Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5460_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
146 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
21. Gao, P., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Li, M., Zhu, Y.J., Zhou, X.T., Ding, D.Z.,
Li, L., Improving the equilibrium solubility of Nateglinide by synthesizing
a novel Nateglinide cocrystal with a single-crystal structure. J. Mol. Struct.,
1309, 138030, 2024.
22. Şen, N., Aslan, N., Yüksel, B., Teciman, I., Characterization and properties
of a new insensitive explosive cocrystal composed of trinitrotoluene and
pyrene. Struct. Chem., 35, 2, 553–567, 2024.
23. Chen, Y.H., Zhang, G.Z., Chen, F.H., Zhang, S.Q., Fang, X., Chen, H.M.,
Lin, M.J., Halogen-bonded charge-transfer cocrystal scintillators for high-
resolution X-ray imaging. Chem. Sci., 15, 7659–7666, 2024.
24. Abd-Elghany, M. and Klapötke, T.M., A review on dierential scanning calo-
rimetry technique and its importance in the eld of energetic materials. Phys.
Sci. Rev., 3, 4, 1 – 14, 2018.
25. Yu, L., Huang, J., Jones, K.J., Measuring free-energy dierence between crys-
tal polymorphs through eutectic melting. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 42, 19915–
19922, 2005.
26. Spink, C.H., Dierential scanning calorimetry. Methods Cell Biol., 84, 115–
141, 2008.
27. Cooper, A. and Johnson, C.M., Dierential scanning calorimetry, in:
Microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and macroscopic techniques, vol. 22, C.
Jones, B. Mulloy, A.H. omas, (Eds.), pp. 125–136, Humana Press, Humana
Totowa, NJ, 1994.
28. Freire, E., Dierential scanning calorimetry, in: Protein stability and folding:
eory and practice, vol. 40, B.A. Shirley (Ed.), pp. 191–218, Humana Press,
Humana Totowa, NJ, 1995.
29. Patel, R.D. and Raval, M.K., Dierential scanning calorimetry: A screening
tool for the development of diacerein eutectics. Results Chem., 4, 100315,
2022.
30. Garbacz, P. and Wesolowski, M., Benzodiazepines cocrystals screening using
FTIR and Raman spectroscopy supported by dierential scanning calorime-
try. Spectrochim Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 234, 118242, 2020.
31. Garbacz, P., Paukszta, D., Sikorski, A., Wesolowski, M., Structural charac-
terization of cocrystals of chlordiazepoxide with p-aminobenzoic acid and
lorazepam with nicotinamide by dsc, x-ray diraction, ir and raman spec-
troscopy. Pharmaceutics, 12, 7, 648, 2020.
32. Machado Cruz, R., Boleslavská, T., Beránek, J., Tieger, E., Twamley, B.,
Santos-Martinez, M.J., Dammer, O., Tajber, L., Identication and pharma-
ceutical characterization of a new itraconazole terephthalic acid cocrystal.
Pharmaceutics, 12, 8, 741, 2020.
33. Coats, A.W. and Redfern, J.P., ermogravimetric analysis. A review. Analyst,
88, 1053, 906–924, 1963.
34. Mansa, R. and Zou, S., ermogravimetric analysis of microplastics: A mini
review. Environ. Adv., 5, 100117, 2021.
Characterization of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 147
35. Loganathan, S., Valapa, R.B., Mishra, R.K., Pugazhenthi, G., omas, S.,
ermogravimetric analysis for characterization of nanomaterials, in:
ermal and rheological measurement techniques for nanomaterials charac-
terization, S. omas, R. omas, A.K. Zachariah, R.K. Mishra (Eds.), pp.
67–108, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2017.
36. Yin, S.X., Scaringe, R.P., Malley, M.F., Gougoutas, J.Z., In-situ variable tem-
perature powder X-ray diraction and thermal analysis-applications in the
pharmaceutical industry. Am. Pharm. Rev., 8, 56–58, 2005.
37. Ngilirabanga, J.B., Rosa, P.P., Aucamp, M., Kippie, Y., Samsodien, H., Dual-
drug cocrystal synthesis for synergistic in vitro eect of three key rst-line
antiretroviral drugs. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., 60, 101958, 2020.
38. Erxleben, A., Application of vibrational spectroscopy to study solid-state
transformations of pharmaceuticals. Curr. Pharm. Des., 22, 32, 4883–4911,
2016.
39. Du, Y. and Xue, J., Investigation of polymorphism and cocrystallization of
active pharmaceutical ingredients using vibrational spectroscopic tech-
niques. Curr. Pharm. Des., 22, 32, 4917–4928, 2016.
40. Chavan, R.B., Bhargavi, N., Lodagekar, A., Shastri, N.R., Near infra-red spec-
troscopy: a tool for solid state characterization. Drug Discov. Today, 22, 12,
1835–1843, 2017.
41. Iwata, K., Karashima, M., Ikeda, Y., Isotope-edited infrared spectroscopy for
ecient discrimination between pharmaceutical salts and cocrystals. Mol.
Pharmaceutics, 14, 7, 2350–2358, 2017.
42. Parmar, V.K. and Shah, S.A., hydrochloride salt cocrystals: preparation,
characterization, and physicochemical studies. Pharm. Dev. Technol., 18, 2,
443–453, 2013.
43. Vogt, F.G., Clawson, J.S., Strohmeier, M., Edwards, A.J., Pham, T.N., Watson,
S.A., Solid-state NMR analysis of organic cocrystals and complexes. Cryst.
Growth Des., 9, 2, 921–937, 2009.
44. Khan, F.M., Ahmad, M., Idrees, H.A., Simvastatin-nicotinamide cocrystals:
formation, pharmaceutical characterization and in vivo prole. Drug Des.
Devel. er., 4303–4313, 2020.
45. Wouters, J. and Quéré, L. (Eds.), Pharmaceutical salts and cocrystals, Royal
Society of Chemistry, 2012.
46. Ali, A., Kuznetsov, A., Ibrahim, M., Abbas, A., Akram, N., Maqbool, T.,
Chemistry and modern techniques of characterization of Cocrystals, in:
Drug Formulation Design, R. Shukla, A. Kuznetsov, A.A. XXXA. (Eds.),
IntechOpen, 2022.
47. Maciołek, U., Mendyk, E., Kuśmierz, M., Kozioł, A.E., Binary Co-Crystals
of Quercetin: Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization.
ChemPlusChem., 88, 7, e202300166, 2023.
48. Queiroz, A.L.P., Rodrigues, M., Zeglinski, J., Crean, A.M., Sarraguça, M.C.,
Vucen, S., Determination of cocrystal phase purity by mid infrared spectros-
copy and multiple curve resolution. Int. J. Pharm., 595, 120246, 2021.
148 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
49. Naqvi, A., Ahmad, M., Minhas, M.U., Khan, K.U., Batool, F., Rizwan, A.,
Preparation and evaluation of pharmaceutical cocrystals for solubility
enhancement of atorvastatin calcium. Polym. Bull., 77, 6191–6211, 2020.
50. Wu, X., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Liu, J., Qin, J., Hong, Z., Du, Y., Solid phase drug-
drug pharmaceutical cocrystal formed between pyrazinamide and diunisal:
Structural characterization based on terahertz/Raman spectroscopy com-
bining with DFT calculation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.,
234, 118265, 2020.
51. Tomaszewska, I., Karki, S., Shur, J., Price, R., Fotaki, N., Pharmaceutical
characterisation and evaluation of cocrystals: importance of in vitro dissolu-
tion conditions and type of coformer. Int. J. Pharm., 453, 2, 380–388, 2013.
52. akuria, R., Delori, A., Jones, W., Lipert, M.P., Roy, L., Rodríguez-Hornedo,
N., Pharmaceutical cocrystals and poorly soluble drugs. Int. J. Pharm., 453,
1, 101–125, 2013.
53. Good, D.J. and Rodríguez-Hornedo, N., Solubility advantage of pharmaceu-
tical cocrystals. Cryst. Growth Des., 9, 5, 2252–2264, 2009.
54. Baertschi, Alsante, Reed, Pharmaceutical stress testing: predicting drug degra-
dation, vol. 210, S.W., K.M. , R.A. (Eds.), Informa Healthcare, London, 2011.
55. Losson, T. (Ed.), Drug stability for pharmaceutical scientists, Elsevier,
Kidlington, Oxford, UK, 2014.
56. Chemburkar, S.R., Bauer, J., Deming, K., Spiwek, H., Patel, K., Morris, J.,
Henry, R., Spanton, S., Dziki, W., Porter, W., Quick, J., Dealing with the
impact of ritonavir polymorphs on the late stages of bulk drug process devel-
opment. Org. Process Res. Dev., 4, 5, 413–417, 2000.
57. Bolla, G., Mittapalli, S., Nangia, A., Celecoxib cocrystal polymorphs with
cyclic amides: synthons of a sulfonamide drug with carboxamide coformers.
Cryst. Eng. Comm., 16, 1, 24–27, 2014.
58. Samie, A., Desiraju, G.R., Banik, M., Salts and cocrystals of the antidia-
betic drugs gliclazide, tolbutamide, and glipizide: solubility enhancements
through drug–coformer interactions. Cryst. Growth Des., 17, 5, 2406–2417,
2017.
59. enge, R.R., Patond, V.B., Ajmire, P.V., Barde, L.N., Mahajan, N.M., Tekade,
N.P., Preparation and characterization of cocrystals of diacerein. Indones. J.
Pharm., 28, 1, 34, 2017.
60. Nechipadappu, S.K., Tekuri, V., Trivedi, D.R., Pharmaceutical cocrystal
of ufenamic acid: synthesis and characterization of two novel drug-drug
cocrystal. J. Pharm. Sci., 106, 5, 1384–1390, 2017.
61. Pandey, N.K., Sehal, H.R., Garg, V., Gaur, T., Kumar, B., Singh, S.K., Gulati,
M., Gowthamarajan, K., Bawa, P., Rajesh, S.Y., Sharma, P., Stable cocrystals
of glipizide with enhanced dissolution proles: preparation and characteri-
zation. AAPS PharmSciTech., 18, 2454–2465, 2017.
62. Shane, N.L.J., Chamle, A.H., Vasantharaju, A., Pai, G., Sathyanarayana, M.B.,
Fabrication and solid state characterization of ticagrelor cocrystals with
Characterization of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 149
improved solubility and dissolution. Indian J. Pharm. Qual. Assur., 20, 14.54,
13–98, 2017.
63. Setyawan, D., Oktavia, I.P., Farizka, R., Retno, S.A.R.I., Physicochemical
characterization and in vitro dissolution test of quercetin-succinic acid
cocrystals prepared using solvent evaporation. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci., 14, 3,
280, 2017.
64. Shemchuk, O., Degli Esposti, L., Grepioni, F., Braga, D., Ionic cocrystals of
enantiopure and racemic histidine with calcium halides. Cryst. Eng. Comm.,
19, 42, 6267–6273, 2017.
65. Aithal, K., Pai, A., Pai, G., Muddukrishna, B.S., Preparation, solid state
characterization of Etravirine cocrystals with improved solubility. Lat. Am.
J. Pharm., 36, 5, 972–979, 2017.
66. Sopyan, I., Fudholi, A., Muchtaridi, M., Sari, I.P., Simvastatin-nicotinamide
cocrystal: design, preparation and preliminary characterization. Trop. J.
Pharm. Res., 16, 2, 297–303, 2017.
67. Cho, M.Y., Kim, P., Kim, G.Y., Lee, J.Y., Song, K.H., Lee, M.J., Yoon, W., Yun,
H., Choi, G.J., Preparation and characterization of aripiprazole cocrystals
with coformers of multihydroxybenzene compounds. Cryst. Growth Des.,
17, 12, 6641–6652, 2017.
68. Noa, F.M.A. and Jacobs, A., Phenylacetic acid cocrystals with acridine, caeine,
isonicotinamide and nicotinamide: Crystal structures, thermal analysis,
FTIR spectroscopy and Hirshfeld surface analysis. J. Mol. Struct., 1139, 60–
66, 2017.
69. Chadha, R., Rani, D., Goyal, P., Supramolecular cocrystals of gliclazide:
synthesis, characterization and evaluation. Pharm. Res., 34, 552–563, 2017.
70. Pan, Y., Pang, W., Lv, J., Wang, J., Yang, C., Guo, W., Solid state
characterization of azelnidipine–oxalic acid cocrystal and co-amorphous
complexes: e eect of dierent azelnidipine polymorphs. J. Pharm. Biomed.
Anal., 138, 302–315, 2017.
71. Almansa, C., Merce, R., Tesson, N., Farran, J., Tomas, J., Plata-Salaman,
C.R., Cocrystal of Tramadol hydrochloride–Celecoxib (CTC): a novel API–
API cocrystal for the treatment of pain. Cryst. Growth Des., 17, 4, 1884–
1892, 2017.
72. Samsodien, H., Bapoo, R., Doms, T.I., Harneker, Z., Louw, A.S., Scheepers,
I.C., Sonday, A.B., Geldenhuys, B., FTIR, dissolution and anti-viral activity
of nevirapine cocrystals. Pharm. Anal. Acta., 8, 9, 1-10, 2017.
73. Kang, Y., Gu, J., Hu, X., Syntheses, structure characterization and dissolution
of two novel cocrystals of febuxostat. J. Mol. Struct., 1130, 480–486, 2017.
74. Ramle, N.A., Rahim, S.A., Anuar, N., El-Hadad, O., Solubility of
carbamazepine cocrystals in ethanolic solution. AIP Conference Proceedings
of AIP Publishing, pp. 040001–1- 040001-7, August 2017.
75. Mohammad, K.A., Abd Rahim, S., Abu Bakar, M.R., Kinetics and nucleation
mechanism of carbamazepine–saccharin cocrystals in ethanol solution. J.
erm. Anal. Calorim., 130, 1663–1669, 2017.
150 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
76. Perrin, A., Goodwin, M.J., Musa, O.M., Yut, D.S., Steed, J.W., Boric acid
cocrystals in guar gelation. Cryst. Eng. Comm., 19, 47, 7125–7131, 2017.
77. Sládková, V., Dammer, O., Sedmak, G., Skořepová, E., Kratochvíl, B.,
Ivabradine hydrochloride (S)-mandelic acid cocrystal: in situ preparation
during formulation. Crystals, 7, 1, 13, 2017.
78. Garbacz, P., Wesolowski, M., DSC, F.T.I.R., and Raman Spectroscopy cou-
pled with multivariate analysis in a study of cocrystals of pharmaceutical
interest. Molecules, 23, 9, 2136, 2018.
79. Inam, M., Wu, J., Shen, J., Phan, C.U., Tang, G., Hu, X., Preparation and
characterization of novel pharmaceutical cocrystals: Ticagrelor with nicotin-
amide. Crystals, 8, 9, 336, 2018.
80. Abidi, S.S.A., Azim, Y., Khan, S.N., Khan, A.U., Sulfaguanidine cocrystals:
Synthesis, structural characterization and their antibacterial and hemolytic
analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 149, 351–357, 2018.
81. Aitipamula, S., Cadden, J., Chow, P.S., Cocrystals of zonisamide: physico-
chemical characterization and sustained release solid forms. Cryst. Eng.
Comm., 20, 21, 2923–2931, 2018.
82. Kamble, R.N.,., Bothiraja, C., Mehta, P.P., Varghese, V., Synthesis, solid state
characterization and antifungal activity of ketoconazole cocrystals. J. Pharm.
Investig., 48, 541–549, 2018.
83. do Amaral, L.H., do Carmo, F.A., Amaro, M.I., de Sousa, V.P., da Silva,
L.C.R.P., de Almeida, G.S., Rodrigues, C.R., Healy, A.M., Cabral, L.M.,
Development and characterization of dapsone cocrystal prepared by scalable
production methods. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 19, 2687–2699, 2018.
84. Abidi, S.S.A., Azim, Y., Gupta, A.K., Pradeep, C.P., Cocrystals of indole-3-
acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid: Synthesis, structural characterization
and Hirshfeld surface analysis. J. Mol. Struct., 1166, 202–213, 2018.
85. Yadav, B., Balasubramanian, S., Chavan, R.B., ipparaboina, R., Naidu,
V.G.M., Shastri, N.R., Hepatoprotective cocrystals and salts of riluzole: pre-
diction, synthesis, solid state characterization, and evaluation. Cryst. Growth
Des., 18, 2, 1047–1061, 2018.
86. Shimpi, M.R., Alhayali, A., Cavanagh, K.L., Rodríguez-Hornedo, N., Velaga,
S.P., Tadalal–malonic acid cocrystal: Physicochemical characterization,
pH-solubility, and supersaturation studies. Cryst. Growth Des., 18, 8, 4378–
4387, 2018.
87. Varma, A., Laxmi, P., Pai, A., Pai, G., Vasantharaju, S.G., Sathyanarayana,
M.B., Designing of stable cocrystals of zoledronic acid using suitable coform-
ers. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 67, 8, 816–823, 2019.
88. Zhou, Z., Calatayud, M., Contreras-García, J., Li, L., Tong, H.H., Zheng,
Y., X-Ray Diraction and eoretical Calculation–Supported Formation
of Polymorphic Cocrystals Discovered rough ermal Methods: A Case
Study. J. Pharm. Sci., 108, 10, 3340–3347, 2019.
89. enge, R., Patel, R., Kayande, N., Mahajan, N., Cocrystals of valsartan:
preparation and characterization. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 9, 274–283, 2019.
Characterization of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 151
90. Fernandes, R.P., do Nascimento, A.L.C.S., Carvalho, A.C.S., Teixeira, J.A.,
Ionashiro, M., Caires, F.J., Mechanochemical synthesis, characterization, and
thermal behavior of meloxicam cocrystals with salicylic acid, fumaric acid,
and malic acid. J. erm. Anal. Calorim., 138, 765–777, 2019.
91. Kozak, A., Marek, P.H., Pindelska, E., Structural characterization and phar-
maceutical properties of three novel cocrystals of ethenzamide with aliphatic
dicarboxylic acids. J. Pharm. Sci., 108, 4, 1476–1485, 2019.
92. Wang, Y., Xue, J., Qin, J., Liu, J., Du, Y., Structure and spectroscopic char-
acterization of pharmaceutical cocrystal formation between acetazolamide
and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.,
219, 419–426, 2019.
153
Inderbir Singh, Subrata Mallick and Ritu Rathi (eds.) Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences:
Design to Applications, (153–188) © 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC
6
Advancements and Applications
of Herbal Cocrystals
Rajat Goyal
1
, Pankaj Popli
2
, Kashish Wilson
1
, Hitesh Chopra
3
*,
Sonia Dhiman
2
and Sumeet Gupta
1
1
MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University),
Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
2
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
3
Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of
Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Cocrystals have drawn the attention of the pharmaceutical sector through the
introduction of regulatory guidelines by the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) because of their growing patent portfolios. e drug’s physicochemical
properties depend on the qualities of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
that it possesses, as well as its formulation type. e existing and newly discov-
ered APIs present signicant challenges in drug development. ese challenges
are mostly caused by APIs’ poor water solubility which inevitably leads to poor
bioavailability of the corresponding drugs in the patient. As a result, the prefor-
mulation of APIs mainly requires a brief knowledge of their solid-state features
and physicochemical properties. Cocrystallization dees a promising approach
for transforming API physical and pharmacological properties, viz, solubility, rate
of dissolution, stability, hygroscopicity, tablet ability, mechanical characteristics,
bioavailability, and ecient therapeutic potential. Herbal bioactives are promising
prospective for cocrystallization to improve solubility, taste masking, and bioavail-
ability. is chapter provides an extensive overview of the literature on the devel-
opment of cocrystals from various herbal bioactives, like curcumin, quercetin,
berberine, resveratrol, naringenin, and various other herbal chemical substances.
Various techniques are currently explored for producing medicinal cocrystals.
Instrumental and physicochemical characterization methods have been also
included. In conclusion, cocrystallization of herbal bioactives is a possible way to
*Corresponding author: chopraontheride@gmail.com
154 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
improve the physical characteristics of the aforementioned substances. However,
toxicological, stability, regulatory, and scale-up diculties need to be suciently
addressed before commercial viability can be anticipated.
Keywords: Herbal bioactives, cocrystals, physicochemical characterization,
bioavailability, solubility
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Denition and Overview
Crystal engineering nds diverse applications, including the utilization of
complementary molecules to create binary compounds [1]. In the pharma-
ceutical realm, molecules possess inherent recognition sites that selectively
bind to biomolecules, oering opportunities to construct supramolecular
self-assembling complexes with tailored physiochemical attributes [2].
A notable example is pharmaceutical cocrystals, which are crystalline
molecular complexes comprising two or more neutral molecules. ese
cocrystals represent a cutting-edge approach in supramolecular chemistry,
oering enhancements in various active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs)
characteristics such as dissolution rate, mechanical characteristics, and
stability, as shown in Figure 6.1 [3]. Compared to traditional solid-state
modication techniques like salt formation, cocrystal formation presents
several potential advantages. For instance, virtually all types of drug mole-
cules have the potential to form cocrystals, obviating the need for covalent
modication of APIs [4]. Moreover, herbal medicines have a rich history
of use dating back to ancient times, particularly prominent in regions like
India where traditional systems such as Siddha and Ayurveda rely heavily
on herbal preparations [5].
In modern pharmaceutical practice, herbal drugs hold a signicant posi-
tion due to their well-known eects and minimal side eects. Additionally,
herbal drugs oer a promising avenue for cocrystal formation compared
to synthetic counterparts [6]. Despite their broad pharmacological poten-
tial across various diseases, herbal drugs oen exhibit limited eectiveness
within the human biological system due to factors such as poor absorp-
tion, inability to penetrate lipid membranes, large molecular size, and
reduced bioavailability [7]. As a result of these restrictions, some extracts
are not employed in medicinal applications. Cocrystals have evolved as
a dierent approach for enhancing the kinetic and dynamic characteris-
tics of herbal medicine molecules within biological systems to solve these
problems [8, 9].
Advancements and Applications of Herbal Cocrystals 155
In designing dosage forms, cocrystals are becoming a more desirable
option than polymorphs, salts, solvates, and crystal habit manipulation
because they oer the advantage of altering the bulk material and physical
and chemical properties of the medicinal product without sacricing its
inherent action [10]. Utilizing cocrystals to convert herbal medicine into
a solid form oers multiple advantages, one of which is the potential to
achieve a high dissolution rate that is equivalent to the amorphous form
while keeping the long-term chemical and physical stability related to crys-
talline forms [11]. Furthermore, cocrystallization can enhance functional-
ity and processability downstream. Pharmaceutical businesses may prot
from prospects for intellectual property protection, including the oppor-
tunity to prolong the life cycles of current APIs through this method [12].
6.1.2 Fundamentals of Cocrystal Formation
APIs can currently be modied physicochemically using pharmaceuti-
cal cocrystallization, a relatively recent technique that provides several
benets over salt forms. Initially, cocrystal formation’s value potential
increases by its mere existence that it can be utilized for a variety of APIs,
such as basic, acidic, and nonionizable compounds. Secondly, when com-
pared to salt forms, the range of potential “counter molecules” for cocrys-
tal production is broader due to their abundance, particularly nontoxic
compounds [13].
Herbal API
Co-former
Herbal Cocrystals
Figure 6.1 Herbal API and coformer forming the cocrystal formation.