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276 Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals
Ye, J., Guan, M., Lu, Y., et al., (2019). Protective effects of hesperetin on lipopolysaccharide-
induced acute lung injury by targeting MD2. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 852, 151–158.
Yi, L., Li, Z., Yuan, K., Qu, X., Chen, J., Wang, G., Zhang, H., et al., (2004). Small molecules
blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. J.
Virol., 78, 11334–11339.
Yoshida, H., Takamura, N., Shuto, T., et al., (2010). The citrus flavonoids hesperetin and
naringenin block the lipolytic actions of TNF-alpha in mouse adipocytes. Biochem Biophys
Res. Commun., 394, 728–732.
Yu, M. S., Lee, J., Lee, J. M., Kim, Y., Chin, Y. W., Jee, J. G., Keum, Y. S., & Jeong, Y.
J., (2012). Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the
SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 4049–4054.
Zandi, K., Musall, K., Oo, A., Cao, D., Liang, B., Hassandarvish, P., Lan, S., Slack, R.
L., Kirby, K. A., & Bassit, L., (2021). Baicalein and baicalin inhibit SARS-CoV-2
RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase. Microorganisms, 9, 893.
Zeinali, M., Rezaee, S. A., & Hosseinzadeh, H., (2017). An overview of immunoregulatory and
anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin and flavonoid substances. Biomed. Pharmacother.,
92, 998–1009.
Zhan, Y., Ta, W., Tang, W., Hua, R., Wang, J., Wang, C., & Lu, W., (2021). Potential antiviral
activity of isorhamnetin against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus in vitro. Drug. Dev.
Res.
Zhang, R., Wang, X., Ni, L., Di, X., Ma, B., Niu, S., Liu, C., & Reiter, R. J., (2020). COVID-
19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sci., 250, 117583.
Zhang, X., Wang, G., Gurley, E. C., & Zhou, H., (2014). Flavonoid apigenin inhibits
lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms in
macrophages. PLoS One, 9(9), e107072.
Zhu, G. F., Guo, H. J., Huang, Y., Wu, C. T., & Zhang, X. F. (2015). Eriodictyol, a plant
flavonoid, attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury through its antioxidative and anti-
inflammatory activity. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 2259–2266.
Zhuang, M., Jiang, H., Suzuki, Y., Li, X., Xiao, P., Tanaka, T., Ling, H., et al., (2009).
Procyanidins and butanol extract of cinnamomi cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection.
Antiviral Res., 82, 73–81.
Zu, M., Yang, F., Zhou, W. L., Liu, A. L., Du, G. H., & Zheng, L. S. (2012). In vitro anti-
influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives. Antivir. Res., 94,
217–224.
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INDEX
2
2-methoxy-3-methyl-4,6-dihydroxy-5-(3′-
hydroxy) cin-namoyl benzaldehyde, 153
2-phenylbenzopyrans, 22, 144
3
3-benzopyrans, 22
3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid-
7-phosphate, 245
3-phenylbenzsopyran, 144
3-theaflavin-3-gallate, 264
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 27
4
4-arylcoumaril, 22, 24
4-benzopyrans, 22
4-hydroxyderricin, 263
4-oxo functional group, 58
5
5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone, 28
5-ethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 60
6
6-chloro-40-oxazolinylflavanone, 67
α
α-amylase, 28
α-pyrone, 125
β
β-carotene, 2
β-cell, 175, 177,
β-daucosterol, 134
β-oxidation, 76
β-sitosterol, 134
A
Abiotic stresses, 38, 45, 52
Abyssinones, 27
Acanthaceae, 130
ACE-2 peptidase domain, 258
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 27
Achillea, 129, 131
kellalensis, 131
millefolium, 131
Acidic method, 213
Acmella oleracea, 131
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS), 74, 153
Activator protein-1 (AP-1), 137, 178, 179
Acute
phase protein production, 175
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
156, 266, 269
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 43, 46, 77, 155
Adenovirus infection, 112
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), 74
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 11
Aerosol infection symptoms, 70
African swine fever virus (ASFV), 60
Age-associated diseases, 2
Ageratum conyzoides, 131
Agroecosystems, 49
Agronomic
approaches, 51
techniques, 51
Alcea rosea, 150
Alcoholic method, 213
Alkaline method, 212
Allelochemical functions, 52
Allelopathy, 19, 37, 48, 49, 52
Alzheimier’s disease (AD), 27, 28, 114, 178
Amentoflavone, 149, 173, 263
Aminotransferase, 246
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 9
Ampelopsin, 264, 265
Ampelopsis grossedentata, 65
Analytical reagents (AR), 213
Andrographis paniculata, 130
Angelika keiskei, 263
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278 Index
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, 80
Anthocyanidins, 125, 145, 148, 170, 181,
192, 193, 197, 236, 238, 243, 248, 258
Anthocyanins, 22, 27, 37–41, 47, 58,
112, 127, 139, 147, 148, 160, 193, 194,
235–238, 243–245, 248, 249
Anthoxanthidin, 239
Anthoxanthins, 145
Anti
aging, 1–3, 8, 10–13
behaviors, 13
nutrients, 2, 13
supplements, 13
angiogenic property, 155
apoptosis, 268
cancer treatments, 198
carcinogenic, 59, 112, 127
properties, 195, 226
cholinesterase activity, 30
coronavirus prevention, 270
diabetic properties, 11
inflammatory, 12, 39, 59, 65, 112,
122–125, 127–130, 133–139, 148, 149,
167–171, 174–181, 183, 195, 199, 226,
227, 229, 237, 254, 256, 266–269
activities, 129, 133–135, 138, 148,
167–171, 175, 177–179, 199, 227,
229, 266, 268, 269
apigenin, 180
chrysin, 180
compounds, 167, 237
flavonoids (asthma), 181
functions (flavonoids), 179
kaempferol, 181
properties, 128, 130, 138, 174, 196
quercetin, 180
rutin, 179
microbial
activities, 25
properties, 129, 208
mutagenic, 59, 112, 127, 226
oxidant, 2, 8, 10, 12, 20, 26, 38, 41, 43,
45, 51, 52, 59, 115, 117, 122, 123, 125,
127, 129, 133, 137, 138, 143, 144, 148,
149, 155, 172, 182, 183, 193, 195, 196,
225–227, 229, 235, 237, 256, 268, 269
food, 12
response element (ARE), 117
oxidative activities, 198
thrombogenic activities, 29
tumor antioxidant, 145
viral, 19, 57–61, 66–70, 77, 80–82, 123,
125, 131, 158, 168, 195, 197, 253–256,
262, 265, 270
retroviruses, 82
Antigen-presenting cells, 150
Apigenidin, 243
Apigenin, 39, 42, 60, 68, 115, 116, 125, 131,
133, 135, 145, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158,
171, 173, 178, 180, 196, 197, 258, 262, 268
C-glycosides (ACGs), 268
Apoptosis induction, 138, 155
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), 66
Aqueous method, 212
Arabidopsis, 46
thaliana, 46
Arachidonic acid, 29, 128, 137, 172, 227
Arenaviridae family, 70
Aristolochiaceae, 235
Artemisia absinthium, 130
Arteriosclerosis, 179
Aspilia africana, 130
Asteraceae, 121–123, 128–139, 141, 235, 243
plants, 123, 137, 138
Asthma, 133, 135, 167, 173, 181–183, 196,
225, 266
Astilbin, 147, 153
Astragalus, 12
membranaceus, 12
Aureusidin synthase (AS), 42, 46, 59, 154,
156, 167, 246, 253
Autoimmune disorders, 105, 153
Auxin transport inhibition, 19
B
Baicalin, 66, 68, 75, 81, 135, 145, 153, 157,
262–265, 268
Benzopyrano moiety, 233, 238
Best anti-aging supplements, 8
12 other anti-aging supplements, 12
collagen, 9
CoQ10, 10
crocin, 11
curcumin, 8
EGCG, 9
nicotinamide riboside-nicotinamide
mononucleotide (NMN), 10
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Betulaceae, 235
Bignoniaceae, 235
Bioactive
compounds, 125, 176, 226, 228, 258
flavonoids, 144, 160
Biochemical
complex trait, 236
transitions, 49
Bioflavonoids, 38, 132, 149, 173
Biogenesis, 245, 248, 249
Biopesticides, 49
Biopotentials, 27, 30
anti-cholinesterase activity, 27
anti-inflammation, 29
disease-combating activity, 28
radical scavenging, 29
steroid-genesis modulators, 27
xanthine oxidase (XO) modulators, 28
Biosynthesis, 51, 76, 128, 144, 148, 172,
233, 234, 245, 247
flavonoids, 251
mechanism, 42
Biotechnology, 105
Bradyrhizobium, 44
Bryum capillare, 236
Butea monosperma, 239
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), 27
C
Caflanone, 157, 262, 268
Calendula officinalisis, 131
Calophyllolide, 126
Calophyllum inophyllum, 126
Camellia sinensis, 147
Cancer, 68, 80, 105, 107, 115–117,
154–156, 159, 167–169, 173–175, 181,
183, 193, 195, 197, 198, 228, 229, 237
chemopreventive agents, 237
chemotherapy, 155
preventatives, 228
Capillary
electrophoresis (CE), 38, 133
microcirculation, 193
Carcinogenicity, 198, 205
Cardiovascular
disease (CVD), 28, 167, 169, 173, 178,
179, 181, 183
mortality rate, 127
reactivity, 229
respiratory ailments, 193
Carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity, 179
Carthamus, 129, 243
tinctorius, 243
Caspase-8-induced apoptosis proteins, 77
Catechins, 239, 256
Celecoxib, 227
Cell
angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, 157
autophagy, 68
cycle progression, 116, 174, 228
senescence, 4, 8
Centaurea maculosa's, 49
Chalconaringenin, 127, 148
Chalcone, 48, 58, 112, 125, 127, 139, 145,
148, 192, 197, 226, 238, 242, 243, 246,
263, 265
isomerase (CHI), 246–248
synthase (CHS), 246, 247
Chemical
carcinogenesis, 117
irritation, 196
Chemoprevention, 114, 117
Chemotherapeutic, 19
agents, 159
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 67, 77, 79, 80
Chromatin modification, 107
Chromolaena, 129
Chronic
hypertension, 225, 226, 228
inflammation, 121, 137, 138, 167–169,
173, 174
diseases, 167, 181
systemic inflammation (CSI), 180
Chrysanthemum, 128, 132, 135
morifolium, 135
varieties, 135
Chrysin, 145, 180, 239, 258, 261, 262, 267,
268
Chrysosplenol C, 67
Cinchona tree secondary metabolites, 255
Cirrhosis, 68, 75, 176
Citrus flavonoids, 39, 155
Clinical Genetics, 105
Coenzyme Q10, 10
Collagen, 9, 10
supplementation, 9
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Colon carcinogenesis, 116
Color fastness, 203, 205–207, 216–219, 221
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH),
104
Complex biochemical adaptation, 236
Conyza bonariensis, 129
Copper sulfate, 203, 204, 206, 209, 213, 218
Coreopsis, 122
Corona virus-induced immune system
suppression, 157
Coronary
artery disease (CAD), 180
heart problems, 127
Coronaviridae, 70, 254
Coronavirus (CoV), 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 76,
80, 81, 156–159, 253–265
disease (COVID-19), 69, 156–158,
253–258, 263, 265–267, 270
Cosmetic
products, 226
utilization, 112
Coumaranochromene, 241
Coumarins, 25, 80, 132
Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3), 66, 67
Crocin, 11
Crop productivity, 42, 45
Curcumin, 8, 13, 152
Cyanidin anthocyanins, 244
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),
171
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 174
Cyclo
oxygenase (COX), 27, 116, 121, 124,
127, 128, 134, 136, 137, 170, 172–174,
226, 227, 261, 267, 268
activity, 227
phosphamide-induced myeloid
-
suppressed animals, 155
Cynidin, 243
Cytogenetics, 104
Cytokines, 112, 116, 117, 122, 124, 128,
136, 144, 150, 151, 154, 156, 157, 159,
160, 168, 171, 173–177, 179–182, 196,
266, 268–270
D
Dahlias, 239
Daidzein, 39, 114, 135, 146, 151–153, 170,
178, 227, 229, 235, 262, 263, 265
Damage-associated molecular patterns
(DAMPs), 123
Decarboxylation, 246
Degree of
hydroxylation, 59, 194, 243
oxidation, 234, 238, 239
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, 151
Delphinidin, 40, 127, 145, 148, 170, 243, 245
Delphinium flowers, 239
Dendritic cells (DCs), 124, 150–152, 174, 267
Dengue virus (DENV), 61–63, 68, 69, 76,
78–80
Deoxyribonucleic acid, 63
Dermatological problems, 123, 129, 135
Developmental genetics, 104
Diabetes
mellitus, 28
neuropathy, 176
Diet
derived immune-modulatory chemopre-
ventive agents, 143
quality, 2, 6, 13
sources, 144, 169, 191, 199, 226
supplements, 2, 7, 13
Dihydrochalcone, 22, 243
Dihydroflavanonols, 193
Dihydroflavonols, 40, 126, 136, 236, 239,
247, 248
Dihydrokaempferol, 145
Dihydromyricetin, 70
Diisopropyl chrysin-7-yl phosphate, 69
Diosmin, 66, 172
Disorders, 105–107, 130, 135, 152, 158,
168, 175–177, 181, 198, 225, 228, 229
Double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
(DsDNA), 63–65, 80, 260
Doxorubicin, 180
Drosophila melanogaster, 78
Drought confrontation, 46
Dye
constituent, 203, 204, 221
wool fabrics, 215
yielding characteristics, 211
E
Eclipta, 129, 132, 134
alba, 129, 132
prostrata, 129, 132, 134, 135
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Eco-friendly mordants, 212
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC), 155
Elaphantopus scaber, 130
Electricity consumption, 8
Eleutherine palmifolia, 156
Endocrine theory, 3
Endogenous estrogen-responsive genes, 114
Endoplasmic reticulum, 77, 175, 245
Endothelial-dependent vasodilation, 269
Enhanced energy metabolism, 11
Enzymatic
deamination, 246
inhibition, 196
Eosinophilic inflammation suppressors, 133
Epicatechin, 28, 29, 65, 67, 126, 135, 145,
147, 148, 157, 170, 237
gallate, 40
Epidemiology, 50
Epidermal
cell degradation, 44
growth factor (EGF), 116
receptor (EGFR), 116, 267
Epigallocatechin, 2, 9, 65, 70, 126, 135,
147, 153, 158, 173, 258, 262, 264
3-gallate, 135, 147, 158
gallate (EGCG), 2, 9, 65–69, 74, 75, 78,
80, 81, 126, 152, 153, 157, 173, 260,
264
Epigenetics, 103, 106, 107, 118
Epilobium angustifolium, 152
Eriodictyol, 39, 145, 269
Error theories, 4, 13
Estrogen receptors (ERs), 114, 131
Ethnopharmacological studies, 129
Eupatorium
capillifolium, 136
perfoliatum L., 136
species, 135
European Fruit Research Institutes Network
(EUFRIN), 51
Exocyclic carbon-carbon double bond, 242
Experimental high-throughput screening, 79
Extracellular
matrix-degrading enzymes, 174
signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2),
65, 75, 228, 267, 269
F
Fat oxidation avoidance, 194
Fetal placental arteries, 179
Fisetin, 12, 261, 267
Flavan-3-Ols, 40
Flavanoids, 171
Flavanols, 126, 147, 170, 194, 239
Flavanone, 22, 37, 39, 40, 47, 58, 65, 69,
80, 112, 125, 126, 132, 145, 149, 160,
170, 192–194, 197, 239, 243, 246, 248,
258, 263
Flavanonols, 37, 39, 40, 58, 112, 145, 147,
170, 193, 239
Flaviviridae, 68
Flaviviruses, 68
Flavocoxid, 75
Flavone, 21, 27, 37, 39, 47, 52, 58, 60, 112,
125, 135, 137, 138, 145, 146, 170–173,
181, 192–194, 197, 226, 228, 229, 238,
239, 243, 258, 267
3,4-diol, 22
3-ol, 22
Flavonoid, 1, 3, 19–22, 25–30, 37–52,
57–66, 70, 74, 75, 78, 80–82, 103,
112–119, 121–129, 131–139, 141,
143–145, 147–150, 152–160, 167–179,
181–183, 191–199, 201, 203, 225–229,
231, 233–240, 242, 243, 245–249,
253–260, 262–270
3-hydroxylases, 248
anthocyanins, 127
apigenin, 152
bioavailability, 59, 198
chalcones, 127
characterization, 22
chemicals, 191
chemistry, 38, 239, 248
flavanols, 126
flavan-3-ols, 126
hybrid nanocomposites, 154
induced kinase regulation, 198
isoflavonoids, 126, 249
metabolism, 37, 52, 248
neoflavonoids, 126
pinocembrin lessened pulmonary edema,
269
production, 44
rich
food, 169
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fruits, 50
plant items, 51
role of, 226
anti-inflammatory activity, 227
antioxidant activity, 227
scavenging properties, 29
spectroscopic studies, 21
Flavonols, 39, 41, 47, 114, 146, 170, 182,
193, 239
Flavopiridol, 78, 116
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),
104
Food dietary supplements, 3
Free radical scavenging properties, 135
G
G protein-like proteins, 115
Galanga root, 239
Galangin, 227
Gallocatechin, 126, 135, 145, 150, 157, 170,
260, 264, 265
gallate (GCG), 157, 260, 264, 265
Garcinia kola seeds, 26
Garcinia multiflora, 153
Garlic, 12
Gastrointestinal
diseases, 129
inflammation, 129
G-banded chromosomes analysis, 104
Gene
duplication, 236
expression, 45, 75, 103, 106–108, 110,
111, 114, 115, 117–119, 128, 138, 144,
151, 160
control (gene expression), 110
gene expression process, 108
transcription, 45, 108, 111
Genetic constitution, 51
Genistein, 39, 65, 66, 74, 114–117, 135,
146, 156, 157, 170, 177, 178, 227, 229,
258
Genomics, 104
Gericudranin-B, 27
Gerontology, 3
Gestational hypertension, 225, 228
Gingivostomatitis, 64
Ginkgetin, 149, 173, 263
Ginkgo biloba, 145, 171
Glaziovianin-A, 27
Globalization, 57
Glucose tolerance, 176
Glucotoxicity, 175
Glutathione, 115, 117, 180, 196
peroxidase (GSH-Px), 180
S-transferase, 117
Glyceolins, 235
Glycetin, 39
Glycin max, 239
Glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion, 74
Glycosides, 20, 44, 125, 158, 192, 193, 197,
235, 236, 238, 239, 241, 243, 258
Glycosylation, 59, 144, 193, 238
Gnaphalium, 28
affine extract, 28
Gold nanoparticle-immobilized (GNP), 154
Green tea consumption, 9
Gymnopsida, 237
H
Health-promoting biomolecules, 192
Heatshock proteins, 5
Helianthus annuus, 130, 134
Helichrysetin, 262, 265
flavonoid, 262
Hepadnaviridae, 75, 82
Hepatitis
B virus (HBV), 60, 62, 75, 77
C virus (HCV), 60–63, 68, 76–78, 80–82
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 75
HepG2 cell line, 150
Hepatotoxic alkaloids, 130
Herbacetin, 80, 263, 265
Herbal
nanomedicine development, 154
plants, 270
Herbcetin, 157
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1),
60–63, 65, 78, 79
Hesperetin, 39, 66, 67, 145, 149, 152, 155,
157, 158, 170, 172, 176, 196, 227, 258,
262, 263, 265, 266
Heterocyclic oxygen ring, 194
High-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), 38, 47, 48
Hinokiflavone, 149, 153
Histamine, 173
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Index 283
Hit-to-lead (H2L), 80
HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia
cells, 155
Homeostasis maintenance, 108
Hormonal, 5
activity, 198, 229
dependent cancer, 28
transmission, 40
Host-specific signal molecules, 25
Human
ACE-2 receptors, 270
breast cancer cells, 28, 115
health, 29, 51, 58, 63, 81, 82, 122, 138,
182, 191, 192, 195, 199, 234, 248
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 74–76, 153,
154, 197, 198, 254, 255, 260, 261, 264
papillomavirus (HPV), 80, 81
rhinovirus (HRV), 66, 67, 80
T-cell lymphotropic virus type (HTLV), 74
Hummingbird-pollinated flowers, 237
Huntington’s disease (HD), 178
Hybridization, 235
Hydrogen
donating molecules, 172
peroxide, 26, 46, 196
Hydroxychloroquine, 255, 262
Hydroxyl
flavones, 139
radicals, 41
Hydroxylation, 125, 144, 193, 238, 246, 248
Hypercholesterolemia, 135
Hyperglycemia, 175, 176
Hypertensive disorders, 225, 228
Hyperuricemia, 28
Hypoxia-induced transcription, 116
I
Immediate-early (IE), 65
Immune
cell, 124, 136, 144, 160, 168, 170, 173,
174, 196, 267, 268
activation, 174
modulatory drug, 266
regulatory activity, 28
stimulating, 270
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 173, 181
Immunoglobulin synthesis, 153
Immunological theory, 3
Immunomodulation, 159, 160
Immunosuppressive
drugs, 82
effects, 144
In vivo-vitro studies, 270
Indigenous knowledge system, 211
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 117,
121, 128, 134, 136, 137, 177, 261, 266,
267, 269
Infectious diseases, 57, 63
Inflammation, 11, 29, 68, 70, 123, 124, 129,
130, 135–138, 155–157, 167–176, 178,
181–183, 196, 197, 227, 266–269
chemokines, 268
cytokine expression, 76, 269
disorders, 167, 168, 181
Inorganic compounds, 43
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 6
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), 178
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), 150–152, 156, 158, 174
Interleukin (IL), 76, 116, 138, 150–152,
156, 158, 173, 175–180, 261, 266–269
Intestinal worms, 134
Intracellular mobility, 46
Ipomoea, 243, 244
Irradiation-induced inflammation, 151
Isatis
indigotica, 264
tinctoria, 204
Isobavachalcone, 263, 265
Isoflavones, 25, 37, 39, 58, 114, 117, 125,
145, 146, 170, 174, 177, 178, 181, 192,
194, 197, 226, 238, 240, 241
Isoflavonoids, 22, 25, 39, 50, 114, 126, 146,
233, 236, 238, 240–242, 248, 249
Isoliquiritigenin, 148, 260, 265
Isoquercitrin, 65, 182
Isorhamnetin, 48, 126, 135, 265
Isoshaftoside, 268
J
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), 60–63,
68, 69
K
Kaempferitrin, 153
Kaempferol, 21, 26, 39, 48, 61, 67, 117,
126, 134–136, 145, 146, 150, 151,
153, 155–158, 170, 181, 182, 194, 256,
258–260, 262, 264
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Kidney problems, 123
Kubelka-Munk equation, 215
L
Lamiaceae, 235
Legume-rhizobium interaction, 52
Leguminosae, 235
family, 146
Ligustrum vulgare, 26
Lipid
metabolism, 28, 177
peroxidation, 155, 172, 227
Lipophilic, 59
flavonoids, 197
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 116, 117, 136,
152, 180, 181, 268, 269
Lipoprotein oxidation, 229
Lipoxygenase, 29, 127, 136, 137, 226, 261,
267, 268
Liquiritigenin, 269
Liquiritin apioside, 269
Longevity genes, 4
Luteolin, 26, 28, 39, 48, 60, 69, 80, 131,
133, 135, 145, 153, 154, 157, 170, 171,
178, 239, 258, 262, 264, 268, 269
Lymphadenopathy, 74
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
(LCMV), 70
M
Macluraxanthone, 27
Macrophage
inflammatory
protein-1α (MIP-1α), 180
protein-2 (MIP-2), 180
lysosomal activity, 268
phagocytosis, 155
Main protease, 80, 158
Malondialdehyde (MAD), 180
Mayaro virus, 61, 62
Medication supplement connections, 6
Medicinal properties, 2, 39, 129, 130, 136
Melanargea gelatea, 239
Membrane
bound vesicle transporters, 46
protein, 254
Mental deterioration, 11
Mentoflavone, 157
Messenger RNA (mRNA), 64, 78, 107–110,
112, 115, 177, 268, 269
Metabolic
diseases, 183
disorders, 173, 175, 177, 199
homeostasis, 76
Metabolism, 10, 13, 29, 45, 50, 52, 59, 61,
76, 77, 79, 159, 172, 176, 195, 198, 248
Metabolomics, 37, 47, 48, 52
Metallic mordants, 207, 209, 210, 213, 220
Methyl group, 107
Methylation, 106, 107, 193
Microbes, 37, 39, 42, 43, 57, 107, 191, 192,
199, 268
pathogens, 168
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1,
261, 267
Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS),
70, 158, 254, 255, 258, 260, 262, 265
Mild dyeing condition, 206
Minor flavonoids, 22, 238, 242, 249
Mitochondrial
biogenesis, 77
fission, 77
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),
137, 153, 155, 175, 180, 268, 269
Modern aging theories, 13
Molecular
genetics, 105
inhibition, 82
interaction, 262
Monoclonal antibodies, 253
Monohydroxy flavonoid-rich species, 42
Moraceae, 235
Mordant, 203–206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215,
219–221
combinations, 213, 214, 216–219
Morelloflavone, 173
Morphoanatomical characteristics, 42
Morus nigra, 133
Mouse melanoma tumor cells, 156
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 48, 177, 178
Myocardial
hypertrophy, 179
infarction, 179
injury, 180
Myricetin, 21, 26, 39, 114, 126, 135, 145,
146, 154, 155, 157, 171, 194, 227, 262
Myrtaceae, 235
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N
Naringenin, 39, 65, 68, 69, 78, 80, 126, 135,
145, 149, 154, 157, 196, 227, 246, 257,
258, 265, 266
Natural
colorants, 209
dye, 203–213, 219–221
isolation, 206
samples, 220
fibers, 206, 207, 209, 211
Neoflavonoids, 22, 58, 125, 126, 139, 233,
238, 242, 249
Neurodegenerative
diseases, 167, 169, 173, 183
disorders, 177, 178, 181, 229
illnesses, 2
Neuroinflammation, 178
Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 10, 11
mononucleotide (NMN), 10, 11, 13
riboside (NR), 10, 11
Nitric oxide (NO), 117, 128, 136, 137, 150,
178, 179, 267–269
Nitrogen fixation, 25, 44
microorganisms, 44
Nitrous acid-dependent nitration, 237
Non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 175–177
steatohepatitis (NASH), 176, 177
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), 124, 139
Non-structural protein 1 (NsP1), 65, 70
Nuclear
factor-kappa B (NF-κB), 124, 134, 136,
153, 171, 172, 175, 177–180, 269
magnetic resonance, 38, 48
Nucleic acid binding, 77
Nucleocapsid protein, 254
Nutraceuticals, 3, 13, 144, 192, 226
Nutritional
deficiencies, 2
health products, 1
O
Ochnaflavone, 149
Oil mordants, 210
Oral
administration, 151
consumption capability, 61
Orange peel flavonoids, 60
Organic acids, 27, 43, 46
Orthomyxoviridae, 70, 74
Oxidative stress, 10, 12, 43, 52, 77, 172, 175,
176, 180, 192, 197, 225, 227–229, 268
Oxygen quenching, 196
P
Papovaviridae family, 80
Papyriflavonol A, 265
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 178, 219, 258
Parvoviridae family, 65
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs), 123
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 124
Paulownia tomentosa, 263
Pectolinarin, 80, 157, 263, 265
Pelargonidin, 127, 148, 170, 243–245
Penstemon, 244
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC),
150, 151, 180
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
(PPARα), 78
Peroxynitrite, 29, 196
Perspiration, 203, 205, 213, 216–219, 221
Petunia flowers, 248
Pharmacological anti-inflammatory drugs,
138
Phaseolus vulgaris, 235
Phenol oxydoreductases, 26
Phenolic
acids, 123, 129, 134, 197
compounds, 132, 134, 143, 144, 153, 226,
233, 237, 245
hydroxylated compounds, 38
Phenyl
alanine lyase (PAL), 245–247
benzopyrillum, 243
propanoid, 38, 192, 245
moieties, 245
pathway, 38
Phosphodiesterases, 128, 170, 171, 196, 199
Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), 245, 246
Phosphorylation, 77, 107, 111, 112, 136,
267–269
Photo-oxidation, 212
Phyllanthus niruri, 150, 154
Phytoalexins, 25, 30, 39, 46, 113, 126, 235
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