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474 Index
https://t.me/med1917
Embolic agents, 89–90
Embolic therapy
agents for, 89–90
of bronchial artery, 158–159, 158f, 160, 160f
complications, 160
chemotherapeutic. See Chemoembolic therapy
(chemoembolization)
clinical uses of, 90–99
delivery systems for, 89
for GI bleeding, 91
for hypersplenism, 387–388
neoplastic uses for, 95–99
nonneoplastic uses for, 90–95
in pelvic hemorrhage treatment, 306–308, 310f
angiography and, 289, 299f
complications of, 309
Gelfoam cubes in, 308–309
of pulmonary arter y, 154
for pulmonary AVMs, 158
of splenic artery, 385
sterile, 95–97, 96f
for varicoceles
coils, 327
detachable balloons, 327–329, 328f
sclerotherapy, 323–326
tissue adhesive, 326–327
Embolization (embolotherapy). See Embolic therapy
Embolus. See also Pulmonary embolism
arterial, in hemodialysis declotting, 463, 463f
thrombolytic therapy and, 85, 86f, 87f
Emergency angiography, in lower extremity trauma,
228, 229f–230f, 230
Empyema, percutaneous drainage in, 118
End-stage renal disease
dialysis for patient with. See Hemodialysis access
grafts
renal transplantation in, 459
Endocrine system
diseases of, 425, 426t
localization, principles of, 425–426
parathyroid anatomy in, 426–427, 427f–430f
Endoscopic gastrostomy, 123
percutaneous, tube placement in, 123. See also
Gastrostomy tube placement
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,
392
Endoscopy, in upper GI bleeding
diagnosis with, 361
treatment with, 364
Enteric nutrition, feeding tubes for, 123
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography), 392
Ergotism, 225, 225f
Esophagram, esophageal stricture evaluation with,
354
Esophagus
strictures of, 353
intubation techniques for, 354
stents for, 354–356, 355f
surgical and endoscopic treatments for,
353–354
upper GI bleeding and, 362
ESWL. See Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
Exercise testing, in peripheral vascular disease,
66–67, 66f
Exposure rate, radiation protection and, 132
External fixation, in pelvic hemorrhage treatment,
298, 300g
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
percutaneous nephrostomy or uretal stent after,
288
for stone disease, 289
Extracranial carotid arteries, CTA and MRA of,
52
Extremities
ischemia involving. See Acute limb ischemia;
Chronic occlusive disease
opacification of, in aortofemoral arteriography,
22
Extremity veins, venous access through, 445–446,
448f
ports, insertion technique, 451–453
Eye protection, 133
Eyeglasses, leaded, 133
Fallopian tubes, 265, 265f
obstruction, and infertility, 330
salpingography and recanalization of, 330–333
False passages, cervical stenosis and
outcomes with, 333–334
technique of, 333, 334f
Family history, in peripheral vascular disease, 58
Feeding tubes
nasogastric, 123
in total parenteral nutrition. See Gastrostomy
placement
tube
transgast
Female infertility
Femoral artery
Fibrinolytic agents. See individual agents
Fibroids, uterine, 303–303f
Fibromuscular dysplasia, 191, 193f, 267, 268t
Film-screen (cut-film) angiography, 17
Filming techniques
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, 110, 111, 111f
Fistula
Fluoroscopy
Flush catheters, 13t, 15, 15f
FMD (fibromuscular dysplasia), 191, 193f, 267,
FNAB. See Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
Focal nodular hyperplasia, 378, 379f
Fogarty embolectomy balloon catheter, 466
Food and Drug Administration
Foot claudication, 56
Gadodiamide, 24
Gadolinium-based contrast agents, 24
Gastric antral vascular ectasia, upper GI bleeding
Gastric artery
Gastric lavage, upper GI bleeding and, 360
Gastric outlet obstruction, as gastrostomy tube
Gastric strictures, 356
Gastric tumors, upper GI bleeding and, 362–363
Gastrinoma, 432
ric jejunostomy, 129
cervical stenosis, 333
proximal fallopian tube obstruction, 330, 330f
selective retrograde catheterization of uterine
tubes for, 265
access to, 10–11
aneurysm of, 227
common, 77, 80
Doppler waveform analysis in, 64
superficial, 64, 77, 77f–79f, 79
contrast agents used in, 23–24
flow rates, 19t, 22–23, 22f
digital subtraction angiography, 20–21
film-screen (cut-film) angiography, 17
multiple views in, 17, 18f
sequences in, 17, 19, 19t
sample from, 113
aortoenteric, upper GI bleeding and, 364
arteriovenous, 94, 304–305, 305f
Brescia-Cimino, for hemodialysis access, 460
gastrointestinal, percutaneous drainage of, 117
for hemodialysis access, 460
in central venous placement, 445, 446
and CT compared, 35
in percutaneous interventions, 71
in percutaneous needle biopsy, 112
radiation dose and, 133
for target localization, 101
drainage catheters versus, 103–104, 104f
in renal artery angioplasty, 81, 81f
268t
radiation exposure limits set by, 132
radiation-induced skin injuries and, 134
use in MRA, 32, 32f
and, 364
left, arterial anatomy of, 339
right, anatomy of, 340
placement complication, 456
arterial stimulation and venous sampling for, 434
Gastroduodenal arteriovenous malformations,
upper GI bleeding and, 364
Gastroduodenal artery, anatomy of, 339–340
Gastroepiploic arteries, anatomy of, 339–340
Gastrointestinal bleeding. See Lower gastrointestinal
bleeding; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal fistulas, percutaneous drainage of,
117
Gastrointestinal strictures, management of, 353–358
colonic, 356–357, 357f
esophageal, 353–356, 355f
gastric and duodenal, 356
postoperative and anastomotic, 356
Gastrointestinal tract
arterial anatomy of, 339–345, 340f
venous anatomy in, 347–349
Gastrojejunostomy tube placement. See Gastrostomy
tube placement
Gastropexy technique, 125–128, 126f–127f
Gastrostomy
endoscopic, 123
history of, 123
procedural assessment and preparation, 125
tube placement in. See Gastrostomy tube
placement
Gastrostomy tube placement
complications of, 129
contraindications to, 124–125
history of, 123
indications for, 124
techniques of
gastropexy, 125–128, 126f–127f
technical modifications, 128–129, 128f
tube management after, immediate and
long-term, 129–130
Doppler ultra
Gated
vascular disease, 67–69
Gelbfish Endo-vac system, 465
Gelfoam
in bronchial arteriography, 159
embolic agents and, 90–91
in hypersplenism treatment, 387–388
traumatic or obstetric hemorrhage treatment
and, 308–309
upper GI bleeding, treatment with, 368
Giant cell arteritis, 172f, 173–174, 173f, 192
imaging modalities for, 172f, 173–174, 173f
in lower extremities, 224
treatment of, 174
Glidewire, 13t
Gloves
perforated, infection risk and, 138
protective, 133
Graft, thrombosed. See Thrombosed graft
Gray unit, 131
Greater omental arcade, 345–346
Greenfield filter, for caval interruption, 238–239
Griffith’s point, 346
Grollman-type pigtail catheter, for pulmonary
arteriography, 154, 155f
Guidewires
common types, 13t
for percutaneous organ access, 104–105
Gy (Gray), 131
HACE (hepatic artery chemoembolization), 97–99,
97f
Hampton’s hump, 153
HAT (hepatic artery thrombosis), 383, 383f
HBV. See Hepatitis B virus infection
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), 375–377, 376f
HCV. See Hepatitis C virus infection
Headhunter catheters, 13t
Health Care Financing Administration, 4
Health care workers
infection transmission risk to and from, 137–138
vaccinations for, 139–140
Helical CT scanning, 36, 37f
for aortic dissection, 168
for pulmonary embolism, 50–51, 51f
thoracic aorta, 49
sonography, in peripheral
Index 475
https://t.me/med1917
Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer disease and, 362
HELLP syndrome, hemorrhage caused by, 300
intraperitoneal, 302
Hemangioma
cavernous, hepatic, 378, 378f
of head and neck, 198, 198f
Hematoma
as angioplasty complication, 76
percutaneous drainage procedures and, 108
thrombolytic therapy causing, 85, 86f
Hematuria, nonneoplastic causes of, 275f, 277, 278f
Hemiazygos vein, anatomy of, 150f, 151
Hemobilia, 363
Hemodialysis access grafts
arteriovenous, 459
Brescia-Cimino fistula, 460
dysfunctional. See also Thrombosed graft
causes, 460, 460f
treatment, 460, 460f
Hemoptysis, management of, 158–160
transcatheter embolotherapy in, 91
Hemorrhage. See also Bleeding
obstetric. See Obstetric hemorrhage
pelvic. See Pelvic hemorrhage
during percutaneous drainage procedures, 108
traumatic, embolization for, 92f–93f, 93–94
Hemorrhagic gastritis, acute, 362
Heparin, pulse-spray intrathrombic injection with,
464
Hepatic abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 117
Hepatic adenoma, 378–379
Hepatic artery
aneurysms of, 381–382, 382f
chemoembolization of, 97–99, 97f
common, 339–340
stenotic, 383, 383f
thrombosis of, 383, 383f
variants of, 340–341, 342f, 343
Hepatic 2, 6-dimethyliminode-acetic acid,
cholescintigraphy of biliary tree with, 391
Hepatic veins, anatomy of, 207–208, 208f, 348–349,
348f–349f
Hepatitis B virus infection
postexposure prophylaxis, 140–141, 140t
scope of problem, 137
transmission risk, 138
vaccination against, 139–140
Hepatitis C virus infection, 137–138
postexposure prophylaxis, 140–141, 140t
transmission risk, 138
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 375–377, 376f
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, pulmonary
AVMs in, 156
Hiatus hernia, upper GI bleeding and, 362
HIDA (hepatic 2, 6-dimethyliminode-acetic acid),
cholescintigraphy of biliary tree with, 391
Histamine 2-receptor antagonists, upper GI
bleeding and, 361
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus
Hockeystick-shaped (angled) catheters, 13t, 14
Hohn catheter, venous access with, 447
Horseshoe kidney, 255, 265
Hounsfield units, 35
H2RAs (histamine 2-receptor antagonists), upper
GI bleeding and, 361
HU (Hounsfield units), 35
Human immunodeficiency virus
postexposure prophylaxis, 140–141, 140t
prevalence of, 138
transmission risk, 138
Hunter’s canal, popliteal aneurysm and, 211, 227
Hyperaldosteronism, 434
adrenal gland anatomy in, 435, 436f, 437f
clinical review of, 434
localization in, 434–435
venous sampling in, 435–437
Hyperparathyroidism
arteriography in, 427–430, 427f, 428f, 430f
clinical review of, 426
localization in, 426
parathyroid anatomy in, 426–427, 427f–430f
venous sampling in, 430–432
Hyperplasia
bilateral adrenal, 434
focal nodular, 378, 379f
parathyroid hormone levels in, 431
Hypersplenism, 386–388
Hypertension
controlling, in treatment of aortic dissection, 168
renovascular. See Renovascular hypertension
Hypotension
orthostatic, upper GI bleeding and, 360
during percutaneous drainage procedures, 108
Hysterosalpingography, of uterus, 265, 265f, 330,
330f
IA-DSA. See Intraarterial digital subtraction
arteriography
jugular vein), central venous access
(internal
IJV
technique to, 445, 447f
Ileal arteries, anatomy of, 343
Ileocolic artery, anatomy of, 344
Iliac arteries
anatomy of, 205–206, 205f
rupture of, as angioplasty complication, 76
Image acquisition
digital subtraction techniques, 20–21
film-screen (cut-film) techniques, 17
multiple views in, 17, 18f
sequences in, 17, 19, 19t
Image display, in CTA, 36
Image postprocessing, in CTA and MRA, 38–39, 40f
IMH (intramural hemorrhage), aortic dissection
caused by, 165–167, 166f, 167f
Impedance plethysmography, for lower-extremity
veins, 234
Impotence, pudendal arteriography in diagnosis of,
314–315, 315f
In-plane needle biopsies, percutaneous, 113
Infections
catheter-related, 456
control regulations (OSHA 1992 Standard),
141–142
as gastrostomy tube placement complication, 456
hepatic. See Hepatitis entries
Inferior mesenteric artery, anatomy of, 204f, 205,
344–345, 345f
Inferior mesenteric vein, anatomy of, 347–348, 347f
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, anatomy of,
343
Inferior phrenic artery, anatomy of, 203, 204f,
343
Inferior vena cava
anatomy of, 207, 207f
central venous access in, 441
translumbar approach, 446–447, 449f
filter placement in. See Vena cava filters,
placement of
MR and CT venography of, 43
stenosis or thrombosis of, liver transplant and,
383, 384f
thrombolysis for deep-vein thrombosis of,
236–237
Infertility
female. See Female infertility
male, and varicocele. See Varicocele, male
infertility and
Influenza vaccine, 140
Infrapopliteal angioplasty, 79–80, 80f
Injection techniques, flow rates and, 22–23, 22f
Insulinoma, 432
arterial stimulation and venous sampling for, 434
Internal iliac arteries, anatomy of, 206
Internal jugular vein, central venous access
technique to, 445, 447f
Internal spermatic vein, 318
percutaneous occlusion of, 322–323, 323f, 324f
Interventional radiologist, 4. See also Vascular and
interventional radiologist
sedation and monitoring and, 25
Interventional radiology, 4. See also Vascular and
interventional radiology
history of, 3–4
Intraarterial digital subtraction arteriography, 20
aortofemoral, 21–22
Intragastric balloon support, in gastrostomy tube
placement, 129
Intragraft pressure measurements, 467
Intramural hemorrhage, aortic dissection caused
by, 165–167, 166f, 167f
Intraperitoneal hemorrhage, HELLP syndrome
and, 302
Intrarenal venous drainage, of kidney, 261–262, 264f
Intravenous conscious sedation, 25
Intravenous digital subtraction angiography, 20, 29,
32
Iodinated contrast agents, 23
IPDA (inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery),
anatomy of, 343
IPG (impedance plethysmography), for
lower-extremity veins, 234
Ischemia
colonic, 420
of limbs. See Acute limb ischemia; Chronic
occlusive disease; Limb ischemia
mesenteric. See Mesenteric ischemia
Ischemic ulcers, in occlusive disease, 213
(internal
ISV
IV-DSA (intravenous digital subtraction
IVC. See Inferior vena cava
Jejunal arteries, anatomy of, 343
Jejunostomy feeding tubes, transgastric, 129
Jugular veins, anatomy of, 190–191, 192f
Juvenile angiofibroma, 195–197
Ketamine, for conscious sedation, 26, 26t
Kidneys. See also Renal entries
anatomy of, 257–262, 258f, 259f, 261f–264f
horseshoe, 255, 265
percutaneous needle biopsy in, 115
transplantation of. See Renal transplantation
trauma to. See Renal trauma
Knee-arrival time, computation of, 21–22
Kumpe catheters, 13t, 14
Large-bore cutting needle biopsy, 111, 111f
sample from, 113
Lead gloves, 133
Lead rubber apparel and drapes, 133
Leaded eyeglasses, 133
Left colic artery, anatomy of, 344–345, 345f
Left gastric artery, arterial anatomy of, 339
Leiomyomas, lower GI bleeding and, 413, 415f
Leriche, aortitis terminalis of, 3
Leriche syndrome, 214, 219f
LGM Vena Tech filter, 247–249, 248f, 249f
Ligament of Treitz, in gastrostomy tube placement,
Limb ischemia
acute. See Acute limb ischemia
chronic. See Chronic occlusive disease
in peripheral vascular disease, 56–58
Limb pressures, segmental, in peripheral vascular
Liver. See also Hepatic entries
in Budd-Chiari syndrome, 381, 381f
cirrhosis of, 379, 379f
hepatic artery aneurysms and, 381–382, 382f
percutaneous needle biopsy in, 115
portal hypertension and, 379–381, 379f, 381f
transplantation of. See Orthotopic liver
tumors of, 375
spermatic vein), 318
angiography), 20, 29, 32
127–128, 127f
acute, 57, 59, 60t
chronic, 57, 58, 59, 60t
clinical categories of, 60t
disease, 61, 62f–63f, 63
transplantation
adenoma, 378–379
cavernous hemangioma, 378, 378f
cholangiocarcinoma, 377, 377f
focal nodular hyperplasia, 378, 379f
476 Index
https://t.me/med1917
Liver, Tumors (continued)
hepatocellular carcinoma, 375–377, 376f
metastases, 377–378, 377f
vascular anatomy in, 349, 350f
viral infections of. See Hepatitis entries
LNB. See Large-bore cutting needle biopsy
Lobar fusion, 256, 257f
Longitudinal magnetization, 29
Loop graft, for hemodialysis access, 459
Low-osmolity contrast agents, 23–24. See also specific
agents
advantages of, 21
disadvantages of, 23
Lower extremity
arteries of, 206–207, 206f
ischemia of
acute. See Acute limb ischemia
chronic. See Chronic occlusive disease
trauma to, 228, 229f–230f, 230
venous anatomy of, 208f, 209
Lower-extremity arteries
CTA of, 42–43
indications for, 39
MRA of, 40–42, 42f, 44f–46f
indications for, 40–42, 42f, 44f–46f
Lower-extremity veins, MR and CT venography of,
43
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding, 411
acute, 411
chronic, 411
embolotherapy for, 91
transcatheter diagnosis and therapy, 411–415,
413f–415f
Lower gastrointestinal tract
bleeding from. See Lower gastrointestinal
bleeding
mesenteric ischemia. See Mesenteric ischemia
Lumbar arteries, anatomy of, 205
Lung abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 118–119
“Lyse and wait” technique, in hemodialysis access
grafts, 464
Magnetic resonance angiography
of abdominal aorta and visceral branches,
45–46, 46f, 48f
cine, 30
of extracranial carotid arteries, 52
gadolinium-enhanced, 32, 32f
image postprocessing techniques in, 38–39,
40f
limitations of, 33
of lower-extremity arteries, 40–42, 42f, 44f–46f
of neck, versus angiography, 201
phase-contrast, 32–33, 33f, 34f–35f
principles of, 30
of pulmonary arteries, 50
in renovascular hypertension, 269, 269f
source data for, 38–39
of thoracic aorta, 49, 49f
time-of-flight, 30, 30f–31f, 32
Magnetic resonance imaging
in diagnosis of aortic dissection, 166f, 168
for giant cell arteritis, 173
principles of, 29–30
for target localization, 101
technology of, 30
Magnetic resonance venography
of inferior vena cava, 43
of lower-extremity veins, 43, 234
of lower-extremity veins and inferior vena cava,
43
of mesenteric veins, 48–49
of portal veins, 48–49
of splenic veins, 48–49
of thoracic veins, 52
Magnetization, in MRI, 29
Male infertility, and varicocele. See Varicocele, male
infertility and
Malignancy, pelvic, hemorrhage in, 302–303
Mallory-Weiss tear, upper GI bleeding and, 362
Mandril core, 12
Marfan syndrome, aortic dissections caused by, 163,
165f
Marginal artery
of Drummond, 346
of Dwight, 343
MAST (military antishock trousers), pelvic trauma
and, 305
Maximum intensity projection technique, in image
postprocessing, 39
lower-extremity arteries, 40f–41f, 45f
renal artery, 48f
Meandering artery, 346, 347f
Measles vaccine, 140
Mechanical thrombectomy, in hemodialysis access
grafts
ulation, 465
noncirc
reci
rculation, 464–465
Meckel’s diverticulum, 415, 415f
Median arcuate ligament compression, 421–423
Meningioma, 197, 197f
Mesenteric artery
inferior, anatomy of, 204f, 205
superior. See Superior mesenteric artery
Mesenteric ischemia, 415–416
acute, 416–420, 417f, 419f–421f
chronic, 420–423, 422f
Mesenteric veins
CT venography of, 48–49
MR venography of, 48
thrombosis of, 418, 420, 421f
Metastases, hepatic, 377–378, 377f
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 137
Microcystic adenomas, 407–408, 409f
Micropuncture access set, for translumbar
aortography, 10, 10f
“Mid-aortic” syndrome, 224
Middle colic artery, anatomy of, 344
Mikaelsson catheter, 13t
in bronchial arteriography, 159
Military antishock trousers, pelvic trauma and,
305
MIP technique. See Maximum intensity projection
technique
Mirizzi syndrome, 393, 396f
Mobin-Uddin umbrella, for caval interruption,
237–238, 238f
Modified Ivanissevich procedure, for varicoceles,
322
Monitoring
during conscious sedation, 25–26
electrocardiographic, 27
pulse oximetry, 27
and recovery period, 28
vital signs, 26–27
by interventional radiologist, 25
MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus),
137
MTI thrombolytic brush catheter, 465
Mucinous cystadenomas, 408–409
Nasogastric feeding tubes, 123
Nasogastric tube and gastric lavage, upper GI
bleeding and, 360
NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection)
dose limit recommendations, 131
effective dose, 131
for patient, 133
protective equipment recommendations, 133
Neck
angiography of
contraindications for, 201
indications for, 201
arteries of
anatomy of, 189–190, 190f, 191f, 192f
pathologic processes of, 191–198, 193f–198f
neoplasms of, 193–198, 197f, 198f
veins of, anatomy of, 190–191, 192f
Needle biopsy, percutaneous. See Percutaneous
needle biopsy
Needles
for arterial access, 9–10, 9f, 10f
for organ access, 102–103, 103f
Needlestick injuries, infection risk and, 138
Neff catheters, 13t, 15, 15f
Neoplasms
of neck, 193–198, 197f, 198f
pancreatic, 406–409, 408f, 409f
renal, 277–284, 279f, 281f, 282f
Neoplastic disease, embolization in, 95–99
Nephroblastoma, 283–284, 283f
Nephroureteral stent, 291–292
Neuroendocrine tumors, 377–378
Neurogenic claudication, 56
Newton guidewire, 13t
NOMI (nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia), 418,
420f
Noninvasive vascular testing, in peripheral vascular
disease, 59–69
ankle brachial indices, 61
Doppler waveform analysis, 63–64, 64f
exercise, 66–67, 66f
plethysmographic techniques, 64–66
segmental limb pressures, 61, 62f–63f, 63
ultrasound, 67–69, 68f
Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, 418, 420f
Nonpenetrating trauma, upper-extremity
arteriography in, 181
Nonrecirculation mechanical thrombectomy, in
hemodialysis access grafts, 465
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
peptic ulcer disease and, 361
upper GI bleeding and, 359
NU (nephroureteral stent), 291–292
“Nutcracker syndrome,” 265, 318
Obstetric hemorrhage, 300–302, 301f
HELLP syndrome and, 300
intraperitoneal hemorrhage and, 302
placental implantat
trauma and, 302
Obstructing flap, in renal arter y angioplasty, 82,
82f
Obstruction
causes of, 102
gastric outlet, as gastrostomy tube placement
complication, 456
thoracic outlet
arterial, 184–185, 185f
venous, 185, 186f
Obstructive uropathy
clinical presentation of, 287, 288f
differential diagnosis in, 287–288
imaging workup for, 289–290
percutaneous nephrolithotomy in, 287
percutaneous nephrostomy for, 287, 290, 291f
treatment alternatives i n, 288–289, 289f
Occluded vessels, percutaneous interventions for.
See Recanalization techniques, percutaneous
Occlusive disease
acute. See Acute limb ischemia
chronic. See Chronic occlusive disease
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (1992),
141–142, 141t
OLT. See Orthotopic liver transplantation
Omniflush catheters, 13t, 15f
in renal artery angioplasty, 81, 81f
One-stick technique, in organ access, 103, 103f
Opioids, for conscious sedation, 26, 26t
Organ ablation, embolization for, 94–95
Organ access, percutaneous
for biopsy, 102. See also Percutaneous needle
biopsy
goal of, 102
materials for, 102–105
procedural principles, 105–108, 107f
target localization, imaging modalities for,
101–102
Orthostatic hypotension, upper GI bleeding and,
360
ion and, 301–302
Index 477
https://t.me/med1917
Orthotopic liver transplantation, 382
complications of, 382–383
acute transplant rejection, 384
biliary, 383–384
posttransplant malignancy, 384
vascular, 383, 383f
techniques of, 382
OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (1992),
141–142
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, pulmonar y AVMs in,
156
Out-of-plane (angled) needle biopsies,
percutaneous, 113
Paget-Schroetter syndrome (spontaneous
upper-extremity thrombosis), 185, 186f
thrombolysis for, 237
Palomo procedure, for varicoceles, 322
Pancreas
neoplasms of, 406
cystic, 407–409
ductal adenocarcinoma, 406–407, 408f
pancreatitis and. See Pancreatitis
percutaneous needle biopsy in, 115–116
pseudocysts in, 404
therapeutic treatment options, 404–406,
405f
tumors of
arterial anatomy in, 433–434, 433f
endocrine. See Pancreatic endocrine tumors
Pancreatic collections, percutaneous drainage of,
118
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 406–407, 408f
Pancreatic endocrine tumors
arterial stimulation and venous sampling, 434
arteriography in, 433–434, 433f
clinical review, 432
insulinoma and gastrinoma, differences in,
432
localization in, 432–433
pancreatic anatomy in, 433
Pancreatic pseudocysts, 404
treatment options for, 404–406, 405f
Pancreaticoduodenal arcade, 346, 346f
Pancreaticoduodenal artery, inferior, anatomy of,
343
Pancreatitis, 404
chronic, upper GI bleeding and, 363
vascular complications of, 406, 406f
Paragangliomas, of neck, 195, 197f
Parapneumonic effusions, percutaneous drainage
in, 118
Parathyroid gland, anatomy, 426–427, 427f–430f
Parathyroid hormone, venous sampling of, 430–431
Paraumbilical vein, 348
Partial prothrombin time
in preprocedural evaluation, 110
during thrombolysis, 84
Pathogens
bloodborne, 137–138
non-bloodborne, 137
postexposure protocols and prophylaxis,
140–141, 140t
PAVMs (pulmonar y arteriovenous malformations),
156, 157f, 158
PBD. See Percutaneous biliary drainage
PC MRA. See Phase-contrast magnetic resonance
angiography
PCN. See Percutaneous nephrostomy
PE. See Pulmonary embolism
PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) tube,
123. See also Gastrostomy tube placement
Pelvic abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 118
Pelvic flush study, technique of, 305–306
after embolization, 308, 310f
Pelvic fractures and shock
hemorrhage caused by, 297–298
angiography and embolization for, 298, 299f
diagnostic peritoneal lavage for, 298
external fixation, 298, 300f
radiographic studies in, 298–300
Pelvic hemorrhage
angiographic technique in diagnosis, 305–310,
306f–310f
malignancy causing, 302–303
obstetric. See Obstetric hemorrhage
transcatheter embolization in, 306–308, 310f
complications of, 309
trauma and, 297–300, 299f, 300f
uterine fibroids causing, 303, 303f
vascular malformations causing, 303–305
Pelvic malignancy, hemorrhage in, 302–303
Pelvis. See also Pelvic entri
arterial anatomy
vascular malformations in, 303–305
venous anatomy of, 208–209, 208f
Penetrating trauma
to aorta and its branches, 171
renal, 275–277, 276f
of thoracic outlet and upper extremities,
180–181, 181f
upper-extremity arteriography in, 180, 181f
Penis, arterial evaluation in, 313–315
Peptic ulcer disease, upper GI bleeding and,
361–362
Percutaneous access, to organs. See Organ access,
percutaneous
Percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy, 224
in hemodialysis access grafts, 464
Percutaneous biliary drainage, 395–399, 398f, 399f
biliary drainage options, 397f, 399, 399f
complications of, 398–399, 399f
hemobilia and, 363
indications for, 395–396
method, 396–398, 398f
Percutaneous cholecystostomy, 402–404, 404f
complications of, 403–404
indications for, 402
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, 123. See
also Gastrostomy tube placement
Percutaneous gastrostomy. See Gastrostomy;
Gastrostomy tube placement
Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, in
hemodialysis access grafts, 464–465
Percutaneous needle biopsy
in adrenal glands, 115
advantages of, 109
in chest, 113–114
complications of, 114
diagnostic yield from, 113
fine-needle. See Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
guidance and localization in, 111–112
coaxial techniques, 113
devices for, 113
by hand, 113
imaging modalities for, 111–112
markers for, 112, 112f
indications for, 110
instruments for, 110–111, 111f
in kidney, 115
large-core. See Large-bore cutting needle biopsy
in liver, 114
in pancreas, 114–115
patient evaluation prior to, 110
planning for, 109–110
techniques in, 111–113
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 287
percutaneous nephrostomy prior to, 287, 289–290
stone removal with, 294
Percutaneous nephrostomy
differential diagnosis to assess need for, 287–288
imaging workup for, 289–290
for obstructive uropathy, 287, 290, 291f
outpatient procedures, 295
as preoperative to PNL, 287
prior to percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 287
problems with, resolutions to, 294–295
stone removal with, 294
treatment alternatives to, 288–289, 289f
tube placement in, 102
Percutaneous occlusion, for treatment of varicocele
approach to, 322–323, 323f, 324f
venography in, 323, 325f
es
of, 205–206, 206f
Percutaneous thrombectomy
aspiration, 224
in hemodialysis access grafts, 464
device for, 465
mechanical, in hemodialysis access grafts,
464–465
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, 3, 271–273
in chronic atheroocclusive disease, 216–217,
217f–221f, 220
complications of, 273
for occluded or stenotic vessels
aortoiliac, 72–76, 72f–76f
infrapopliteal, 79–80, 80f
popliteal artery, 77, 77f–79f, 79
SMA, 421
superficial femoral artery, 77, 77f–79f, 79
for peripheral atherosclerotic disease, 72
renal artery, 80–82, 81f–83f
pharmacologic aspects, 271
results of, 273–274
risks of, 271
subclavian artery, 82, 83f
technique of, 271–273, 272f
Periaortic neoplasms, 174, 174f
Peripheral atherosclerotic disease, PTA for, 72
Peripheral vascular disease
and age relationship, 55
amputation in, 212–213
family history in, 58
femoral arteriogram in, 71–72
natural history of, 55
noninvasive vascular testing in, 59–69
ankle brachial indices, 61
Doppler waveform analysis, 63–64, 64f
exercise, 66–67, 66f
plethysmographic techniques, 64–66
segmental limb pressures, 61, 62f–63f, 63
ultrasound, 67–69, 68f
patient history of, 56–58, 57f
ns of,
patter
physical examination in, 58–59, 59f
risk factors for, 55–56, 58
Peripherally inserted central catheter, 442, 442f
insertion of, 449
Personnel dosimeters, 131, 132
PFA. See Profunda femoral artery
Phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography,
thoracic aorta, 49
Phase difference, 33, 35f
Phase shift, 32–33
Phrenic artery, inferior, anatomy of, 203, 204f
Physical status, ASA classification, 27–28, 28t
Physician, and infection in angiography suite,
control regulations and, 141–142, 141t
postexposure protocols and prophylaxis, 140–141
reduction strategies, 139–140, 139t, 140f
PICC. See Peripherally inserted central catheter
Pigtail catheters, 13t, 14, 15f
for pulmonary arteriography, 154, 155f
PIOPED (Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary
Pixel, 20
“Pixel shifting,” 21
Placental implantation, and hemorrhage, 301–302
Plethysmographic techniques, in peripheral
PMT (percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy), in
Pneumothorax, as percutaneous drainage
PNL. See Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Polytetrafluoroethylene
for tubular graft material, 459
use in surgical treatment of occlusive disease, 211
Polyurethane catheters, for central venous access,
Polyvinyl alcohol particles, in bronchial
Popliteal artery
aneurysm of, 211, 227–228, 227f
213
32–33, 33f, 34f–35f
137–138
Embolism Diagnosis), 236
vascular disease, 64–66
hemodialysis access grafts, 464–465
procedure complication, 108
441
arteriography, 159
478 Index
https://t.me/med1917
Popliteal artery (continued)
cystic adventitial disease of, 228
occluded or stenotic, balloon angioplasty for, 77,
77f–79f, 79
Popliteal entrapment syndrome, 228, 228f
Portal hypertension, 379–380, 379f
Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 381, 381f
as clinical sign of hepatocellular carcinoma, 375,
376f
TIPS procedure for, 380–381, 381f
umbilical vein and, 348
Portal veins
anatomy of, 207–208, 208f, 347–348, 347f
CT venography of, 48–49
MR venography of, 48
Portosystemic anastomoses, 349
Postoperative strictures, 356
Power injectors, 22–23, 22f
PPG (plethysmographic) techniques, in peripheral
vascular disease, 64–66
Preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome and hemorrhage
in, 302
Priapism, 313
pudendal arteriography to diagnose, 315
Profunda femoral artery
in balloon angioplasty, 77
Doppler waveform analysis in, 64
Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism
Diagnosis, 236
Protective apparel, in angiography suite, 133, 139,
139t
Prothrombin time, in preprocedural evaluation, 110
Pseudoaneurysm
as angioplasty complication, 76
hepatic artery, liver transplant and, 383
splenic, treatment of, 386
traumatic pulmonary, 158, 158f
upper GI bleeding caused by, 363
Pseudoclaudication, 56
in occlusive disease, 212
Pseudocoarctation of aorta, 174, 176
PT (prothrombin time), in preprocedural
evaluation, 110
PTA. See Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene
PTH (parathyroid hormone), venous sampling of,
430–431
PTT. See Partial prothrombin time
PUD (peptic ulcer disease), upper GI bleeding and,
361–362
Pudendal arteriography
for impotence, 314–315, 315f
for penile arterial anatomy evaluation, 314–315,
315f
for priapism, 315
Pulmonary angiography, in pulmonary embolism
evaluation, 236
Pulmonary arteries
catheterization of, 154
CTA of, 50–51, 51f
indications for, 50
hemorrhage from, 158, 158f
MRA of, 50
indications for, 50
Pulmonary arteriography
catheters for, 154, 155f
indications for, 154
in pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 156,
157f, 158
in pulmonary embolism, 153–156, 154f–155f
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 156, 157f,
158
Pulmonary embolism
chronic, 156, 156f
diagnosis of, 236
arteriography for, 153–155, 154f–155f
epidemiology of, 233
etiology of, 153
medical management of, 236–237
treatment of, 155–156
Pulmonary pseudoaneurysm, traumatic, 158, 158f
Pulsatility artifact, in CTA, 36, 38f
Pulse oximetry, during conscious sedation, 27
Pulse-spray intrathrombic injection, of heparin, in
hemodialysis access grafts, 464
Pulse-spray thrombolysis, in hemodialysis access
grafts, 464
results, 468
Pulse-volume recordings, in peripheral vascular
disease, 64–66, 65f
PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) particles, in bronchial
arteriography, 159
PVD. See Peripheral vascular disease
PVRs (pulse-volume recordings), in peripheral
vascular disease, 64–66, 65f
Pyloroduodenal bleeding, 368
embolization for, 365f, 368–369
Pylorus, cannulation of, in gastrostomy, 126–127,
127f
R (roentgen), 131
rad (radiation absorbed dose), 131
Radial artery, anatomy of, 147, 149f
Radiation
dose limits of
annual, 131, 132t
medical, 132, 132t
occupational, 131–132, 132t
dose of
fective
ef
NCRP recommendations, 131
Webster’s formula for, 132
weighting factors for, 132t
exposure to, techniques to minimize, 134t
measurement of, 131
monitoring exposure to, 131–132
patient dose, factors affecting, 133–134, 134t
protection from, principles of, 132–133
radiologist dose, factors affecting, 134, 134t
skin injuries and, 134
Radiation absorbed dose, 131
Radiography, in pelvic fracture patient, 298
Radiologic gastrostomy/gastrojejunostomy,
123–130. See also Gastrostomy; Gastrostomy
tube placement
Radiologist, radiation exposure and, 132–133
factors affecting, 134
Radionuclide imaging
for lower-extremity veins evaluation, 234
in renovascular hypertension, 268
in superior vena cava syndrome, 185–187
Rapid film changer, 17
in aortofemoral arteriography, 21
Rasmussen aneurysm, 158
Raynaud’s phenomenon, 182, 182f
primary form (Raynaud’s disease), 182
secondary form, 182
symptoms of, 181–182
upper-extremity arteriography in, 181–182
Recanalization techniques
in hemodialysis access grafts, 462–463, 462f, 463t
percutaneous, 71–87
aortoiliac angioplasty, 72–76, 72f–76f
infrapopliteal angioplasty, 79–80, 80f
renal artery angioplasty, 80–82, 81f–83f
superficial femoral and popliteal artery
interventions, 77, 77f–79f, 79
thrombolytic therapy, 82–85, 84f–87f
Recirculation mechanical thrombectomy, in
hemodialysis access grafts, 464–465
Recovery period, monitoring patients during, 28
Recurvant catheters, 14–15, 14f
Reformatting technique, in image postprocessing,
39, 41f
Refractory epistaxis, as indication for angiography,
198
Region-growing algorithms, in image
postprocessing, 39
Relaxation times, 29, 30
Renal abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 117
Renal arteries
anatomy of, 205
angioplasty in, 4, 80–82, 81f–83f
catheterization and embolization in,
superselective, 276f, 277
occlusive disease of. See Renovascular
hypertension
rupture of, 273
thrombosis of, 273
Renal arteriography, 270
renal transplant and, 274–275, 275f
Renal calculus disease
access sites for, 294
stone impaction, sites for, 262
stone removal, before PNL, 294
Renal cell carcinoma, 280
angioinfarction for, 282–283, 282f
imaging of, 280–281, 281f
Renal disease. See also specific renal diseases
calculus. See Renal calculus disease
end-stage
dialysis for patient with. See Hemodialysis
access grafts
renal transplantation in, 459
neoplasms, 277–284. See also specific renal
neoplasms
benign, 277–280, 279f
malignant, 280–284, 281f–283f
renal transplantation for. See Renal
transplantation
vascular manifestations of, 267–284
Renal failure, post-renal PTA and, 273
Renal fusion, 265. See also Horseshoe kidney
Renal neoplasms
adenomas, 277–278, 279f
angiomyolipoma, 277–279, 279f
renal cell carcinoma, 280–283, 281f, 282f
renin-secreting adenomas, 279–280
urothelial, 283, 283f
Wilms’ tumor, 283–284, 283f
Renal transplantation
arteriography after, 274–275, 275f
arteriography prior to, 274, 275f
in end-stage renal disease, 459
Renal trauma, 275–277, 276f
blunt, 275, 276f
hematuria in, 277, 278f
penetrating, 275–277
superselective renal catheterization and
embolization for, 276f, 277
Renal vein assay, 270–271
Renal veins, anatomy of, 207, 207f
Rendering techniques, in image postprocessing, 39,
42f
Renin-secreting adenomas, 279–280
Renovascular hypertension,
diagnosis
etiology of, 267–268, 268f, 268t
treatment of, 271–274, 272f
Respiration
monitoring during conscious sedation, 27
suspended, in CTA, 36, 38f
Retavase, for thrombolysis, 83
Retroperitoneal abscess, percutaneous drainage of,
Reversal agents, in conscious sedation, 26, 26t
Right colic artery, anatomy of, 344
Right gastric artery, anatomy of, 340
Riolan, arc of, 345
Roentgen unit, 131
Rosen guidewire, 13t
for organ access, 103
Rubella vaccine, 140
Rutherford criteria, in chronic limb ischemia,
Safety precautions, in angiography suite, 132–133,
Safety wire, 12
Salmonella sp., abdominal aortic aneurysm and, 227
Sclerosing cholangitis, 393, 396f
Sclerotherapy, for varicoceles, 323–326
advantages of, 324
disadvantages of, 326
of, 268–271, 269f
expandable metal stents as, 274
117
211–213, 213t
139, 139t
267, 268f
Index 479
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Scout film, 19
SCVIR (Society of Cardiovascular and
Interventional Radiology), 3, 4
Sedation
agents for, 26, 26f
deep, 25
intravenous conscious. See Conscious sedation
Seed algorithms, in image postprocessing, 39
Segmental limb pressures, in peripheral vascular
disease, 61, 62f–63f, 63
Segmentation technique, in image postprocessing,
39
Seldinger technique, 4
access needle design and, 9, 9f
in catheterization, 7–9, 8f
in gastrostomy tube placement, 123–124
for organ access, 104
in percutaneous interventions, 71
Selective catheter system, for embolization, 89
Selective salpingography and fallopian tube
recanalization, 330–333
outcomes with, 331–333
technique of, 331, 331f, 332f
Sepsis, as percutaneous drainage procedure
complication, 108
Sestambi scintigraphy, in hyperparathyroidism, 426
Sex, as peripheral vascular disease risk factor, 55
SFA. See Superficial femoral artery
Sharp instruments, safe handling of, 139
Sheath
in aortoiliac angioplasty, 74–75
in balloon angioplasty of SFA and popliteal
artery, 77
in catheterization, 10
in gastropexy technique, 125
vascular, 467
Shielding materials, for radiation protection,
132–133
Side holes, in catheters, 14, 15, 15f
placement of, 103, 104f
Sievert, 131
Sigmoid arteries, 345
Silicone catheters, for central venous access, 441
Simmons catheters, 13t, 14–15, 14f
in bronchial arteriography, 159
Simon-Nitinol filter, 245–247, 247f, 248f
Single-wall needles
for arterial access, 9–10, 9f
in percutaneous interventions, 71
Sinogram, in percutaneous abscess drainage, 117
Skin injuries, radiation-induced, 134
SLP (segmental limb pressures), in peripheral
vascular disease, 61, 62f–63f, 63
SMA. See Superior mesenteric artery
Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional
Radiology, 3, 4
Sos-selective catheters, 13t, 14–15, 14f
Spasm, arterial, during upper-extremity
arteriography, 179
in Raynaud’s phenomenon, 182
Spermatic venography, 320–321, 323, 325f
Spinal cord
angiography of
contraindications for, 201
indications for, 199–200
vascular anatomy of, 198–199, 199f, 200f
Spiral CT scanning. See Helical CT scanning
Spleen, 384
artery aneur ysms in, 386, 387f, 388f
hypersplenism, 386–388
trauma to, 384–386, 385f, 386f
Splenic abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 118
Splenic artery, anatomy of, 339
Splenic veins
anatomy of, 347
CT venography of, 48–49
MR venography of, 48
Spontaneous upper-extremity thrombosis,
thrombolysis for, 237
Spot films, in aortofemoral arteriography, 22
SRMD (stress-related mucosal disease), 362
Stainless steel Greenfield filter, 242–243, 242f, 243f
Standing wave phenomenon, superior mesenteric
artery and, 343, 344f
Staphylococcus aureus
abdominal aortic aneurysm and, 227
methicillin-resistant, 137
Steerable guidewire, 12, 13t
Stenosis, cervical. See Cer vical stenosis
Stenotic vessels
central venous, 467
in hemodialysis access grafts, 461, 461f
treatment of, 465–466, 466f
percutaneous interventions for. See
Recanalization techniques, percutaneous
Stenting
catheters for, 104
grafts for, 4
of subclavian artery, 82, 83f
ureteral. See Ureteral stenting
Stents, 104, 106f
in aortoiliac angioplasty, 72f, 73f, 76, 88f, 89f
biliary. See Bili
for colonic strictures, 356–357, 357f
for esophageal strictures, 354–356, 355f
expandable metal, for renovascular hypertension,
274
internal/external, 104, 105f, 106f
ureteral, 102, 104, 105f, 106f
Stepping table, in aortofemoral arteriography, 21
Stomach. See also Gastric and Gastro- entries
access to, in gastrostomy tube placement,
125–126, 126f
Stone impaction
renal. See Renal calculus disease
ureter sites for, 262
Straight graft, for hemodialysis access, 459
Stress-related mucosal disease, 362
Strictures. See specific types
Subclavian artery
anatomy of, 147, 148f, 149f
angioplasty of, 82, 83f
Subclavian/axillary vein, central venous access
technique to, 444–445, 445f, 446f
Subclavian steal, 183–184, 184f, 192, 195f
Subcutaneous ports, 443f, 444
Subphrenic abscess, percutaneous drainage of, 117
Subtraction imaging, 19
digital. See Digital subtraction angiography
Superficial femoral artery
Doppler waveform analysis in, 64
occluded or stenotic, balloon angioplasty for, 77,
77f–79f, 79
Superficial venous system, upper extremity,
anatomy of, 150f, 151
Superior hemorrhoidal artery, 345
Superior mesenteric artery
anatomy of, 203, 204f, 205, 343–344, 343f–344f
embolus in, 416, 418, 419f
mesenteric ischemia and, 415–416
standing wave phenomenon and, 343, 344f
thrombosis of, 418, 420f
Superior mesenteric vein, anatomy of, 347–348, 347f
Superior vena cava
anatomy of, 150f, 151
central venous access in, 441
through subclavian/axillary vein, 444–445, 445f
Superior vena cava syndrome, 185–187
radiologic evaluation of, 186
Supraumbilical diagnostic peritoneal lavage, 298
Surface rendering technique, in image
postprocessing, 39
Suspended respiration, in CTA, 36, 38f
SVC. See Superior vena cava
Sy (Sievert), 131
T-fasteners, nylon, in gastrostomy tube placement,
128–129, 128f
T-tube cholangiogram, 350f
T1 weighted MRI, 29
aortic dissection, 49, 49f
T2 weighted MRI, 29
Takayasu’s arteritis, 171–172, 183, 183f, 192, 194f
renal artery involvement in, 224
ary
stents
TCC (transitional cell carcinomas), 283, 283f
Technetium-99m-labeled sulfur colloid, in
radionuclide imaging, 186
TEE (transesophageal echocardiogram), in
diagnosis of aortic dissection, 161f, 168
Temporal arteritis. See Giant cell arteritis
Testicular function, anatomy of, 317–318, 319f–321f
Thoracic aorta
anatomy of, 147, 148f. See also Aortic arch
aneurysms of. See Thoracic aortic aneurysms
CTA of, 49–50, 50f
indications for, 49
diseases of, 163–177
aortic arteritis syndromes, 171–173, 172f
aortic dissection, 163–168, 164f–167f
congenital, 174–176, 175f
giant cell arteritis, 172f, 173–174, 173f
periaortic pathology, 174, 174f
postoperative complications in treatment of,
176
thoracic aortic aneurysms, 164f, 165f, 168–169,
170f
MRA of, 49, 49f
indications for, 49
trauma to, 169–171
penetrating, 171
Thoracic aortic aneurysms, 164f, 165f, 168–169, 170f
clinical features of, 169
imaging modalities for, 169, 170f
treatment of, 169
Thoracic arteries, 147, 148f, 151. See also Aortic
arch; Thoracic aorta
Thoracic outlet syndrome, 184–187
arterial, 184–185, 185f
venous, 185, 186f
c veins,
Thoraci
CT venography of, 51
MR venography of, 51
Three-dimensional MRA, 30
gadolinium-enhanced, 32, 32f
phase-contrast, 33, 34f
Three-dimensional rendering techniques, in image
postprocessing, 39, 42f
Thresholding technique, in image postprocessing,
39
Thrombectomy, percutaneous. See Percutaneous
thrombectomy
Thromboangiitis obliterans, 225, 225f
upper-extremity arteriography in, 182–183
Thromboaspiration. See Percutaneous aspiration
thrombectomy
Thromboembolic disease, 220–223, 222f–223f
risk factors for, 220–221
versus thrombosis in situ, 222–223, 223f
Thrombolysis
for acute limb ischemia, 223–224, 224f
for pulmonary deep-vein thrombosis and
techniques for, 82–85, 84f–87f
for thrombosed grafts, 463–464
complications, 468
Thrombolytic agents, 45, 224
Thrombosed graft, 461–462
causes of, 460, 460f, 467
treatment of
with arterial plug, 466
completion study, 466–467
complications, 468
patient selection for, 462
recanalization technique in, 462–463, 462f, 463t
thrombectomy, 464–465
thrombolysis, 463–464
with venous stenoses, 465–466
Thrombosis
catheter-related, 455–456
causing acute limb ischemia, 57–58, 57f
spontaneous upper-extremity. See
Thrombosis in situ
acute thromboembolic disease versus, 222–223,
as angioplasty complication, 76
147, 148f, 151
pulmonary embolism, 236–237
Paget-Schroetter syndrome
223f
480 Index
https://t.me/med1917
Thumbprinting
acute mesenteric ischemia and, 416
colonic ischemia and, 420
Thyroid shields, 133
Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, 30,
30f–31f, 32
of lower-extremity arteries
three-dimensional, 41, 46f
two-dimensional, 40–41, 42f, 44f–45f
of lower-extremity veins, two-dimensional, 43, 47f
of thoracic aorta, 49
TIPS. See Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunts procedure
Tissue adhesive, varicocele occlusion with, 326–326
Tissue loss, in occlusive disease, 213
Titanium Greenfield filter, 244–245, 244f–246f
TOF MRA. See Time-of-flight magnetic resonance
angiography
Total parenteral nutrition, feeding tubes in. See
Gastrostomy tube placement
Transesophageal echocardiogram, in diagnosis of
aortic dissection, 161f, 168
Transfemoral arterial access technique. See
Seldinger technique
Transgastric jejunostomy feeding tubes, 129
Transitional cell carcinomas, 283, 283f
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts
procedure, 380–381, 381f
CO2contrast agent in, 23–24
hepatic veins in, 348–349, 349f
Translumbar aortography, 11–12
access needle for, 10, 10f
Transverse magnetization, 29
Trauma
aortic. See Aortic trauma
hemorrhage following, embolization for,
92f–93f, 93–94
high-risk patients, vena cava filter use in, 240
to lower extremity, 228, 229f–230f, 230
to neck, angiography for, 192–193, 196f
obstetric hemorrhage in, 302
to pelvis. See Pelvic fractures and shock
renal. See Renal trauma
to spleen, 384–386, 385f, 386f
to thoracic outlet and upper extremities,
180–181, 181f
upper-extremity arteriography in, 180–181, 181f
Traumatic pulmonary pseudoaneurysm, 158, 158f
Treadmill testing, in peripheral vascular disease,
66–67, 66f
Treitz, ligament of, in gastrostomy tube placement,
127–128, 127f
Tuberculosis, incidence of, 137
Tunnelled catheters, 447–449, 450f, 451f
Two-dimensional MRA, 30
of lower-extremity arteries, 40–41, 42f, 44f–45f
of lower-extremity veins, 43, 47f
Ulcers
ischemic, in occlusive disease, 213
penetrating, aortic dissection caused by, 165
Ulnar artery, anatomy of, 147, 149f
Ultrasonography
of biliary tree, 391, 392f
in central venous placement, 444, 445, 446
in deep-vein thrombosis evaluation, 235, 235f
Doppler. See Doppler ultrasonography
duplex. See Duplex ultrasonography
in pancreatic carcinoma, 407
in percutaneous needle biopsy, 112
in peripheral vascular disease, 67–69, 68f
for target localization, 101–102
Umbilical vein, 348, 348f
Universal precautions, 139, 139t
Upper extremities
arteriography of
indications for, 179
techniques of, 179–180, 180f
atherosclerosis of, 180–180f, 181f
in Buerger’s disease, 182–183
in Raynaud’s phenomenon, 182, 182f
subclavian steal and, 183–184, 184f
Takayasu’s arteritis in, 183, 183f
thoracic outlet and, arteriography and
venography of, 179–187
trauma to, 180–181, 181f
vascular access in, 11
vascular anatomy of, 147, 148f–150f, 148t, 151
vasculitides affecting, 182
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
angiographic treatment of, 365f, 367–370, 368f,
368t, 370f
arteriography in diagnosis of, 364–366, 365f–367f
causes of, 361–364
aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms, 363
aortoenteric fistula as, 364
Dieulafoy’s disease, 363
esophageal, 362
gastric tumors, 362–363
hemobilia,
hemorrhagic gastritis, acute, 362
Mallory-Weiss tear as, 362
peptic ulcer disease as, 361–362
stress-related mucosal disease as, 362
vascular lesions as, 364
clinical approach to, 359–361
embolotherapy for, 91
endoscopy in, 361, 364
epidemiology of, 359
histamine 2-receptor antagonists and, 362
history and physical examination in, 359–360
nasogastric tube and gastric lavage in, 360
resuscitation and management of, 360f
venous access lines and, 360–361
Uretal obstruction. See Obstructive uropathy
Ureteral stenting, 102, 104, 290–293, 292f, 293f
alternative approaches to, 288–289, 289f
double-J stents for, 104, 105f, 106–107
indications for, 290, 292f
insertion techniques, 292–293
internalized stent, 291
nephroureteral stent, 291–292
for obstructive uropathy, 287
Ureters
anatomy of, 262
multiplication of, 265
Urethra
in female anatomy, 263, 264f
in male anatomy 263-264, 264f
Urinary bladder, anatomy of, 262–263
Urinary tract
bladder in, anatomy of, 262–263
embryology of, 255–257, 256f, 257f
kidneys in, anatomy of, 257–262, 258f, 259f,
obstructive uropathy in. See Obstructive uropathy
stent placement in, 106
ureters in, anatomy of, 262
urethra in, anatomy of, 263–264, 264f
Urinary tract obstruction
causes of, 102
therapeutic relief of, 102
Urokinase, for thrombolysis, 82–83
Urothelial neoplasms, 283, 283f
Uterine tubes. See Fallopian tubes
Uterus, 264–265
fibroids in, 303, 303f
V/Q scintigraphy, in pulmonary embolism, 153
Vaccinations, for physicians and health care
workers, 139–140
Varicocele, male infertility and, 265
asymptomatic, in adolescent male, 322
defined, 317, 318f
diagnosis of, 320–321
embolotherapy for, 323–329
coils, 327
detachable balloons, 327–329, 328f
sclerotherapy, 323–326
tissue adhesive, 326–327
etiology of, 318–319, 321f
pathophysiology of, 319
treatment, 321–322
indications for, 321–322
363–364
261f–264f
percutaneous occlusion, 322–323, 323f, 324f
surgical treatment, 322
treatment outcomes, 329
Vascular anatomy
above diaphragm, 147, 148f–150f, 148t, 151
below diaphragm, 203, 204f–208f, 205–209
Vascular and interventional radiologist, urinary
system overview for, 255–266
congenital anomalies relevant to, 265–266
embryology of, 255–257, 256f, 257f
kidneys, 257–262– 258f, 259f, 261f–264f
ureters, 262
urethra, 263–264, 264f
urinary bladder, 262–263
uterine tubes, 265, 265f
uterus, 264–265
Vascular and interventional radiology, history of,
3–4
Vascular sheaths, 467
Vasculitides, of upper extremities, 182
arteriography in, 182
Vasculogenic claudication, 56
Vasopressin, intravenous, for lower GI bleeding,
412, 413f
Velocity encoding, in phase-contrast MRA, 33
Vena cava filters
evaluation and comparison of, 241–249,
242f–249f. See also specific filters
placement of
anomalies affecting, 240–241, 241f
in cancer patients with deep-vein thrombosis
or pulmonary embolism, 239
in high-risk trauma patients, 240
indications for, 239–240
technique of, 240–241, 240f, 241f
venous interruption, history of, 237–239, 238f
Vena cavagram, in vena cava filter placement, 240
Venography. See
venography;
spermatic, 320–321, 323, 325f
of thoracic outlet and upper extremities,
Venous access
central. See Central venous access
for hemodialysis. See Hemodialysis access grafts
upper GI bleeding diagnosis and, 360–361
Venous anatomy. See also specific veins
above diaphragm, 150f, 151
below diaphragm, 207–209, 207f–208f
in gastrointestinal tract, 347–349
Venous malformations, embolization for, 94
Venous sampling, of parathyroid hormone, 430–432
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, 185, 186f
Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, in pulmonary
embolism, 153, 154
Vertebral arteries, anatomy of, 190
Vital signs, monitoring during conscious sedation,
27
Volume plethysmographic recordings, in peripheral
vascular disease, 64–66, 65f
Volume rendering technique, in image
postprocessing, 39
Voxels, image postprocessing and, 38–39
VPRs (volume plethysmographic recordings), in
peripheral vascular disease, 64–66, 65f
Waltman loop, creation of, 14
Watermelon stomach, upper GI bleeding and, 364
Webster’s formula, for effective radiation dose, 132
Westermark’s sign, 153
Whipple procedure, 341
Whitaker tests, 287
Wilms’ tumor, 283–284, 283f
ZDV (zidovudine), for HIV postexposure
prophylaxis, 140–141
Zero flow, 23
Zero-second film, 19
Zidovudine, for HIV postexposure prophylaxis,
140–141
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 432
also Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance venography
179–187
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