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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3020_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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INDEX
178
caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) 53
CCS (Canadian Cardiovascular Society) Consensus
Guidelines on Fitness to Drive 162–164
cerebral blood ow (CBF) 1, 3, 19, 52, 131, 168
cerebral perfusion 4, 19, 52, 105, 116, 117
cerebral syncope 3, 4
cerebrospinal uid 68, 102
cerebrovascular autoregulation 54, 100
C‑ber vagal afferents, activation of 55
channelopathy 20–21, 39, 92, 93, 97, 102
chest pain 7, 81, 102, 171
children
arrhythmia in 108–109
cardiac evaluation in 103
cardiac syncope in 107
diagnostic approach and terminology 100–101
diagnostic scores based on historical features 109
epidemiology 100
event history 102
neurological evaluation 104
orthostatic hypotension in 106–107
physical exa mination 102–103
postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in 107
reex syncope in 105–106
structural heart disease in 109–110
transient loss of consciousness in 110
“Choosing Wisely” campaign 12
clinical decision rules 25–26
clomipramine 103
clonidine, for POTS 84, 85, 107
closed‑loop stimulation (CLS) 150–155, 154
CNA see cardioneuroablation (CNA)
cognition, in older adults 172
cognitive‑behavioral therapy (CBT) 116, 118
compression garments 82
computed tomography (CT) 11, 39, 131, 144
conduction disturbances 92
cortical vasovagal syncope (VVS) 5
cough syncope 5, 67–68
counter maneuvers 82, 105, 157
CSS see carotid sinus syndrome (CSS)
cyanotic breath‑holding 110
deep breathing 36–37, 58
defecation syncope 5, 66–67
delayed orthostatic hypotension 106
dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) 80
diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) 128
diagnostic tests
active standing test 32–33
autonomic test 35–37
challenges in 10
economic implications 10–11
electrophysiological study 37–39
overutilization of tests 11–12
tilt‑table testing 33–34
disopyramide, for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 109
droxidopa
adverse effects 139
for autonomic failure 130
for neurogenic OH 83, 85
for reex syncope 138, 139
drug‑induced orthostatic hypotension 6
DSM‑5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders) 117
dual‑chamber pacing (DDD) 142, 170
dysautonomia 125
echocardiogram 103
electrocardiogram (ECG) 11, 25, 28, 32, 39, 43, 43, 44,
47, 47, 93, 93–96, 103, 170
electrophysiological study (EPS) 11, 37–39, 94, 170
Emergency Department Observation Units
(EDOU)12
epidemiology 23–24
epidural electrical stimulation 84
epileptic seizure 2, 18
epinephrine 55
EPS see electrophysiological study (EPS)
equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 72
etiopathogenesis 18–22
European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines 53,
116, 142
exercise stress testing (EST) 39, 48, 103, 107
external loop recorder 45
extracardiac vagal stimulation (ECVS) 143
falls
non‑syncopal 171
in older adults 171
falls risk increasing drugs (FRIDS) 172
brosis and scar 92
udrocortisone 58, 69
adverse effects 139, 170
for autonomic failure 130
for orthostatic hypotension (OH) 83, 85, 170
for POTS 107
for pseudosyncope 118
for reex syncope 138, 139
for vasovagal syncope (VVS) 106
focal neurology 172
frailty, older adults with 172
ganglionated plexus (GP) 106
dened as 142
mapping and ablation of 143
hand held and wrist recorders 45
head‑up sleeping 82, 134, 134
head‑up tilt (HUT) testing 75, 129, 142–144
healthcare 3, 10–13, 23, 165
heart rate (HR) 119, 169
autonomic control 53–54
heart rate variability (HRV) 119
high‑frequency stimulation (HFS) 143
high‑thigh compression stockings 134
Holter monitoring 45, 46
hospitalization 26–28
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
92, 109
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
(HOCM) 7
hyperventilation 18, 55
hypovolemia 20, 21, 80, 81, 134, 138
https://t.me/med1917
INDEX
179
ICD see implantable cardiac debrillator (ICD)
ICM see implantable cardiac monitor (ICM)
ictal asystole (IA) 118
ictal syncope 116
denition of 118
diagnosis of 119
incidence of 118
physiopathology of 118–119, 119, 120
therapy for 120
implantable cardiac debrillator (ICD) 93, 94, 97, 109
implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) 45–46, 46, 94–96,
144, 149, 171
inherited channelopathies 20–21
initial orthostatic hypotension (iOH) 106–107
intrathoracic pressure 5, 35–36, 68
ischemic heart disease 23, 34, 92
isoproterenol 34, 103
ivabradine, for POTS 85, 85, 107
jobs, associated fatalities 161, 162
Kawasaki disease 110
laugh syncope 5
legal consequences
CCS Consensus Guidelines on Fitness to Drive
162–164
likelihood of syncope, prediction 162
patients and bystanders 161
physicians and law 164–165
at work environment 161–162, 162
Lewis, Thomas 52
lifestyle modication 107, 130, 135, 138, 144
likelihood of syncope 162, 163
liraglutide 125
long QT syndrome (LQTS) 47, 93, 108
loop diuretics 138
loss of consciousness (LOC) 1, 2, 3, 100
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 11, 39, 131
mean arterial pressure (MAP) 19, 56, 139, 154
mechanoreceptor 20, 65–67, 169
meditation 59
Medtronic devices 150
methyldopa, for POTS 84, 85
metoprolol, for vasovagal syncope 106
micturition syncope 5, 65
midodrine 58, 69
adverse effects of 139, 170
for orthostatic hypotension 82–83, 85, 170
for postural orthostatic tachycardia
syndrome 107
for reex syncope 138, 139
for vasovagal syncope 106
mitral stenosis 7, 91
monomorphic ventricular tachycardia 7
motor vehicle accident (MVA) 163, 164
multiple system atrophy (MSA) 6, 21, 80
muscle contraction 135, 135
muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) 57
myocardial dysfunction 92, 109
myocardial infarction (MI) 7, 23, 26, 38, 39, 52, 97
myocardial ischemia 7, 92, 110, 128
myocarditis 109–110
near‑infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 117
NET inhibitors see norepinephrine transporter (NET)
inhibitors
neurally mediated syncope (NMS) 4, 4–8, 102,
105; see also reex syncope; vasovagal
syncope(VVS)
neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) 6, 21, 127
neurohormonal shift, in vasovagal syncope 56
neuromuscular dystrophy 109
neurostimulators, for neurogenic NOH 84, 85
nitroglycerine 34, 103
NMS see neurally mediated syncope (NMS)
noncardiac syncope 2
non‑neurogenic OH 21
non‑syncopal falls 171
non‑transient loss of consciousness (non‑TLOC) 1
norepinephrine 53–54, 57, 80, 84, 127, 139
norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitors
83–84,139
nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) 19, 53
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 124, 125
OH see orthostatic hypotension (OH)
older adults
cardiac syncope in 171
carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) in 169–170
carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) in 169–170
causes of syncope in 168
evaluation of 168
falls in 171
focal neurology 172
with frailty 172
impaired cognition 172
orthostatic hypotension in 170
pathophysiology of 168
polypharmacy in 172
syncope u n its 168–169
vasovagal syncope in 169
orthostatic hypotension (OH) 1, 21
causes of 80
in children 106–107
dened as 106, 127
drug‑induced 6
epidemiology 80
neurogenic 6, 80
non‑pharmacological interventions 81, 82
in older adults 170
pharmacological interventions 82–84
responses to tilt testing 34–35
symptoms 79–80
treatment of 81–86
volume depletion 6
orthostatic intolerance (OI) 1, 21, 43, 79–86, 101, 134
orthostatic (gravitational) VVS 5
pacemaker 37, 46, 58, 74, 96, 97, 106, 120, 144, 149–150,
154, 171
pallid breath‑holding 110
parasympathetic nerve activity 54, 124
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INDEX
180
Parkinson’s disease (PD) 6, 21, 79, 80, 126, 170, 171
paroxetine 58
paroxysmal complete heart block 44
patch recording device45
patient selection 144–145
peripheral neuropathies 80
physical activity 5, 68, 81, 82
physical counterpressure maneuvers (PCPM)
135, 134
physical examination 24–25
“pill‑in‑the‑pocket” concept 130
polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 7
polypharmacy 21, 92, 130, 168, 169, 172
post‑exercise syncope 5, 68
postprandial hypotension 170
postural hypotension see orthostatic
hypotension(OH)
postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
2, 79–81
causes of 81
in children 107
clinical features of 81
epidemiology 81
hyperadrenergic 107
hypovolemic 107
neuropathic 107
non‑pharmacological interventions 81, 82
pharmacological interventions 84–85
presyncope 1, 56, 172
primary pulmonary hypertension 109
propranolol 84, 85
prostaglandins, for pulmonary hypertension 109
protein kinase (PKA) pathway 74
provocative testing 47–48
pseudosyncope 2–3
denition of 116
diagnosis of 116, 116–117
epidemiology of 116
physiopathology of 116
symptoms of 116
treatment of 117
psychogenic non‑epileptic seizures (PNES) 18
psychogenic syncope see pseudosyncope
pulmonary embolism (PE) 7, 22, 26
pulmonary vein isolation 125
pure autonomic failure (PAF) 80
pyridostigmine
for orthostatic hypotension (OH) 170
for orthostatic intolerance (OI) 83, 85
for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
(POTS) 107
quality of life (QoL) 10, 23, 100, 130, 144, 161
rate‑drop‑response (RDR) 150, 154
reboxetine, for vasovagal syncope 106
reex anoxic seizure 110
reex‑mediated syncope (RMS) see vasovagal
syncope (VVS)
reex syncope 53
in children 105–106
dened as 105
non‑pharmacological management 135–137
pharmacological management 137–139, 138
respiratory sinus arrhythmia 36–37
Risk of Harm (RH) formula 162, 164
risk scores 25–26, 27
risk stratication 23–28
rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) 53
SHD see structural heart disease (SHD)
sibutramine, for vasovagal syncope 106
sick sinus syndrome 75
silodosin, for reex syncope 138
sinus node disease (SND) 37–38
sinus node recovery time (SNRT) 37
situational syncope 2, 5
cough 67–68
defecation 66–67
micturition 65
swallow 67
sleep disorders 124–125
sneeze syncope 5
sphygmomanometer 129
splanchnic circulation 79
standing, physiology of 79
structural brain lesions 130–131
structural heart disease (SHD) 48, 91, 92, 94, 97,
109–110
sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
118–120
supine hypertension 6, 79, 82–83, 130
supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) 6–7, 38, 44, 92,
97, 1 0 8
swallow syncope 5, 67
sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) 53, 55, 79, 85
sympatholytics 84
syncope
acute care populations 23–24
causes of 18, 24
classication of 3–8
community populations 23
denition of 1–2
evaluation of 24
prevalence of 23
syncope unit (SU) 13, 168–169
systemic hypotension 19
tachyarrhythmias 20–21, 91, 108, 116
tachycardia 6
tamsulosin, for reex syncope 138
theophylline 57, 74
tilt‑table test (TTT) 12, 33–34, 57–58, 103, 149, 157
TLOC see transient loss of consciousness (TLOC)
tragus nerve stimulation 59
transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) 1, 1, 32, 100
causes of 18, 19
in children 110
dened as 18
non‑syncope 2–3
nontraumatic 18
traumatic 2, 18
trazodone, for orthostatic hypotension 170
TTT see tilt‑table test (TTT)
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INDEX
181
unexplained falls 171
unexplained syncope 1
adenosine and ATP in diagnosis of 74–75
prolonged rhythm monitoring in 46
Valsalva maneuver (VM) 35–36, 58, 65, 129
Valsalva Ratio (VR) 36
vasodilation 6, 54, 55
vasovagal reex 53, 55, 65, 68, 139
vasovagal syncope (VVS) 2, 4, 4–5, 10, 105, 117, 142
ambulatory vital signs 58
autonomic control of BP and HR 53–54
cardiac pacing in 58–59, 149–150, 151–153
cardioinhibition 56, 105
cardioneuroablation in 59, 143–144
in children 105–106
clinical features of 52–53
counterpressure maneuvers 58
evaluation of 57–58
hemodynamic changes in 56
lifestyle intervention 58
management of 58–59
mechanisms of 54–56
neurohormonal involvement in 56–57
in older adults 169
parasympathetic activity in 57
pathophysiology of 20–22
pharmacological intervention 58
rhythm monitoring 58
sympathetic activity in 57
treatment of 58–59
vasodepression 56, 105
venous pooling 21, 55, 56, 82, 107, 135, 134, 139
ventricular septal defects (VSD) 7
ventricular tachycardias (VTs) 7, 38–39, 92,
97, 1 0 8
vestibulo‑sympathetic activation 59
vest technology 45
video recording 39, 103
volume depletion 6, 138
VTs see ventricular tachycardias (VTs)
VVS see vasovagal syncope (VVS)
water bolus 134
water intake, adequate 107, 130, 134
World Falls Guidelines 171
yoga 59, 130, 157–158
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