methyl-5-
(1
-methylethyl)
16.17
C
10
H
16
136
0.3
3
Camphene
18.46
СюН
|6
136
0.77
4
0-Pinene
20.96
C1
q
H
j
6
136
0.2(1
5
Bicyclo[3
.1
.0]hexene,
4-methylene-
1
-
(1
-methylethyl)
21.81
C
io
H
ij
136
0.60
6
0-Myrcene
24.92
C
10
H
16
136
10ЛО
7
Cyclohexene,
1
-methyl-4-(
1
-
methylethylidene)
26.10
CioHie
136
0.4
s
8
2,3
-Dehydro-
1
,8-cineole
26.93
CioHjeO
152
0.09
9
Limonene
27.56
C
10
H
16
136
0.42
10
Eucalyptol
28.43
CioHijO
154
0.66
11
1
,4-Cyclohexadiene,
1
-methyl-4-(
1
-
methylethyi)-
31.66
СюН
|6
136
5.34
12
Benzene,
l-methyl-2-(
1
-methylethyl)-
34.10
C
I0
H
14
134
15.24
13
Bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2-ene,
3,7,7-
trimethyl
34.63
CioHie
136
0.05
14
l-Octen-3-ol
48.93
c
8
H
l6
o
128
0.31
15
Terpineol,
Z-,
beta-
50.54
СюН1
8
О
154
0.05
16
Camphor
56.01
CioHjeO
152
0.58
17
l,6-Octadien-3-ol,
3,7-dimethyl
57.82
CioHjgO
154
4.78
18
1
,6-Octadien-3-ol,
3,7-dimethyl-,
acetate
58.84
C12H20O2
196
0.91
19
Germacrene
d
60.75
C15H24
204
0.03
20
Bornyl
acetate-
61.27
C12H20O2
196
0.16
21
Benzene,
2-methoxy-4-methyl-
1
-(1
-
methylethyl)-
62.14
c
n
H
l6
o
164
0.10
22
Caryophyllene
63.13
C15H24
204
5.26
23
2-Methyl-6~methylene-oct-3,7-dien-2-
ol
64.16
C
10
H
16
O
152
0.04
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