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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5944_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Natural Compounds: An
Introduction
Natural Compounds: An Introduction
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Rose Marie O. Mendoza
www.arclerpress.com
Natural Compounds: An Introduction
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Rose Marie O. Mendoza
Arcler Press
224 Shoreacres Road
Burlington, ON L7L 2H2
Canada
www.arclerpress.com
Email: orders@arclereducation.com
e-book Edition 2022
ISBN: 978-1-77469-313-1 (e-book)
This book contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. Reprinted material
sources are indicated and copyright remains with the original owners. Copyright for images and
other graphics remains with the original owners as indicated. A Wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data. Authors or Editors or Publishers are not responsible for the accuracy of the information in the published chapters or consequences of their use. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or grievance to the
persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or thoughts in
the book. The authors or editors and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders
of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission has
not been obtained. If any copyright holder has not been acknowledged, please write to us so we
may rectify.
Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identication without intent of infringement.
© 2022 Arcler Press
ISBN: 978-1-77469-133-5 (Hardcover)
Arcler Press publishes wide variety of books and eBooks. For more information about
Arcler Press and its products, visit our website at www.arclerpress.com
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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Dr. Rose obtained her PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of
the Philippines-Diliman in 2013, Her Masters in Chemical Engineering and BS
Chemical Engineering degree from Adamson University. She is also a Professor
in the Graduate School Department under the Master of Engineering Program
at Adamson University since 2006, and is a Visiting Research Fellow at the
Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, and the Department
of Environmental Resource Management in Chia Nan University of Pharmacy
and Science, Tainan Taiwan since 2010. She obtained her Post Doctorate
Degree in Green Power: Hydrogen Generation and Fuel Cell Development
from the University of California Merced, USA (in collaboration with the
Energy Storage and Conversion Materials Laboratory of the University of
the Philippines, Diliman) and is presently also a collaborating researcher at
the Kindai University, Nara Japan, focusing on applications of electric and
electrostatic field.
Dr. Mendoza has several international and local researches covering Fuel
cells and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), green energy and green
technology, biomedical and natural products, fuels and fuel development, at
water and wastewater treatment, recovery and remediation. She also published
several international textbooks on water management, introductory chemical
engineering and chemistry. Presently, Dr. Mendoza is the Chief Science Officer
of Mark-Energy Revolution Corporation, Philippines.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ........................................................................................................xv
List of Abbreviations ..........................................................................................xvii
Preface........................................................................ ................................... ....xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Fundamental Natural Compounds ....................................1
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 2
1.2. Nitrogen-Containing Natural Products ................................................2
1.3. Natural Products Derived from the Shikimate Pathway
and Phenylpropanoids ...................................................................16
1.4. Terpenoids ........................................................................................24
References ...............................................................................................37
Chapter 2 Extraction of Natural Compounds From Plants ....................................... 49
2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 50
2.2. Cultivation ........................................................................................ 56
2.3. Extraction .........................................................................................59
2.4. Extraction Techniques ....................................................................... 65
2.5. Purification .......................................................................................68
References ...............................................................................................76
Chapter 3 Introduction to Alkaloids ........................................................................85
3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 86
3.2. Background ...................................................................................... 86
3.3. Different Types of Alkaloids .............................................................. 88
3.4. Methods of Isolation ......................................................................... 93
3.5. Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Use of Alkaloids ...............................93
3.6. Alkaloids in Human Food and Drinks ...............................................95
3.7. Alkaloids as Stimulants ..................................................................... 96
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3.8. Dark Nature of Alkaloids .................................................................. 96
3.9. Biological Roles ................................................................................ 97
References .............................................................................................100
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Flavonoids .................................................................. 105
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 106
4.2. Classification .................................................................................. 107
4.3. Current Research and Trends on Flavonoids .................................... 112
4.4. Functions and Applications of Flavonoids ....................................... 123
References .............................................................................................128
Chapter 5 Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications of
Phytoecdysteroids ................................................................................. 135
5.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 136
5.2. Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids .................................................... 137
5.3. Diversity of Phytoecdysteroids ........................................................137
5.4. Biosyntheses of Phytoecdysteroids ..................................................144
5.5. Functions of Phytoecdysteroids ....................................................... 147
5.6. Agrochemical Applications ............................................................. 149
5.7. Medical Applications ...................................................................... 154
5.8. Pharmacology of Phytoecdysteroids ................................................ 163
References .............................................................................................170
Chapter 6 Bioavailability of Pentacyclic Triterpene ............................................... 183
6.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 184
6.2. Triterpenes: Natural Occurrence and Chemical Structures ..............186
6.3. Pentacyclic Triterpenes Bioavailability ............................................. 188
References .............................................................................................204
Chapter 7 Applications of Natural Products in Drug Delivery ............................... 211
7.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 212
7.2. Drug-Delivery Systems ...................................................................214
7.3. Impact of Drug-Delivery Systems in Natural Product Research ....... 215
7.4. Impact of Drug-Delivery Systems in Biotherapeutics Developments 220
References .............................................................................................224
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