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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5548_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Index
Page numbers in italics denote figures; those followed by a “t” denote tables; and those followed by a “b” denote boxes.
A
Abdomen
abdominal stretch of, 70, 71
anatomy of, 184
body reading for, 193t
conditions that affect, 190–191
connective tissue techniques for, 68, 70–71,
70–71
description of, 18, 191
distended, 193t
myofascial stretch of, 70, 71
postural evaluations of, 192, 192–193
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 82, 84, 194, 195
warm-up for, 211, 211
Abdominal massage
in abuse survivors, 190
routines, 194–201
Abdominal muscles (see also specific muscle)
anatomy of, 184, 186–187
attachments of
on iliac crest, 196
on ribs, 196, 197
description of, 18
massage techniques for, 194–201
side stretch for, 100, 102
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 194, 195
trigger points in, 196
Abductors
abductor digiti minimi, 142, 145
abductor hallucis, 142, 156
of thigh, 172–173, 173
Abuse, 190
Acetabulum, 165, 184
Acetylcholine, 10
Achilles tendinitis, 148
Achilles tendon, 144, 148, 160
Acute bronchitis, 82
Adductors
adductor brevis, 167–168, 169, 207
adductor digiti minimi, 114
adductor hallucis, 145, 145, 156
adductor longus, 167, 169, 207
adductor magnus, 167–168, 169, 207
adductor pollicis, 114, 135
deep tissue therapy of, 207
exercises for, 172, 172–173
inner thigh lift for, 172, 172
inner thigh stretch for, 172, 173
stretching of, 207, 209
of thigh, 172, 172–173
treatment of, 172, 172–173
Adenosine triphosphate, 10
Ankle
anatomy of, 145
bones of, 145
conditions that affect, 146–148
imbalances, 149
range of motion for, 152t
retinaculum of
anterior, 157, 158
posterior, 159
sprain, 148
Annulus fibrosus, 92
Anterior cruciate ligament, 146
Anterior pelvic tilt, 190
Anterior superior iliac spine, 168
Anterior thigh
alignment of, 170
description of, 18
fascial lift and roll technique for, 65, 65
massage therapy for
connective tissue, 65–66, 65–66, 208
deep tissue, 208, 210–214
objectives, 208
myofascial mobilization of, 66, 66
myofascial spreading of, 65–66, 208
Aortic hiatus, 79
Arm(s) (see also Forearm; Hand(s); Wrist)
bones of, 112b
landmarks of, 112b
massage techniques for
case study of, 139
connective tissue, 58, 61–62, 61–62,
125–126
cross fiber, 125
deep tissue, 126–132
energy balancing, 125
myofascial spreading, 125–126
objectives, 125
polarity therapy, 125
Shiatsu, 125, 126
Swedish, 125
muscles of, 112, 112b, 113, 113
postural evaluations, 117, 118
Armoring, 26, 26
Articularis genus, 168
Asthma, 81
Atlas, 221
Axis, 219
B
Back
body reading for, 99t
case study of, 109
deep tissue therapy of, 96
exercises for
forward bend, 101, 103
one-leg raise, 100, 101
rear leg lift, 100, 101
side stretches, 101, 102
spinal lift, 101, 102
using ball, 100–101
landmarks of, 92b
lower, 99
massage techniques for
cat’s paws, 102–103, 103
connective tissue, 57–58, 59–60, 103
cross fiber, 103
deep tissue, 103–108
energy balancing, 102–103
neuromuscular, 103–108
objectives of, 102
polarity, 102
Shiatsu, 102–103, 103
Swedish, 103
myofascial mobilization of, 57, 59
myofascial spreading of, 57–58, 60
postural evaluation, 97–98, 98
stretching of, 107, 107
trigger points in, 104
upper, 99
Back muscles
anatomy of, 93–94
case study of, 109
deep tissue therapy of, 88–89, 89
description of, 18
self-massage for, 101
spasm of, 96
tensegrity of, 95
Back pain, 96
Back stretch, 58, 60
Bell palsy, 239
Biceps brachii
anatomy of, 113, 113, 130
massage techniques for, 130–131, 131
265
266 Index
Biceps brachii (continued)
strengthening exercises for, 117
stretching of, 131
trigger points in, 131
Biceps femoris
anatomy of, 143, 161, 167–168, 177
strengthening exercises for, 174, 174–175
Bipennate muscles, 35
“Bladder belt,” 193t
Blockages, 29
Body mechanics, 50–51
Bodywork
conscious, 28–29
energetic styles of (see Energy balancing)
Brachial plexus, 116, 219
Brachialis
anatomy of, 113–114, 115, 131
massage techniques for, 131, 131
strengthening exercises for, 117
Brachioradialis, 136, 136–137
Breathing
on all-fours, 100, 100
conditions that affect, 81–82
deep, 100, 100
description of, 17–18
expiration, 80
full, 76
inspiration, 79, 80
mechanics of, 80, 80b
mind/body balance effects on, 82
muscles involved in, 80
Bronchitis, acute, 81
Bruxism, 240
Bunions, 147
Bursitis, 116
C
Calcaneus, 145
Calf
connective tissue techniques for, 63, 65–66,
65
fascial lift and roll technique for, 65, 65
muscles of, 152
myofascial mobilization of, 65
myofascial spreading of, 65, 65
stretch, 152
Callus, 147
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 116
Cat’s paws, 102–103, 103
Central tendon of diaphragm, 79, 79
Cervical vertebrae, 219
Charts, 20
Chemical headaches, 239
Chest
anatomy of, 77–80, 78–79
body reading for, 83t
compressing and spreading myofascial
tissues of, 57, 59
conditions that affect, 81–82
description of, 17–18
fanning stroke of, 57, 58, 85
functions of, 81
landmarks of, 77b
massage techniques for
case study of, 85
connective tissue, 57, 57–59, 85
cross fiber, 84–85
deep tissue, 85–91
energy balancing, 84, 84
neuromuscular, 85–91
polarity, 84
Shiatsu, 84, 84
Swedish, 84–85
musculoskeletal anatomy of, 77–80, 78–79
postural evaluation of, 82, 83
stretching of, 82, 83, 84, 89–90, 90
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), 81–82
Circular muscles, 35
Client
assessment of, 19–20
attentive to, 27, 28
emotional release by, 26–27
interview with, 19, 49
massage therapist and, relationship
between, 29
respect for, 28
Collagen, 53–54
Collateral ligaments, of knee, 146
Common extensor tendon, 115
Common flexor tendon, 115
Compartment syndrome, 148
Conception vessel, 229
Connective tissue
changes in, 55
functions of, 53
in postural muscles, 37
strokes for, 43–44, 43–44
Connective tissue techniques, 12
for abdomen, 68, 70–71, 70–71
for abdominal muscles, 196
for anterior thigh, 65–66, 65–66
for arm, 58, 61–62, 61–62
for back, 57–58, 59–60, 103
for calf, 63, 65–66, 65
for chest, 57, 57–59, 84
for foot, 62–63, 63–64
for forearm, 133
for head flexors, 230
for inner thigh, 206
for intestines, 201
for lateral thigh, 67, 67–68
for leg, 63, 64
for medial thigh, 66, 66
for neck, 72–73, 225, 225
for neck flexors, 230
for posterior hip, 68, 69–70
for posterior thigh, 67–68
for shoulders, 120, 125–126
for spinal column, 103
for thigh, 65–68, 65–68
Conscious bodywork, 28–29
Constipation, 190
Coracobrachialis, 113
Costal cartilage of ribs, 196
Craniosacral therapy, 221
Cranium (see also Head)
anatomy of, 217, 221
deep tissue therapy of, 243–244
Cross fiber techniques
for abdominal muscles, 195
for anterior thigh, 208
for arms, 125
for back, 103
for chest, 83
description of, 12, 41–43
for external obliques, 197, 198
fingertip raking stroke, 42, 42, 84
for foot, 154–155
for forearm, 133
for hand, 133
for head flexors, 230
for hip joint, 176
for inner thigh, 206
for internal obliques, 197, 198
for intestines, 201, 201
for lateral thigh, 203, 205
for leg, 154–155
for levator scapulae, 122, 122
for neck flexors, 230
for posterior thigh, 176
for rectus abdominus, 196, 197
for scapula, 120
for shoulders, 125
sifting, 46, 47, 129, 129
for spinal column, 103
thumb rolling stroke, 42–43, 43
for transverse abdominus, 198, 198
for wrist, 133
Cruciate ligaments, of knee, 146
D
Deep breathing on all-fours, 100, 100
Deep tissue strokes (see also Strokes; specific
stroke)
elongation, 45–46, 46, 47, 48
for muscle bellies, 45–46, 46–47
for tendons, 46–47, 48
Deep tissue therapist (see Massage therapist)
Deep tissue therapy
for abdominal muscles, 194–201
for adductors, 207
for anterior thigh, 208, 210–214
application of, 8–9, 44–45
for arms, 126–132
for back, 103–108
for back muscles, 88–89, 89
benefits of, 9
for chest, 84–91
client response during, 47–48
for cranium, 243–244
description of, 6–7, 44
for diaphragm, 88, 89
for erector spinae muscles, 104, 104
evaluation of, 48
for external intercostals, 87–88, 87–88
for facial muscles, 244–245
for foot, 155–161
function of, 7
for gluteus maximus, 177, 178
for gluteus medius, 177–178
for gluteus minimus, 178
goals of, 76
for hamstrings, 177
for intercostals, 87–88
Index 267
for jaw muscles, 245–248
for lateral thigh, 205–206
for leg, 155–161
muscle layers released during, 45
pain during, 44
for pectoralis major, 86, 86–87
for posterior thigh, 177–182
for scapula, 120–125
sessions (see Sessions)
for shoulders, 126–132
for spinal column, 103–108
for sternocleidomastoid, 231, 232
strokes (see Deep tissue strokes)
for subclavius, 87, 87
for tensor fascia latae, 206, 206
three-step approach in, 33–37
for trapezius, 225, 226
for vastus lateralis, 205, 210
for vastus medialis, 210–211
Deltoids
anatomy of, 93
anterior, 117, 126, 127, 128
function of, 113, 115
massage techniques for, 126–127
medial, 127, 127
posterior, 126–127, 127
release of, 126
trigger points in, 126–127, 127
Diaphragm
anatomy of, 79, 79
in breathing, 77, 79
central tendon of, 79, 79
contracted, 83
crural portion of, 79
deep tissue therapy of, 77, 89
pressure points for, 91, 91
reflex zone for, 91, 91
release of, 91, 91
Digastric, 219, 232–233, 233
Disc damage, 222
Disc disruptions, 97
Distended belly, 193t
Diverticulitis, 190
Dorsal interossei, 133–134, 135
Draining stroke, 41, 41
E
Effleurage, 40–41, 40–41
Elastin, 53–54
Elbow
muscles of, 136–137
range of motion for, 119t
Elongation stroke
description of, 45–46, 46, 47, 48
on erector spinae muscles, 90, 91, 104, 104
on interossei, 134, 134
on pectoralis major, 86, 86–87
on peroneal muscles, 159, 159
on rhomboids, 122, 123
on supraspinatus, 128, 128
on teres minor, 129
on tibialis anterior, 159, 159
on trapezius, 120–121, 121
Emotional release
case study of, 30–31
management of, 27
signs of, 27
working with, 26–27
Emphysema, 81
Enarthrosis, 221
Endangerment sites
of abdominal and pelvic organs, 189, 189
of chest, 80, 81
of femoral triangle, 169, 169
of floating ribs, 189
of inguinal canal, 189
at lateral lower leg, 146, 148
at medial lower leg, 146, 147
at popliteal fossa, 146, 147, 169
of sciatic notch, 169
of trunk, 97
of upper extremity, 115–116, 115
of xyphoid process, 189
Endorphins, 10
Energy
blockages of, 29
receiving of, 3–4
Energy balancing (see also Polarity therapy;
Shiatsu)
for arms, 125
for back, 102–103
for chest, 83, 84
description of, 12
for foot, 154, 155
for forearm, 132–133
for hand, 132–133
for hip joint, 176
for inner thigh, 203
for lateral thigh, 203
for posterior thigh, 176
for scapula, 120
for shoulders, 125
Enkephalins, 10
Erector spinae muscles
anatomy of, 94, 96
deep tissue therapy of, 104, 104
elongation stroke for, 90, 91, 104, 104
Esophageal hiatus, 79
Ethics, 23–25, 24t
Exercise, 51
Extensor carpiradialis longus, 113
Extensor digitorum brevis, 143, 156–157
Extensor digitorum longus, 143, 146
Extensor hallucis brevis, 142, 143
Extensor hallucis longus, 143
External intercostals
anatomy of, 78, 79
deep tissue therapy of, 87–88, 87–88
during inspiration, 79
External obliques
anatomy of, 93, 185, 186
massage therapy for, 196
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 194, 199,
Eye exercises, 241
200
F
Face
body reading for, 240t
description of, 19, 240
evaluation of, 239–240, 240
exercises for, 241
massage therapy for, 242–248
Facial muscles
conditions that affect, 239
deep tissue therapy of, 244–245
description of, 19, 237, 238b
Facial tension release, 241
Facilitated nerve pathways, 10
Fanning stroke
on chest, 57, 58, 85
description of, 46, 47
on wrist, 135, 135
Fascia
collagen fibers, 53–54
composition of, 53–54, 54
definition of, 53
functions of, 53
release of, 43
thoracolumbar, 93, 106
working with, 43, 55–56
Fascial lift and roll technique
for abdomen, 68, 70
for anterior thigh, 65, 65
for arm, 58, 61
for calf, 65, 65
for chest, 57, 57
description of, 43, 43
for gluteal tissue, 68, 69
for lateral thigh, 67, 67
for posterior thigh, 68
Fascial planes, 54
Fast-twitch red fibers, 37
Feelings, 19
Feldenkrais, Moshe, 99
Femoral triangle, 207
Femur, 165, 166
Fibula, 145
Fingers
extensor muscles of, 135, 138
flexor muscles of, 135, 138
massage techniques for, 135
“snapping off,” 137–138, 138
stretching of, 137, 138
Fingertip raking stroke
description of, 42, 42
on upper chest muscles, 84
Flexor digiti minimi
anatomy of, 114, 145
description of, 145
Flexor digitorum brevis
anatomy of, 145
description of, 142
Flexor digitorum longus, 144–145, 146, 157,
158
Flexor digitorum profundus, 114
Flexor digitorum superficialis, 113–114
Flexor hallucis brevis
anatomy of, 145
description of, 145
massage techniques for, 156
Flexor hallucis longus
anatomy of, 144, 146
massage techniques for, 155
Flexor pollicis brevis, 135, 135
268 Index
Flexor pollicis longus, 114
Foot
anatomy of, 142–145
arches of
description of, 141–142, 146
longitudinal, 142
medial, 146
toe clutching to strengthen, 152, 154
body reading for, 152t
body weight distribution, 141
bones of, 142b
conditions that affect, 146–148
description of, 18, 141–142
dorsal surface of
massage techniques for, 156–157, 157
myofascial mobilization on, 62, 63
eversion of, 152t
exercises for, 151–152, 153–154
fascial stretching of, 62–63, 63
flexing of, 151–152, 154
functions of, 142
imbalances, 149
inversion of, 152t
massage techniques for
case study of, 161–162
connective tissue, 62–63, 63–64
energy balancing, 154, 155
objectives, 152–154
Shiatsu, 154, 155
Swedish, 154–155
muscles of, 142b, 143–145 (see also specific
muscle)
myofascial spreading of, 62, 63, 155
plantar surface of
muscles of, 156, 156–157
myofascial spreading of, 62, 63
postural evaluation, 149–151, 149–151
reflex zones on, 199, 201, 202, 203, 212,
214
spinal reflex points on, 108, 108
stretching of, 161
toes, 155, 156
Foot circles, 151, 153
Forearm
anatomy of, 114, 115
conditions that affect, 116
description of, 18
massage techniques for
connective tissue, 133
cross fiber, 133
energy balancing, 132–133
myofascial spreading, 58, 62, 62, 133
objectives, 132
polarity therapy, 132
Swedish, 133
muscles of, 114, 136, 136–137
range of motion for, 119t
trigger points in, 136
Forward bend, 101, 103
“Forward head,” 217, 224t
Friction strokes, 41, 42
Frontalis, 244, 244
Functional scoliosis, 97
Fusiform muscles, 35
G
Galea aponeurotica, 244
Gastrocnemius
anatomy of, 143–144, 146
massage techniques for, 157, 159–160, 160
Gemellus inferior, 167, 179
Gemellus superior, 167, 179
Geniohyoid, 219
Gluteal tissue
fascial lift and roll technique for, 68, 69
myofascial mobilization of, 68, 70
myofascial spreading of, 68, 69
Gluteus maximus
anatomy of, 167, 168, 177
deep tissue therapy of, 177, 178
strengthening exercises for, 175, 175
stretching of, 175, 176, 180, 181
trigger points in, 177
Gluteus medius
anatomy of, 173, 173
deep tissue therapy of, 177–178
stretching of, 180, 182
trigger points in, 178
Gluteus minimus
anatomy of, 166, 167–168
deep tissue therapy of, 178
strengthening exercises for, 173, 173
stretching of, 180, 182
trigger points in, 178
Golfer’s elbow, 116
Golgi tendon organs, 8
Gracilis, 168, 169, 207
Greater sciatic foramen, 94
Greater trochanter, 166
Grip, 115
Ground substance, 54
H
Hammertoe, 147
Hamstrings (see also specific muscle)
anatomy of, 166b, 177
deep tissue massage techniques for, 177
description of, 170
strengthening exercises for, 174–175, 174
stretching of, 174, 175, 180, 181
trigger points in, 177
Hand(s) (see also Wrist)
anatomy of, 114, 115
conditions that affect, 116
description of, 18
dorsal surface of, 135
extensors of, 136, 138
fingers of, 135
flexors of, 136, 138
grip of, 115
massage techniques for
connective tissue, 133
cross fiber, 133
energy balancing, 132–133
myofascial spreading, 133
objectives, 132
polarity therapy, 132
Swedish, 133
muscles of, 114, 117
nerve receptors of, 34
palm of (see Palm)
strengthening exercises for, 117
stretching of, 137, 138
Head (see also Cranium; Neck)
alignment of, 217–218, 218
bones of, 218b
conditions that affect, 222, 239
description of, 19
endangerment sites, 221–222
“forward,” 217, 224t
massage therapy for, 242–248
muscles that stabilize, 221
postural evaluation of, 223, 223
relaxation of, 224
Head extensors
description of, 19
massage therapy for, 224–229
Head flexors
description of, 19
massage therapy for, 229–235
Headaches, 237
Heel, 212, 214
Herniated disc, 97
Hip, description of, 18
Hip joint
abductors of, 168
anatomy of, 165
bones of, 166b
description of, 165
exercises for, 175
landmarks of, 166b
massage techniques for
case study of, 183
cross fiber, 176
energy balancing, 176
polarity therapy, 176
Shiatsu, 176
Swedish, 176
muscles of, 166b
myofascial mobilization of, 67, 68
range of motion for, 169t
release of, 175
Horizontal neck release, 72, 72
Humerus
description of, 112
head of, 115
Hyoid bone, 219, 233–234, 234
Hyperkyphosis, 97, 99t
Hyperlordosis, 97, 99t
I
Ileocecal valve point, 202
Iliac crest
abdominal muscle attachments on, 196
description of, 105–106
Iliacus
anatomy of, 168, 185, 188
deep tissue therapy of, 211, 212
Iliocostalis cervicis, 94, 96
Iliocostalis lumborum, 94, 96, 104
Iliocostalis thoracis, 104
anatomy of, 94, 96
trigger points in, 104
Index 269
Iliofemoral ligament, 165
Iliolumbar ligament, 94, 106, 106
Iliopsoas
anatomy of, 166, 167–168, 184, 188
description of, 18
massage techniques for, 208–214, 210–214
Iliotibial tract, 143, 168, 205, 205
Ilium, 184
Infrahyoid muscles, 219, 234
Infraspinatus
anatomy of, 113–114, 128
elongation stroke on, 128, 128
function of, 115
trigger points in, 128
Inner thigh, 206–208
Integrated deep tissue therapy system
components of, 6–12
connective tissue techniques, 12
cross fiber techniques (see Cross fiber
techniques)
deep tissue therapy (see Deep tissue
therapy)
definition of, 2
description of, 33
Eastern bodywork contributions to, 5
energy balancing (see Energy balancing)
goals of, 5
history of, 2
neuromuscular therapy (see Neuromuscular
therapy)
origins of, 5–6, 7
overview of, 5
polarity therapy (see Polarity therapy)
Shiatsu (see Shiatsu)
stretching, 12
Swedish massage (see Swedish massage)
techniques, 5–6, 7
Intercostals
deep tissue therapy of, 87–88, 87–88,
106–107, 107
external
anatomy of, 78, 79
deep tissue therapy of, 87–88, 87–88
during inspiration, 80
internal, 79–80, 87–88, 87–88
Internal obliques
anatomy of, 185, 187
massage therapy for, 196
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 195, 199, 200
Interossei
of foot, 145
of hand, 133–134, 135
Intervertebral disks
degeneration of, 97
description of, 92
rupture of, 96
Interview, 19, 49
Intestines
dysfunction of, 184
functioning of, 18
large, 201–202, 202
massage therapy for, 201–203
reflex zone for, 202–203, 203
Ischia, 184
Ischial tuberosity, 94
Ischiofemoral ligament, 94, 165
J
Jaw
description of, 19
massage therapy for, 242–248
tension release of, 241
Jaw muscles (see also specific muscle)
deep tissue therapy of, 245–248
description of, 19
tightness of, 240
K
Knee
anatomy of, 146
conditions that affect, 148
description of, 18
flexors of, 168
imbalances, 149
ligaments of, 146
massage techniques for, 152, 160–161
muscle attachments at, 160–161, 161
pain around, 148
postural evaluation of, 149–151, 149–151
range of motion for, 152t
valgus alignment of, 165, 166
varus alignment of, 165, 166
Knuckle kneading, 41, 42
L
Large intestine, 201–202, 202
Lateral collateral ligament, 146
Lateral malleolus, 145
Lateral neck release, 72, 72
Lateral pterygoid, 237, 238, 239, 247, 248
Lateral rotators, 180, 182
Lateral thigh
description of, 18
massage therapy for
connective tissue, 67, 67–68, 205
cross fiber, 203, 205
deep tissue, 205–206
energy balancing, 203
fascial lift and roll technique, 67, 67
myofascial spreading, 67, 67, 205
objectives, 203
Shiatsu, 203, 204
Swedish, 203, 205
Latissimus dorsi
anatomy of, 93, 113, 129
sifting technique, 129, 129
stretching of, 130, 131
trigger point in, 129
Leg(s)
anatomy of, 145–146
bones of, 142b, 145–146
conditions that affect, 148
description of, 18, 141–142
joints of, 142
massage techniques for
case study of, 161–162
connective tissue, 63, 64, 155
deep tissue, 155–161
energy balancing, 154, 155
myofascial mobilization, 63, 64
myofascial spreading, 63, 64, 155
neuromuscular, 155–161
objectives, 152
Shiatsu, 154, 155
Swedish, 154–155
muscles of, 142b, 143–144, 157–159
postural evaluation, 149–151, 149–151
Lesser sciatic foramen, 94
Levator ani, 185
Levator scapulae
anatomy of, 112, 114, 121–122, 218
cross fiber stroke on, 122, 122
trigger point in, 122
Longissimus capitis, 94, 96, 219, 227, 227
Longissimus cervicis, 94, 96
Longissimus lumborum, 94, 96, 104
Longissimus thoracis, 94, 96, 104
Longitudinal arch, 142
Longitudinal neck release, 72, 72
Longus capitis, 219, 234–235, 235
Longus colli, 219, 234–235, 235
Lower extremity, 18
Lumbricales, 145
M
Mandible
depression of, 238
description of, 237–238
Mandibular condyle, 238
Manubrium, 78
Massage therapist
benefits and mechanisms, 24
body mechanics used by, 50–51
boundaries of, 24
client and, relationship between, 29
communication of, 24–25
daily reflection by, 51
dealing with emotional release, 26–27
education of, 25
ethics for, 23–25, 24t
honesty of, 24–25
integrity of, 24
professionalism of, 23
scope of practice, 25
self-care by, 51
Masseter, 237, 238, 246–247, 247–248
Medial collateral ligament, 146
Medial malleolus, 145
Medial pterygoid, 237, 238
Medial thigh
connective tissue techniques for, 66
description of, 18
myofascial mobilization of, 66
myofascial spreading of, 66, 66
Medulla, 77
Menisci, 146
Menstrual cramps, 190
Meridians, 13, 14, 39
Migraine headaches, 239
“Military neck,” 217, 224t
Morton neuroma, 147
270 Index
Movement muscles
characteristics of, 37
overview of, 36
Mucopolysaccharide, 54
Multifidus, 94, 96, 105, 219, 227, 228
Multipennate muscles, 35
Muscle(s) (see also specific muscle)
abnormal vs. normal, 34
balance of, 29
chest, 78
counterbalancing forces, 7–8
deep layers of, 36
function of, 7–8
imbalance of, 8
layers of, 36, 45
lengthening of, 29
normal balance of, 9
relaxation of, 47–48
separating of, 47, 48
shapes of, 35
stretch reflex, 8
superficial layers of, 36
tense, 26
Muscle belly
deep tissue strokes on, 45–46, 46–47
elongation of, 45–46, 46
fanning stroke, 46, 47
lengthening of, 45–46, 46
spreading of, 46, 46
static compression of, 46, 47
Muscle cramps, 148
Muscle fibers, 54
Muscle fibrils, 10
Muscle spasms, 97
Muscle spindles, 8, 10
Muscle splinting, 11
Muscular strain, 170
Mylohyoid, 233
Myofascial compensation, 33–34
Myofascial mobilization
of anterior thigh, 66, 66
of back, 57, 59
of calf, 65
description of, 44, 44
on dorsal side of foot, 62, 63
of gluteal tissue, 68, 70
of hip, 67, 68
of leg, 63, 64
of medial thigh, 66
of posterior thigh, 68, 70
of tissue over bones, 58
of tissue over ribs, 57, 58
Myofascial spreading
of anterior thigh, 65–66, 208
of arms, 125–126
of back, 57–58, 60
of calf, 65, 65
description of, 43–44, 44
of foot, 62, 63, 155
of forearm, 58, 62, 62, 133
of gluteal tissue, 68, 69
of inner thigh, 206
of lateral thigh, 67, 67, 205
of leg, 63, 64, 155
of medial thigh, 66, 66
of palm, 58, 61
of posterior thigh, 68, 176
of shoulders, 125–126
of upper arm, 62, 62
N
Neck (see also Head)
anatomy of, 218–221
body reading for, 224t
conditions that affect, 222
definition of, 217
endangerment sites, 221–222, 221
extension of, 224
flexion of, 73, 224
functions of, 217, 223
horizontal release, 72, 72
lateral flexion of, 73
lateral release, 72, 72
ligament tears, 222
longitudinal release, 72, 72
massage techniques for
case study of, 236
connective tissue, 72–73, 72, 225
deep tissue, 225–229
energy balancing, 225
polarity therapy, 225
Shiatsu, 225, 225
Swedish, 225
“military,” 217, 224t
postural evaluation of, 223, 223
range of motion for, 224t
reflex zones for, 235, 235
relaxation of, 224
stretching of, 228, 229
Neck extensors
description of, 19
massage therapy for, 224–229
Neck flexors
description of, 19
massage therapy for, 229–235
Neck muscles
anatomy of, 218, 218b, 220
anterior, 218, 219
intervertebral muscles, 218
posterior, 218, 219
release of, 217
stretching of, 235, 235
Negative pole, 39
Nerve impingement syndromes, 116
Neuromuscular therapy (see also Deep tissue
therapy)
for abdominal muscles, 194–201
for back, 103–107, 103–108
for chest, 84–91
description of, 5, 9–10
evaluation of, 50
for foot, 155–161
for leg, 155–161
purpose of, 48
for spinal column, 103–108
trigger points (see Trigger points)
Nucleus pulposus, 92
O
Obliquus capitis inferior, 228, 228
Obliquus capitis superior, 228, 228
Obturator externus, 168, 179
Obturator internus, 179
Occipital bone, 221
Occipital relaxation, 235
Occipital release, 108, 108
Occipitalis, 243
Omohyoid, 219, 220
One-leg raise, 100, 101
Opponens pollicis, 114, 135
Orbicularis oculi, 244–245, 245
Osteoarthritis, 116
P
Pain
during deep tissue therapy, 44
knee, 148
trigger point-related, 48–49
Palm
massage techniques for, 133–137
myofascial spreading of, 58, 61
Palmar interosseous muscles, 133
Palpation
definition of, 34
of ribs, 124, 124
techniques, 34–35
Parallel muscles, 35
Paraspinal muscles, 105, 105–106
Patella, 146
Patellar ligament, 161, 168, 210, 210
Patellar retinaculum, 161, 168
Patellofemoral syndrome, 148
Pectineus, 167–168, 169, 207, 208
Pectoral girdle, 111
Pectoralis major
anatomy of, 77, 78
belly of, 86, 86
deep tissue therapy of, 86, 86–87
elongation stroke for, 86, 86–87
functions of, 77
origin of, 86, 86
pétrissage strokes on, 84
shingles stroke on, 84
sternal division of, 117
stretching of, 82–83, 83, 90, 117
Pectoralis minor
anatomy of, 78, 113, 115, 124
rib palpation under, 124, 124
stretching of, 117
trigger points in, 124
Pelvic floor, 185
Pelvic girdle, 111
Pelvic opening, 192–193, 194
Pelvic tilt, 190, 192, 194
Pelvis
alignment of, 184
anatomy of, 184–185
base of, 185
body reading for, 193t
bones of, 183, 185b
conditions that affect, 190–191
description of, 18
exercises for, 192–193
movements of, 191
muscles of, 184, 185b, 191
postural evaluations of, 192, 192–193
purposes of, 183
reflex zones for, 212, 214
Index 271
Pennate muscles, 35
Peroneus brevis, 143–144, 146, 158
Peroneus longus, 143, 145, 146, 158, 161
Peroneus tertius, 143, 158–159
Pes anserinus, 161, 206–207
Pes planus, 146
Pétrissage strokes (see also Swedish massage)
description of, 41
on pectoralis major, 83
Phasic muscles, 36–37
Piriformis
anatomy of, 167, 179, 184–185
deep tissue therapy of, 178–179
outer thigh stretch for, 173
stretching of, 175, 176
Plantar aponeurosis, 145
Plantar fasciitis, 148
Plantar warts, 147
Plantaris, 167
Platysma, 230–231, 231
Pleurisy, 82
Pneumonia, 82
Polarity therapy
for abdominal muscles, 195
for anterior thigh, 208
for back, 102
for chest, 84
description of, 5–6, 13, 13
for face, 242
for forearm, 132
guidelines for, 39
for hand, 132
for head, 242
for head extensors, 225
for head flexors, 229, 230
for hip joint, 176
for neck extensors, 225
for neck flexors, 229, 230
for posterior thigh, 176
for scapula, 120
for shoulders, 125
for spinal column, 102
Pollicis brevis, 114
Popliteal fossa, 146, 147, 160
Popliteus, 167
Positive pole, 39
Posterior cruciate ligament, 146
Posterior pelvic tilt, 190
Posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments, 94
Posterior sacroiliac ligament, 94, 167, 179–
180, 180
Posterior superior iliac spine, 94
Posterior thigh (see also Gluteal tissue)
description of, 18
fascial lift and roll technique for, 68
massage techniques for
connective tissue, 67–68, 176
cross fiber, 176
deep tissue, 177–182
myofascial spreading, 68, 176
neuromuscular therapy, 177–182
objectives, 175–176
Swedish, 176
myofascial mobilization of, 68, 70
Posterior triangle, 232
Postural deviations, 97
Postural evaluation
of abdomen, 192, 192–193
of arm, 117
of back, 97–98, 98
of chest, 82, 82
description of, 19
of foot, 149–151, 149–151
of head, 223, 223
of knee, 149–151, 149–151
of legs, 149–151, 149–151
of neck, 223, 223
of pelvis, 192, 192–193
of shoulder, 117
of thigh, 170, 171–172
Postural muscles
characteristics of, 37
composition of, 37
connective tissue in, 37
list of, 36t
overview of, 36
Posture, improper, 96–97
Prigogine, Ilya, 3
Procerus, 244, 245
Professionalism, 23
Pronator quadratus, 114
Pronator teres, 113, 136–137
Psoas major
anatomy of, 168, 185, 188
deep tissue therapy of, 211–212
strain of, 190
stretching of, 212, 213
Psoas minor
anatomy of,
strain of, 190
168, 185, 188
Q
Qi, 13, 39
Quadratus femoris, 167, 179
Quadratus lumborum
anatomy of, 186, 188, 189
description of, 18
massage therapy for, 198–199, 199
side stretch for, 100, 102
stretching of, 199, 200
Quadratus plantae
anatomy of, 145
description of, 145
Quadriceps (see also specific muscle)
anatomy of, 166b
deep tissue therapy of, 210–211, 210
description of, 165, 170
femoris, 143, 161
strengthening exercises for, 173
stretching of, 173, 174
R
Raised shoulders, 119t
Range of motion
of ankle, 152t
of elbow, 119t
of forearm, 119t
of hip joint, 169t
of knee, 152t
of neck, 224t
of shoulders, 119t
of wrist, 119t
Rear leg lift, 100, 101
Rectus abdominus
anatomy of, 18, 186, 186, 189
cross fiber technique for, 196, 197
massage techniques for, 196–197, 197
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 194, 195, 199, 200, 212, 212
Rectus capitis posterior major, 228, 228
Rectus capitis posterior minor, 228, 228
Rectus femoris
anatomy of, 167–168, 167
deep tissue therapy of, 210
strengthening exercises for, 173
stretching of, 173, 174
Referred pain zones, 10
Reflex arcs, 12
Reflex zones on foot
description of, 199, 201, 202, 203, 212, 214
for diaphragm, 91, 91
for intestines, 202–203, 203
for neck, 235, 235
for pelvis, 212, 214
for shoulder, 132
for spine, 108, 108, 199, 201
Reflexology, description of, 13
Reich, Wilhelm, 26
Respiratory tract, pollution-induced weakness
of, 82
Retracted shoulders, 119t
Rhomboid major
anatomy of, 113, 113–114, 122
description of, 112
elongation stroke on, 122, 123
stretching of, 117
trigger points in, 122
Rhomboid minor
anatomy of, 113, 113–114, 122
description of, 112
elongation stroke on, 122, 123
stretching of, 117
trigger points in, 122
Ribs
abdominal muscle attachments on, 196,
197
anatomy of, 78
costal cartilage of, 196
fractures, 82
myofascial mobilization of tissue over, 57,
58
palpation of, 124, 124
Rolf, Ida, 5, 6, 99
Rolfing, 5, 17
Rotator cuff injuries, 116
Rotator cuff muscles
description of, 113
stretching of, 117
Rotatores
anatomy of, 94, 96, 105, 219
deep tissue therapy of, 227
trigger points in, 105
Rounded shoulders, 119t
S
Sacral ligaments
anatomy of, 94
deep tissue therapy of, 106, 106, 179
272 Index
Sacral rock, 176
Sacrospinous ligament, 94
Sacrotuberous ligament, 94, 167, 178, 180
Sacrum, 184–185
Sarcomeres, 10
Sartorius, 143, 167–168
Scalenes
anatomy of, 219, 220
deep tissue therapy of, 231–232, 232
Scapula
anatomy of, 112
description of, 18
massage techniques for
connective tissue, 120
cross fiber, 120
deep tissue, 120–125
energy balancing, 120
objectives, 119
polarity therapy, 120
Shiatsu, 120, 120
Swedish, 120
Scapular muscles (see also specific muscle)
anatomy of, 113
stretching of, 124–125, 125
Sciatic nerve, 179
Sciatica, 190
Scoliosis, 97, 99t
Self-care, 51
Semimembranosus
anatomy of, 144, 167, 177, 178
strengthening exercises for, 174, 174–175
Semispinalis capitis, 94, 96, 105, 219, 220,
227, 227
Semispinalis thoracis
anatomy of, 105
trigger points in, 105
Semitendinosus
anatomy of, 143, 177
strengthening exercises for, 174, 174–175
Serratus anterior
anatomy of, 113, 113, 124
contracting of, 124, 125
trigger points in, 124
Serratus posterior inferior
anatomy of, 78, 80
contracted, 83
deep tissue therapy of, 89, 89
Serratus posterior superior
anatomy of, 78, 80
contracted, 83–84
deep tissue therapy of, 88
Sessions
client assessment, 19–20
follow-up after, 21
homework after, 21
interview before, 19, 49
pace of, 28, 38t
scheduling of, 38, 38t
timing of, 38, 38t
treatment sequence, 20–21
Sexual abuse, 190
Sexual drive, 191
Shiatsu
for abdominal muscles, 195
for anterior thigh, 208
for arm, 125, 126
for back, 102–103, 103
for chest, 84, 84
description of, 13
for face, 242
for foot, 154, 155
for head, 242
for hip joint, 176
for inner thigh, 203, 204
for lateral thigh, 203, 204
for neck extensors, 225
for neck flexors, 229–230, 230
for posterior thigh, 176
for scapula, 120, 120
for shoulders, 125, 126
“snapping off” fingers, 137–138, 138
for spinal column, 102–103, 103
techniques, 39–40, 40
therapist’s position for, 39, 40
for wrist, 132–133, 133
“Shin splints,” 148
Shingles stroke
description of, 40, 40
on pectoralis major, 84
“Short leg,” 190
Shoulder(s) (see also Deltoids)
anatomy of, 112–115, 113–114
body reading for, 119t
bones of, 112b
bursitis of, 116
conditions that affect, 116
description of, 18
dislocation, 116
exercises for, 117
girdle, 112, 117
landmarks of, 112b
massage techniques for
case study of, 139
connective tissue, 125–126
cross fiber, 125
deep tissue, 126–132
energy balancing, 125
myofascial spreading, 125–126
objectives, 125
polarity therapy, 125
Shiatsu, 125, 126
Swedish, 125
muscles of, 117, 126–132 (see also specific
muscle)
osteoarthritis of, 116
postural evaluations, 117, 118
raised, 119t
range of motion for, 119t
reflex zone for, 132
retracted, 119t
rounded, 119t
seated exercises for, 117
separation, 116
Sifting
description of, 46, 47
of latissimus dorsi, 129, 129
of sternocleidomastoid, 231
Sinuses
congestion of, 239
description of, 221
Sit-downs, 194, 195
Skeletal muscle
functions of, 36
phasic, 36–37
tonic, 36–37
Slow-twitch red fibers, 37
Soft tissue(s)
dysfunction of, 5
forcing of, 28
lengthening of, 29
resistance by, 29
stretched, 29
Solar plexus reflex point, 199, 201
Soleus
anatomy of, 143–144, 146, 167
massage techniques for, 157, 160
Spinal column
anatomy of, 92, 93, 95
curves of, 92, 95
force absorbed by, 96
functions of, 92
massage techniques for
cat’s paws, 102–103, 103
connective tissue, 57–58, 59–60, 103
cross fiber, 103
deep tissue, 103–108
energy balancing, 102–103
neuromuscular, 103–108
objectives of, 102
polarity, 102
Shiatsu, 102–103, 103
Swedish, 103
Spinal lift, 101, 102
Spinal muscles, 94, 96
Spinal twist, 108, 108
Spinalis thoracis, 94, 104
Spine
alignment of, 92
chronic compression of, 96
conditions that affect, 97
description of, 18
flexion of, 185
function of, 18, 92
landmarks of, 92b
in newborn infants, 99
reflex zone for, 108, 108, 199, 201
trauma to, 96
Splenius capitis, 219, 220, 226, 227
Splenius cervicis, 219, 220, 226, 227
Static compression
trigger point release by, 49
using thumb, 46, 47
Sternal angle, 78
Sternocleidomastoid
anatomy of, 93, 219, 220
deep tissue therapy of, 231, 232
functions of, 219
sifting of, 232
Sternohyoid, 220, 221
Sternothyroid, 220, 221
Sternum, 78
Stone, Randolph, 6, 6, 39
Index 273
Strain
psoas major, 190
psoas minor, 190
thigh muscle, 170
Stress, 25–26
Stress-tension-pain cycle, 11, 11
Stretch reflex, 8
Stretching
of abdomen, 82, 84
of abdominal muscles, 100, 102, 194, 195
of adductor muscles, 207, 209
of back, 58, 60, 107, 107
of biceps brachii, 131, 132
of calf muscles, 152
of chest, 83
description of, 12
of external obliques, 194, 199, 200
of fingers, 137, 138
of foot, 62–63, 63, 161
of gluteus maximus, 175, 176, 180, 181
of gluteus medius, 180, 182
of gluteus minimus, 180, 182
of hamstrings, 174, 175, 180, 181
of hands, 117, 137, 138
of internal obliques, 194, 199, 200
of latissimus dorsi, 130, 131
of neck, 228, 229
of neck muscles, 235, 235
of pectoralis major, 82–83, 83, 89–90, 90,
117
of pectoralis minor, 117
of psoas major, 212, 213
of quadratus lumborum, 199, 200
of quadriceps, 173, 174
of rectus abdominus, 199, 200
of rhomboids, 117
of rotator cuff muscles, 117
of subscapularis, 130, 130
of tensor fascia latae, 207, 209
of teres major, 130, 130
of teres minor, 130, 130
thigh stretch, 172, 173
of trapezius, 117
of triceps brachii, 131, 132
of wrist extensors, 117
of wrist flexors, 117
Strokes (see also Elongation stroke)
connective tissue, 43–44, 43–44
cross fiber, 41–43, 42–43
deep tissue therapy, 44–45
Structural integration (see Rolfing)
Stylohyoid, 219, 220, 233–234
Subclavius
anatomy of, 77, 78
deep tissue therapy of, 87, 87
Suboccipital muscles, 228, 228
Subscapularis
anatomy of, 113, 113, 122–124, 123
stretching of, 130, 130
Superior extensor retinaculum, 143
Superior nuchal line, 243, 244
Suprahyoid muscles, 219, 220, 232–234
Supraspinatus, 113, 113–114, 127–128, 128
Supraspinous ligament, 94
Swedish massage, 40–41, 40–41
for abdominal muscles, 195
for anterior thigh, 208
for arms, 125
for back, 103
description of, 12, 40
effleurage strokes, 40–41, 40–41
for face, 242–243
for foot, 154–155
for forearm, 133
friction strokes, 41, 42
for hand, 133
for head, 242–243
for head flexors, 230
for hip joint, 176
for inner thigh, 206
for intestines, 201
for lateral thigh, 203, 205
for leg, 154–155
for neck, 225
for neck flexors, 230
pétrissage strokes, 42
for posterior thigh, 176
for scapula, 120
for shoulders, 125
for spinal column, 103
for wrist, 133
Swimming stroke, 40–41, 41
T
Tai chi, 51
Talus, 145
Temporalis, 239, 243, 243, 245–246, 246
Temporomandibular joint
anatomy of, 237–239, 238b
bruxism of, 240
disorders, 237
dysfunction of, 237
evaluation of, 240
injuries to, 240
massage therapy for, case study of, 241–242
stretching muscles of, 247, 248
Tendons, 46–47, 48
Tennis elbow, 116
Tensegrity, 95
Tension, 25–26, 36
Tension headaches, 239
Tensor fascia latae
anatomy of, 167, 168, 206, 206
deep tissue therapy of, 206, 206
strengthening exercises for, 173, 173
stretching of, 207, 209
Teres major
anatomy of, 93, 113, 115
stretching of, 130
Teres minor
anatomy of, 113–114, 115, 129
stretching of, 130
trigger points in, 129
Thenar eminence
anatomy of, 134
deep tissue strokes on, 134, 134
Therapist (see Massage therapist)
Thigh
alignment of, 165, 165
anterior (see Anterior thigh)
bones of, 166b
conditions that affect, 170
description of, 165
flexors of, 166
functions of, 172
inner, 206–208
landmarks of, 166b
lateral (see Lateral thigh)
medial (see Medial thigh)
muscles of, 18
posterior (see Posterior thigh)
postural evaluation of, 170, 171–172
Thigh lift
inner, 172, 172
outer, 172, 173
Thigh muscles
description of, 166b
strain of, 170
Thigh stretch
inner, 173
outer, 173
Thoracic outlet, 219
syndrome, 222
Thoracic stretch, 89, 90
Thoracolumbar fascia, 93, 106
Thumb gliding stroke, 41, 41
Thumb rolling stroke, 42–43, 43
Thumb, static compression using, 46, 47
Thyrohyoid, 219, 220
Tibia, 145
Tibialis anterior, 143, 145, 146, 158
Tibialis posterior, 145
Toe(s), tendons of, 155, 156
Toe clutching, 152, 154
Toe raises, 152
Tongue tension release, 241
Tonic muscles, 36–37
Torticollis, 222
Transverse abdominus
anatomy of, 185, 187
massage therapy for, 198, 198
strengthening exercises for, 194, 195
stretching of, 194
Transversospinalis muscles, 96, 227, 228
Trapezius
anatomy of, 93, 112, 113–114, 120–121,
219, 220
deep tissue therapy of, 225, 226
elongation stroke on, 120–121, 121
inferior, 113, 121
lower, 113, 121, 122
middle, 113, 121, 122
strengthening exercises for, 117
stretching of, 117
superior, 113, 120–121
trigger points in, 121, 121
upper, 113, 120–121, 225
Travell, Janet, 5, 6
Travis, John, description of, 2
Triangular muscles, 35
Triceps brachii
anatomy of, 93, 113, 113–114, 130
274 Index
Triceps brachii (continued)
massage techniques for, 130, 130
strengthening exercises for, 117
stretching of, 131, 132
trigger points in, 130
Trigeminal neuralgia, 239
Trigger points
in abdominal muscles, 196
in abductor hallucis, 156
in adductor brevis, 207
in adductor longus, 207
in adductor magnus, 207
in adductor pollicis, 135
in back, 105
in biceps brachii, 131
charting of, 49–50
in chest muscles, 78
deactivating of, 49, 49
definition of, 9
in deltoid, 126–127, 127
in diaphragm, 88
in digastric, 233
duration of relief from, 50
in extensor digitorum brevis, 157
finding of, 48–49
in flexor hallucis brevis, 156
in forearm, 136
formation of, 10, 11
in frontalis, 244
in gastrocnemius, 160
in gluteus maximus, 177
in gluteus medius, 178
in gluteus minimus, 178
in gracilis, 207
in hamstrings, 177
in iliacus, 211
in iliocostalis thoracis, 104
in infraspinatus, 128
in interossei, 134
in lateral pterygoid, 247
in lateral thigh, 205
in latissimus dorsi, 129
in levator scapulae, 122
in mandible, 247
in masseter, 246
in occipitalis, 243
pain associated with, 48–49
in pectoralis major, 86
in pectoralis minor, 124
in platysma, 231
in pronator teres, 137
in psoas major, 211
in quadratus lumborum, 198
in rectus femoris, 210
release of, 49, 49
in rhomboids, 122
in rotatores, 105
in scalenes, 232
in semispinalis thoracis, 105
in serratus anterior, 124
in soleus, 160
in splenius capitis, 226
in splenius cervicis, 226
in sternocleidomastoid, 231
in subclavius, 87
in subscapularis, 123
in supinator, 136
in supraspinatus, 127
symptoms of, 11
in temporalis, 243
in teres minor, 129
in tibialis anterior, 158
in trapezius, 121, 121, 226
treatment of, 11–12, 49
in triceps brachii, 130
in vastus intermedius, 210
in vastus lateralis, 210
Trunk, 17–18
U
Upper arm (see Arm(s); Humerus)
description of, 18
massage techniques for, myofascial
spreading, 62, 62
Upper extremity
arm (see Arm)
description of, 18
joints of, 111
muscles of, 111
scapula (see Scapula)
shoulders (see Shoulder(s))
Upper pole, 18–19
V
Valgus alignment of knee, 165, 166
Varicose veins, 170
Varus alignment of knee, 165, 166
Vastus intermedius
anatomy of, 167–168
strengthening exercises for, 173
stretching of, 173, 174
trigger points in, 210
Vastus lateralis
anatomy of, 167–168, 205, 210
deep tissue therapy of, 205, 205, 210
strengthening exercises for, 173
stretching of, 173, 174
trigger points in, 210
Vastus medialis
anatomy of, 168
deep tissue therapy of, 210–211
strengthening exercises for, 173
stretching of, 173, 174
trigger points in, 210
Vertebrae
anatomy of, 92, 93, 219
cervical, 219
Vertebral body, 92, 93
Vertebral canal, 92
Vertebral foramen, 92
W
Wellness
high-level, 2, 3–4
massage therapy benefits for,
2, 4
Travis’ Model of, 2–3, 3b, 3
Whiplash, 222
Wholeness approach, 29
Wrist
extensors of, 117
flexors of, 117
massage techniques for
cross fiber, 133
fanning stroke, 135, 135
polarity therapy, 132
Shiatsu, 132–133, 133
Swedish, 133
range of motion for, 119t
strengthening exercises for, 117
X
Xiphoid process, 78, 88
Y
Yoga, 51