2011). Meanwhile, other treatments such as deep brain stimulation, neuro-transplantation, and stem cell therapy are intrusive, difficult to get, and costly (Brundin et al., 2010). Neuroprotective agents capable of mitigating, preventing, interfering, and/or reversing the cardinal pathological cascades implicated in extra-nigra and nigrostriatal neuronal death related to neurodegenerative diseases have been proposed as long-term strategies with broad spectrum efficacy against implicated progressive neuronal degeneration (Schapira, 1999; Schapira et al., 2006; Chaudhuri & Schapira, 2009). These proposed neuroprotective medicines should be able to protect mitochondria from both internal and external attacks, ameliorate oxidative stress/damage, disperse free radicals, reduce inflammation, and/or inhibit apoptosis as mecha­nisms of action (Style, 2013; Chao et al., 2014). Given the importance of apoptosis, neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, manipulating important mediators in each of the pathological mechanisms could be a promising intervention option for halting, retarding, or slowing neurodegeneration and alleviating associated symptoms. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, an­tiapoptotic, and neurotrophic pathways were discovered in preclinical trials as underpinning the apparent neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants (Oladele et al., 2021b). The discovery and development of novel neuroprotective medicines for neurodegenerative illnesses will be aided by a better understanding of these pathways at the molecular level.