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Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
as crop parasite repellent and aphicide (Edwards & Singh 2006;Adhikariet al., 2012). Cade essential oil
has been shown to be helpful against red mites in poultry (George et al., 2010). Nicotianatabacum L., a
kind of cultivated tobacco, is also used to fight ectoparasites. Given the pharmacological and toxicological qualities of nicotine, the plant’s main alkaloid (Millar &Denholm 2007), further research is needed
to determine if this plant may be used safely. Italian EVM uses infusions of Fraxinusornus L. branches,
leaves, and flowers to treat ectoparasites and diarrhoea. Broilers have been shown to have anti-coccidial
capabilities (Papazahariadouet al., 2010), although the usage in (anthelmintics) and (ectoparasites)
indications requires more research. Rutachalepensis L. and Rutagraveolens L. are antiparasitic plants
used in EVM. R. chalepensis is mostly used against ruminant endoparasites. There is early evidence,
particularly in regard to their potential usage against endoparasitosis (Calzadaet al., 2006), but further
research is needed, particularly in regard to their rumen metabolism.
Allium sativum L.
In EVM, the effects of garlic bulbs are well established. In vitro and in vivo activity on several endopara-
sites (round and flatworms, flagellates) has been demonstrated (Zenneret al., 2003; Singh et al., 2009).
Garlic was also shown to have some activity against chicken mites when applied topically (Birrenkottet
al., 2012). In a textbook on veterinary phytotherapy, Allium sativum L. is cited as an anthelmintic and
antiprotosoic, but additional study is needed (Santosh et al., 2012), particularly clinical veterinary trials
(Mayer et al., 2014).
Artemisia absinthium L.
Leaves of wormwood andaerial parts are used in EVM to combat ecto- and endoparasites in cattle.
Wormwood may be effective as an anthelmintic (Tariq et al., 2009; Amirmohammadi et al., 2014), how-
ever its application as an ectoparasitic or repellant agent has to be shown (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2012).
Disorders of Female Genital and Udder
Mastitis and vaginal internal infections occur predominantly after calving and represent a significant
financial loss for organic dairy cows, as the withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment is twice as long
as in conventional farming (Fall &Emanuelson, 2009; Ivemeyer et al., 2014).
Internal Female Genital Organs
Mallow is used as an anti-infective and antiseptic after childbirth in Spain, while mallow decoction is
used to evacuate the placenta after childbirth in Italy. In both circumstances, a decoction or infusion is
supplied orally to the animals. More study is needed to back up this application of mallow.
Mastitis
Mastitis is a worldwide endemic disease and potentially fatal mammary gland infection that causes
inflammation of the udder tissue and mammary gland. Mastitis is caused by bacteria that infiltrate the
mammary gland cell. Swelling and heated udders, lack of appetite, and fever are frequent symptoms of
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Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
the condition (Cho et al., 2015) Mastitis-affected cows cannot be milked on a regular basis because the
mammary gland cells have been destroyed. Furthermore, clot formation is typical in mastitis milk; this
is driven by pathogenic bacteria-produced enzymes such as coagulase, which allow the conversion of
fbrinogen to fbrin.Contagious microorganisms that survive and proliferate on the skin and teat wounds,
such as Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Strep. dysgalactiae, as well as environmental microorganisms such as S uberis, Escherichiacoli, and other coliforms, are among the primary
mastitis-causing pathogens. Tese bacteria enter cows’ mammary glands through their teat canal, where
they colonise, grow, and emit toxins that harm the cells of the mammary gland. Infection is detected by
a rise in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity inmilk. The inflammatory responses are generated shortly
after infection; for example, the number of somatic cells and levels of inflammatory cytokines including
tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 rise in milk (Yang et al., 2019).
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera is commonly used to enhance the immune system in both people and animals without causing any negative side effects. Aloe vera gel helps to speed up the healing process at the wound site.
Thangaduraiet al., (2017) investigated the efficacy of herbal combinations in the treatment of mastitis.
This decision was made to reduce the expense of therapy for cowbreeders. Aloe vera, lime, and turmeric
powder were used in the experiment. The study’s findings were described as “effective mastitis management strategies.” Mastitis milk has a high somatic cell count, conductivity, and pH when compared
to antibiotic control (Thangaduraiet al., 2017). The author found that a combination of these herbs is
effective in the treatment of mastitis.
Allium sativum
Herbal medicine, such as garlic cloves (Allium sativum), is commonly used to cure a number of disorders
(Dishadet al., 2008). As many cases of mastitis as feasible were found to be treated, yielding a positive
result. Due to the active element ‘allicin’ in garlic, the study found that using it increased the quantity
and percentage of lymphocytes, increased the composition of milk and blood parameters, and improved
the immune system (Ibrahim et al., 2016). As a consequence, it produced comparable results as Dilshad
and colleagues’ investigation (2008). Garlic, together with Vitamin E + Se and lemon, has been shown
to be beneficial in the treatment of subclinical mastitis.
Angelica dahurica and Rheum officinale extracts
The authorised herbs Yi-Xiong-Tang (YXT), produced from the extracts of A. dahurica and R. officinale,
have been shown to have wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Yang and colleagues investigated the efficacy of YXT against bovine mastitis (2019). As a consequence, bacteria in
mastitis milk decreased, indicating that YXT had active antibacterial effects. After treatment with YXT,
the amount of inflammation in mastitis milk returns to normal, indicating that YXT has anti-inflammatory
properties (Yang et al., 2019).
Curcuma domestica
Curcuma domesticahas been discovered to have antibacterial properties, making it effective in the treatment
of mastitis.The findings were backed up by prior research that showed Curcuma domestica’s antibacte-
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39
Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
rial action against Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus(MRSA) Munet al.,(2013)andE. colide
Oloveiraet al.,(2018).Ageratum conyzides, Muntingacalabura, Piper betle, and Curcuma domestica
were found to be effective alternative treatments for mastitis infection.
Mentha essential oil
Essential oils were used as a novel target that was both safe and effective against a variety of diseases. Essential oils extracted from plants have been discovered to have strong antibacterial and healing properties
(Grzesiak et al., 2018). Mentha is a mint family plant (Lamiaceae). Much prior research had demonstrated
the usefulness of antibacterial characteristics found in the mint family (Golestan et al., 2016; Ramos et
al., 2017). Harvoth&Koskova (2017) investigated the antibacterial activities of essential oils from three
mint species: Menthaspicata, Menthapiperita, and Menthaarvensis against S. aureus. According to the
results of this study, the three mentha essential oils effectively inhibited Staphylococcus strains. In a
study conducted by Imai et al., the efficacy of all three mint families was confirmed (2001). All three
essential oils were found to have different effects due to their various contents.
Origanumvulgare
Origanumvulgare (Oregano) is a mint-family herb plant (Lamiaceae). Cho and colleagues (2015) conducted a study to assess the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OEO) therapeutic activity reaction against
clinical mastitis caused by S. aureus and E. coli. The advantages acquired from the outcome in battling
mastitis infection with antibacterial activities of OEO are validated by numerous prior investigations.
These include enhanced membrane permeability (Lambert et al., 2001), slowed the growth of bacteria
and increased the number of somatic cells in milk as well as white blood cells (De Souza et al., 2006)
(De Souza et al., 2006). Other positive results reported from this trial include an improvement in udder
health and the absence of S. aureusand E. coli in milk (Sharma &Jeong, 2013). It was demonstrated that
the findings of this study supported OEO as an alternate therapy for mastitis.
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is an infectious illness caused by Brucellaabortus that has a significant morbidity in animals
(Grillóet al., 2006). Humans often get the disease by eating or drinking contaminated animal products,
direct contact with infected animals, or inhaling airborne pathogens; however, the vast majority of infections are caused by consuming unpasteurized milk or cheese (Terwagne&Collaghan, 2012). Trade
in livestock, particularly cattle, has declined as a result of increased infections, unanticipated abortions,
and low lactation leading to reduced milk production, and giving birth to unhealthy offspring (Gul&
Khan, 2007). David Bruce, an army surgeon, was the first to discover the link between Brucella and
brucellosis. From 1886 through 1887, he isolated germs from the spleens of patients in Malta. Brucellosis is still one of the most frequent zoonosis in the world, with over 500 000 patients identified each
year, the majority of whom reside in impoverished nations. Brucellasuis (B. suis), Brucellamelitensis
(B. melitensis), Brucellaabortus (B. abortus), and Brucellacanis are four distinct Brucella species that
can be harmful to humans (Whatmoreet al., 2016).Juniperusoxycedrus L., Menthapiperita, Origanum-
majorana, Myristicafragrans, Cinnamomumverum, Citrus limon, Nigella sativa, Crocus sativus L., and
Vitex pseudo-negundo have antibrucelleosis action (Mohsen et al., 2018).
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Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
Allium sativum
The impact of chloroform A. sativum extract on B. melitensis (Rev1) and B. abortus was studied by Shapoury
et al. (2004) In that investigation, chloroform A. sativum extract was shown to suppress the growth of
B. melitensis and B. abortus at 37°C for 3 days at dilutions of 1:10 to 1:160. After 2 h of development at
4°C and 37°C, the A. sativum extract was shown to inhibit both Brucella species (Shapouryet al., 2004).
Berberisintegerrima
Recent research looked at the effect of Berberisintegerrima active components on B. abortus (RB51) after
17 h of incubation at 37°C. Finally, at 620, 500, 250, and 120 g/mL, the MICs of palmatine, berberine,
columbamine, and jatrorrhizine were 6.25, 1.56, 3.12, and 0.78 mm, respectively (Azimiet al., 2018)
Caraway (Carumcarvi L.)
This plant’s essential oil, at 0.3-2 mg/mL, has been shown to suppress B. abortusisolated from cattle
(Singh et al., 2015).
Citrulluscolocynthis
Citrulluscolocynthis is a desert and perennial plant that spreads in African, Arab, and Indian nations,
according to Mahendiran and Umavathi. When mature, the fruits of this plant are meaty with dark green
markings and generally yellow. At 25 mg/mL, an ethanol extract of C.colocynthiswas able to create a
growth-restraining zone 15 mm in diameter for 24 hours under (35 2) °C (Mahendiran&Umavathi, 2011)
CONCLUSION
Ethnoveterinary medicine is a branch of ethnobotany concerned with the study of traditional remedies.
Ethnoveterinary methods are as old as the domestication of numerous livestock species when it comes
to animal healthcare. For most of history, the growth of veterinary botanical medicine, the oldest kind of
veterinary medicine, has followed a parallel path to that of human medicine. Plant-based herbal medicine
has experienced a variety of conceptual modifications over time, yet its tone has stayed mostly same
from antiquity to the present. They include beliefs, knowledge, behaviours, and abilities related to cattle
health and management. It is used as a treatment and prevention approach for a variety of cattle illnesses.
Herbal treatment strives to not only cure the underlying cause of the illness, but also to reverse aberrant
symptoms and restore the animals’ health and vigour.
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41
Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
Table 1. List of some importantmedicinal plants used in various zoonotic diseases
Diseases Botanical name (Family) Parts Used Mode of Administration
Jaundice Acacia niloticaL. (Fabaceae) Flower
Sun burn
Removal of
ectoparasites
Foots infection,
Rheumatism
Arthritis Asparagus racemosusWild. (Liliaceae) Root For the treatment of arthr itis in cattle, 500 g root powder was administered with milk for one month.
To enhance
lactation
Easier delivery Bambusaarundinacea(Retz.)Wild. (Poaceae) Leaf The leaves (100-200 g) are fed to pregnant buffalo twice a day for a month to make birth simpler.
Dysurea, paralysis Buteamonosperma (Lam.)Taub. (Fabaceae) Flower Flowers are decocted and given to cattle three times a day for a month to alleviate dysuria and paralysis.
Constipation Cassia fistulaL. (Fabaceae) Leaf, Ripe pod
Loose motion CoriandrumsativumL. (Apiaceae) Seed, Leaf
Stop bleeding DalbergiasissooRoxb. (Fabaceae) Leaves To successfully halt bleeding, 100 g leaf juice is administered twice or thrice a day for one week.
Cough,Cold Datura metalL. (Solanaceae) Ripen fruit To cure a cold, 100 g of ripe frits are ground into a paste and fed to cattle once a day for 7 days.
Wounds Datura metalL. (Solanaceae) Leaf, Root
Fever DelonixregiaL.(Fabaceae) Bark For the treatment of fever, a bark extract is administered twice day with black pepper and garlic till cued.
Intestinal worm
Stomachache FicusbenghalensisL. (Moraceae) Root About 100 g root is finely ground and fed to cattle suffering from stomachaches once a day for 3 to 4 days.
Tonsils FicusreligiosaL. (Moraceae) Leaves Tonsil cures are made from the juice of the leaves.
Twitching
Indigestion MangiferaindicaL. (Anacardiaceae) Fruit
Body heat Musa paradisiacaL. (Musaceae) Leaf, Root To lower body heat in cattle, young leaves and roots are fed with feed for one week.
Joint pain
Swelling TamarindusindicaL.(Fabaceae) Leaves
Hydrophobia TegetuserectaL. (Asteraceae) Leaf
Diarrhoea and
dysentery
Physically
disability
Acacia niloticaL. (Fabaceae) Bark To treat dysentery, a bark extract is given to animals orally twice a day for 10-20 days.
AdhatodavasicaNees. (Acanthaceae) Leaves
Aeglemarmelos(L.) Corr.
(Rutaceae)
Allium cepaL. (Liliaceae) Bulb, Leaf
ArgemonemexicanaL. (Papavaraceae) Leaf, Fruit
Asparagus racemosusWild. (Liliaceae) Root For one month, 500 g root powder was administered with milk.
AzadirachtaindicaA. Juss.(Meliaceae) Bark
Bambusaarundinacea(Retz.) Wild. (Poaceae) Leaf, Rhizome
Calotropisprocera(L.) R. Br (Asclepiadaceae) Flower Flower paste (50 g) combined with jaggery (100 g) and fed to animals for easiness.
Cassia fistulaL. (Fabaceae) Pod In the case of indigestion, cattle are given the pod paste twice a day with wheat bread.
CynodondactyIon(L.) Pers. (Poaceae) Aerial plant The aerial plant is fed as fodder to increase lactation and milk quality (0.3 kg per day).
EcliptaprostrataL.(Asteraceae) Leaf
FeroniaelephantumL.
(Rutaceae)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensisL.
(Malvaceae)
Holopteliaintegrifolia(Roxb.) Planch.
(Ulmaceae)
MadhucaindicaJ.F. Gmel
(Sapotaceae)
MenthaarvensisL. (Lamiaceae) Leaf
MoringaoleiferaLamk. (Moringaceae) Leaves
OcimumgratissimumL. (Lamiaceae) Leaf Externally, leaf paste is applied to cattle’s skin to kill ectoparasites.
Ocimum sanctumL. (Lamiaceae) Leaf
OryzasativaL.(Poaceae) Grain
PsidiumguajavaL.
(Myrtaceae)
RicinuscommunisL. (Euphorbiaceae) Seed In the event of cattle constipation, around 50 g seed is administered orally with feed for 7 days.
Syzygiumcumini(L.) Skeels.
(Myrtaceae)
TribulusterrestrisL.
(Zygophyllaceae)
Vignaradiata(L.) R. Wilczek
(Fabaceae)
VitexnegundoL. (Verbenaceae) Leaves To treat diarrhoea, cattle are given dried leaves mixed with grain for a week.
ZingiberofficinaleRosc.
(Zingiberaceae)
Leaf, Seeds
Leaf
Bark
Leaf Ecto-parasites are removed by applying leaf juice to the skin.
Flower
Leaf To cure fever, one litre decoction of fresh leaves is taken twice daily till recovery.
Bark
Leaves In the case of colic and persistent cough, animals are fed fresh leaf juice.
Seed
Rhizome
To treat jaundice, 200 g flower is finely ground and combined with 250 mL water. The resulting solution is
administered orally twice day for 15-20 days to the animal.
To cure diarrhoea and dysentery, leaf juice is blended with an equal amount of S.cumini bark juice and given
three times a day for one week.
500 g fresh leaves, ground into a paste, and combined with 100 mL Ricinuscommunis seed oil This paste is
applied to the sun-burned skin till it heals.
The onion bulb is finely ground and combined with 100 mL mustard oil and 25 g Musa paradisiaca leaf ash.
The resulting combination is applied topically to the skin to remove ectoparasites.
The juice is collected from the leaves (100 g) and fruits (100 g) and applied to infected feet. The same juice is
administered to the bodily areas of cattle to relieve rheumatic discomfort.
500 g of A.indica bark and 250 g of A.nilotica bark are ground and mixed with water. The paste is then applied
to the wounds until they heal completely.
The cattle with diarrhoea are fed an equal amount of rhizome and fresh bamboo leaf paste twice a day for seven
days.
The young leaves are used as a purgative after being cooked. For purgative purposes, ripe pod paste is also
given.
To treat loose motion, the seed powder is combined with Lawsoniainermis leaf paste and administered twice
daily for seven days to the animal.
To halt bleeding from wounds and promote early healing, a paste made from 300 g fresh leaves and 200 g roots
is given to animals once daily for seven days.
Grinded fresh leaves are cooked in mustard oil. The resulting paste is applied to wounds twice daily for 10-15
days to promote early healing.
In the event of intestinal worms, fresh leaves are ground thoroughly and combined with 500 L of water before
being fed to cattle once daily for 10-20 days.
In the event of twitching, 150-200 g of bark is finely ground and administered with one litre of water twice day
till total relaxation is achieved.
To cure cow fever, 100 g flower paste, 250 g jaggery, and 50 g water are combined and given twice daily for
seven days.
In the case of indigestion, the paste is made from 50 to 100 g fruit and fed to cattle once or twice daily for seven
days with wheat bread.
To cure fever, the paste is made from 250 g Menthaarvensis leaves and 200 g Centellaasiatica leaves and fed to
cattle twice a day for 7 days.
For rapid treatment from diarrhoea and dysentery, cattle are fed 100-200 g leaf paste twice daily for three to
five days.
Fresh O. sanctum leaves (350 g) are cooked in water (200-250 mL) and the resulting decoction is used to
treat cough and colds. Fresh O. sanctum leaves (350 g) are cooked in water (200-250 mL) and the resulting
decoction is used to treat cough and colds.
Black gramme, black salts, and black pepper are cooked with rice grains. To improve lactation in cattle, offer
the prepared dish once or twice a day for one month.
In the event of joint discomfort, an equal amount of bark from S.cumini and A.indica is cooked in water and the
resulting decoction is applied to the afflicted joints.
Fresh leaves (400-500 g) are prepared in water and tied to the afflicted portion of the body to relieve swelling
until it is completely gone.
About 20-40 g leaves are cooked in 500 mL water, and the resulting decoction is administered to cattle
suffering from hydrophobia once a day for a month.
Cattle suffering from cough and cold are fed 250 g seed powder mixed with 100 mL A. hypogea oil twice daily
for 7 days.
For 15 days, 100 g fresh rhizomes are cooked in half litre cow milk and fed twice a day to physically disabled
animals.
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Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine
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