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In: Hernias ISBN: 978-1-62948-441-9
Editor: Mark A. Suckow © 2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Chapter 14
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF
ATYPICAL HERNIAS
William W. Hope
*
, William F. Powers and W. Borden Hooks
Department of Surgery, New Hanover Regional Medical Center,
South East Area Health Education Center, Wilmington, North Carolina, US
ABSTRACT
The atypical hernias most commonly encountered include suprapubic, subxihpoid,
and flank hernias. Both laparoscopic and open techniques can be employed to fix these
hernias using the principles of hernia repair including wide mesh overlap with
appropriate fixation. Techniques for laparoscopic and open repair are reviewed and
discussed.
Atypical hernias can be difficult to repair due to their proximity to bony structures
and lack of available soft tissue coverage. Thorough knowledge of abdominal wall
anatomy and both open and laparoscopic techniques will allow the surgeon to provide
successful repairs to these challenging patients.
Despite the prevalence of these hernias, published outcomes specifically related to
atypical hernias remain scant and typically involve retrospective reviews from single
institutions with small sample sizes. Outcomes for open and laparoscopic repairs of
atypical hernias are reviewed.
Keywords: Suprapubic, subxiphoid, flank, hernia, ventral, incisional, laparoscopy
INTRODUCTION
Hernias located near bony prominences or off midline can be difficult to repair due to the
challenge of obtaining a tension-free repair with wide overlap of mesh prosthetic and
*
Corresponding author: Department of Surgery, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, 2131 South 17th Street,
PO Box 9025, Wilmington, NC 28401, Email: William.Hope@seahec.net.
William W. Hope, William F. Powers and W. Borden Hooks
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adequate fixation. The location of “atypical” hernias is often related to previous incisions with
the most common locations in the subxiphoid, suprapubic, and flank areas. The two most
often used techniques for repair are the open and laparoscopic approach. While there are
several different techniques described for these hernias, several principles are important to
review.
Goals of the repair should be individualized and discussed with the patient
preoperatively, which can help the surgeon decide between the open and
laparoscopic approach.
A thorough history and physical examination should be performed detailing previous
surgical history, previous hernia repairs and sites, previous mesh use and previous
history of infections or explantation of mesh.
While not mandatory, computed tomography (CT) scanning can help with surgical
planning and decisions regarding surgical technique and is currently considered the
gold standard to accurately characterize most incisional hernias. Newer techniques
such as Dynamic Abdominal Sonography for Hernia (DASH) may also be employed
at the bedside in the surgeon’s office with an expected sensitivity of 97.8% and a
specficity of 87.8% in experienced hands [Beck et al., 2013].
Due to lower recurrence rates [Luijendik et al., 2000; Burger et al., 2004], mesh use
should be considered in all cases unless the hernia is small or there is a
contraindication. Wide overlap of mesh with appropriate fixation is essential for
success in these difficult hernias, and the use of bridging techniques with mesh is
discouraged, especially if a biologic mesh must be used [Hope et al., 2012].
In general, synthetic mesh is used, since there are little data regarding the use of
biologic meshes in atypical hernias, and the data available lack long term follow-up
[Rosen, 2010]. When synthetic mesh is not applicable, biologic or bioabsorbable
mesh can be used. Mesh choice should be based on clinical factors and the surgeon’s
preference [Novitsky et al., 2007; Bachman and Ramshaw, 2008].
Adjunctive maneuvers for fascial closure, such as component separation, often
cannot be used in atypical hernias due to the location of the fascial defects.
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
Patients should be prepared as with any patient undergoing a ventral hernia repair with a
few special caveats. When undergoing repair of atypical hernias, patients should have
preoperative antibiotics, deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and beta blockers based on
surgeon preference and the clinical situation. Nutritional evaluation and smoking cessation
are important, since these are risk factors for wound issues following this surgery [Finan et
al., 2005]. Screening colonoscopy is needed in some clinical situations before abdominal wall
reconstruction.
In patients undergoing laparoscopic repair of subxiphoid and suprapubic hernias, tucking
and padding both arms will help the surgeon and assistant move freely on the side of the
patient. The use of a 3-way Foley is helpful during laparoscopic suprapubic hernia repair,
since many patients require laparoscopic takedown of the bladder.