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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_154_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
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Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials
Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials
Stabilities and Applications
Edited by Yunfeng Lin and Shaojingya Gao
Editors
Prof. Yunfeng Lin
Sichuan University
Wes t China College of Stomatology
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
No. 14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Road
Chengdu 610041
PR China
Prof. Shaojingya Gao
Sichuan University
Wes t China College of Stomatology
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
No. 14, 3rd Section of Ren Min Nan Road
Chengdu 610041
PR China
Cover Image: © CHRISTOPH
BURGSTEDT/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY/Getty Images
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considered unprotected by law.
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-35205-0
ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-84189-9
ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-84190-5
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Typesetting Straive, Chennai, India
v
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introductions of Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials 1
Shaojingya Gao and Yunfeng Lin
1.1 History of DNA-Based Nanomaterials – Design and Construction 3
1.1.1 DNAzymes 4
1.1.2 Aptamers 5
1.1.3 Triplex DNA 5
1.1.4 DNA Origami and DNA Tiles 6
References 9
2 The Methods to Improve the Stability of Nucleic Acid-Based
Nanomaterials 15
Xueping Xie
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Methods to Improve Stability 16
2.2.1 Articial Nucleic Acids 17
2.2.2 Backbone Modication of Nucleic Acids 18
2.2.2.1 Phosphate Group Modications 18
2.2.2.2 Nucleobase or Ribose Modications 19
2.2.3 Coating with Protective Structures 20
2.2.4 Covalent Crosslinking 22
2.2.5 Tuning Buer Conditions 23
2.2.6 Construction of Novel NAN 26
2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations 26
References 27
3 Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials: A Promising Vehicle
for Small Molecular Cargos 37
Yanjing Li
3.1 Basis of FNAs as Potential Drug Carriers 38
3.1.1 Classication and Construction of FNAs 38
3.1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 40
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vi Contents
3.1.3 Biological Properties 40
3.2 Small-molecule Cargos 41
3.2.1 Antitumor Agents 42
3.2.1.1 Chemotherapeutic Drugs 42
3.2.1.2 Phototherapeutic Agents 43
3.2.2 Antibiotic Agents 44
3.2.3 Phytochemicals 45
3.3 Merits of FNA Delivery Systems in Biomedical Application 46
3.3.1 Ecient Drug Delivery 46
3.3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 46
3.3.3 Controlled Drug Release 49
3.3.4 Overcoming Drug Resistance 51
3.4 Conclusions and Prospects 52
References 54
4 The Application of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials
in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction 61
Lan Yao and Ta o Zhang
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Treatment Mechanisms in Mitochondrial Dysfunction 61
4.2.1 Treating in mtDNA 62
4.2.1.1 Clearing Mutations 62
4.2.1.2 Inhibiting Replication 64
4.2.2 Treating in mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA 64
4.2.2.1 Increase Normal RNA 64
4.2.2.2 Silencing Abnormal RNA 64
4.2.2.3 Treating in Noncoding RNA 65
4.3 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial-Based Delivery System in Mitochondrial
Treatment 65
4.3.1 Cell and Mitochondria Targeting 66
4.3.1.1 Cell Targeting 66
4.3.1.2 Mitochondria Targeting 66
4.3.2 Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Delivery System in Mitochondria
Treatment 68
4.4 Challenges and Prospectives 71
Funding 72
References 72
5 Regeneration of Bone-Related Diseases by Nucleic Acid-Based
Nanomaterials: Perspectives from Tissue Regeneration and
Molecular Medicine 81
Xiaoru Shao
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 The Development Process of Functional Nucleic Acid 82
5.2.1 DNA Tile 83
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Contents vii
5.2.2 DNA Origami 83
5.2.3 Three-dimensional DNA Self-assembly 83
5.2.4 DNA Nanobots and DNA Microchips 84
5.3 Nucleic Acid-Based Functional Nanomaterials 84
5.3.1 Nanomaterials That Can Bind to Functional Nucleic Acids 84
5.3.1.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials 84
5.3.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 85
5.3.1.3 Bionanomaterials 86
5.3.1.4 Quantum Dots 86
5.3.1.5 Magnetic Nanomaterials 86
5.3.1.6 Composite Nanomaterials 87
5.3.2 Combination of Functional Nucleic Acids and Nanomaterials 87
5.4 Multiple Roles of Nucleic Acid-Based Functional Nanomaterials in Bone Tissue
Repair and Regeneration 89
5.4.1 Sustained Release 89
5.4.2 Bone Targeting 91
5.4.3 Scaold Material for Bone Regeneration 92
5.4.4 Bioimaging of Bone Tissue Regeneration 93
5.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 94
References 94
6 In Situ Fluorescence Imaging and Biotherapy of Tumor Based
on Hybridization Chain Reaction 101
Ye Chen, Songhang Li, and Taoran Tian
6.1 Hybridization Chain Reaction 102
6.2 Nucleic Acid Detection 102
6.2.1 miRNA Detection 103
6.2.1.1 Autocatalytic HCR Biocircuit 103
6.2.1.2 Nonlinear HCR System 104
6.2.2 Single-Nucleotide Variants Detection 105
6.3 Protein Detection 107
6.3.1 Antibody-Based HCR System 107
6.3.2 Aptamer-Based HCR System 108
6.4 Multiple Target Detection 109
6.4.1 Combined HCR-Based Probe 109
6.4.2 HCR-Based Logic Gate 110
6.5 HCR-Based Assembly Nanoplatforms 113
6.6 HCR-Based Tumor Biotherapy 115
6.6.1 Chemotherapy 115
6.6.2 Photodynamic Therapy 115
6.6.3 RNA Interfering Therapy 116
6.7 Conclusion 116
References 116
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viii Contents
7 Application and Prospects of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based
Nanomaterials in Tumor Therapy 123
Tianyu Chen and Xiaoxiao Cai
7.1 Development of Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials 124
7.2 Properties and Applications of Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials 125
7.2.1 tFNAs 125
7.2.2 DNA Origami 127
7.2.3 Dynamic DNA Nanostructure 130
7.3 Conclusion 133
References 133
8 Application of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in the
Treatment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 139
Jingang Xiao
8.1 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 139
8.2 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials 141
8.3 Nucleic Acid and Drugs 141
8.4 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 144
8.4.1 Diabetes Mellitus 144
8.4.2 Osteoporosis 146
8.4.3 Obesity 147
8.4.4 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 148
8.5 Conclusion and Outlook 149
References 151
9 The Antibacterial Applications of Framework Nucleic Acid-Based
Nanomaterials: Current Progress and Further Perspectives 161
Zhiqiang Liu and Yue Sun
9.1 Some Advantages of DNA Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field 163
9.1.1 Compatibility of DNA Nanostructures 163
9.1.2 Stability of DNA Nanostructures 163
9.1.3 Editability of DNA Nanostructures 163
9.1.4 Drug-loading Performance of DNA Nanostructures 164
9.2 Application of 2D Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field 164
9.2.1 Five “Holes” DNA Nanostructure 164
9.2.2 Super Silver Nanoclusters Based on Branched DNA 164
9.2.3 Melamine-DNA-AgNC Complex 165
9.2.4 NET-like Nanogel Based on 2D DNA Networks 166
9.2.5 ε-poly-
L-lysine-DNA Nanocomplex 166
9.3 Application of 3D DNA Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field 166
9.3.1 Tetrahedral Framework DNA 166
9.3.1.1 Delivery of Traditional Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework DNA 168
9.3.1.2 Delivery of Nucleic Acid Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework
DNA 168
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Contents ix
9.3.1.3 Delivery of Polypeptide Antibiotics Based on Tetrahedral Framework
DNA 169
9.3.2 DNA Six-Helix Bundle 169
9.3.3 DNA Nanoribbon 170
9.3.4 DNA Pom-Pom Nanostructure 170
9.4 Application of DNA Hydrogel Nanostructures in the Antibacterial Field 170
9.5 Challenges and Further Perspectives 172
References 174
10 Framework Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial-Based Therapy
for Osteoarthritis: Progress and Prospects 181
Yangxue Yao, Hongxiao Huang, and Sirong Shi
10.1 Introduction 181
10.2 Pathology of OA 181
10.3 Risk Factors of OA 183
10.4 Challenges for OA Therapy 183
10.5 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterial-Based Therapy for OA 184
10.5.1 Vector-Independent Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for OA Therapy 184
10.5.1.1 Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids (tFNAs) 184
10.5.1.2 Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) 187
10.5.1.3 Aptamers 187
10.5.2 Vector-Dependent Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials for OA Therapy 188
10.5.2.1 MicroRNA (miRNA) Mimics 188
10.5.2.2 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) 188
10.5.2.3 cDNA 192
10.5.2.4 mRNA 192
10.5.2.5 Circular RNA (CircRNA) 192
10.5.3 Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials as Carriers for OA Therapy 194
10.6 Conclusion and Prospects 194
References 195
Index 205
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xi
Preface
Here, the thematic issue is dedicated to further introducing Nucleic Acid-Based Nanoma-
terials: Stabilities and Applications. Several review chapters provided by researchers focus
on biostability and the applications of nucleic acid nanomaterials in tissue engineering,
antimicrobial therapy, disease treatment, and medicine delivery. We truly expect the book
will attract experts and students in the eld.
Nucleic acid nanomaterials, with the goal of building next-generation biomaterials,
combine the advantages of nucleic acid and nanomaterials. The interactions between
nucleic acid and nanomaterials have established themselves as hot research areas, where
target recognition, response, and self-assembly ability, combined with stability, stimuli
response, and delivery potentials, give rise to a variety of novel and fascinating applications.
The self-assembled nucleic acid nanomaterials are programmable, intelligent, biocom-
patible, non-immunogenic, and noncytotoxic. The stability of nucleic acid nanomaterials
is often aected by cation concentrations, enzymatic degradation, and organic solvents.
To deal with this problem, a lot of methods have been attempted to improve the stability
of nucleic acid nanomaterials, including articial nucleic acids, modication with specic
groups, encapsulation with protective structures.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered highly related to the development and progres-
sion of diseases. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of nucleic acid nanomaterial
delivery systems in mitochondrial dysfunction. Nucleic acid nanomaterials provide a
promising approach for small-molecule delivery. We review and discuss the advantages,
applications, and current challenges of tFNAs for the delivery of small molecular cargo.
The good designability, biocompatibility, designable responsiveness, biodegradability, and
mechanical strength provided by DNA building blocks facilitate the application of DNA
hydrogels in cytoscaolds, drug delivery systems, immunotherapeutic carriers, biosensors,
and nanozyme-protected scaolds. We provide an overview of the main classication and
synthesis methods of DNA hydrogels and highlight the application of DNA hydrogels
in biomedical elds. Because of their high biocompatibility and editability, nucleic acid
nanomaterials are frequently employed in disease diagnosis and therapy, including the
treatment of metabolic diseases, severe bacterial infections, osteoarthritis, and autoimmune
diseases.
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