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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5824_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Index
A
Abdallah, Y. , 321
Abdelazim, I.A. , 248
Abdominal myomectomy , 126
Abdominal pregnancy , 334–335
Abnormal uterine bleeding
(AUB) , 168
Abramov, Y. , 311
Absorption , 4
Abuzeid, M.I. , 310
Acoustic impedance , 4
Adams, J.M. , 76
Agrawal, R. , 151
Alborzi, S. , 155
Allemand, M.C. , 70
Alsamarai, S. , 80
Amer, A. , 272
American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists
(AAGL) , 136
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
(ACOG) , 136, 168
American Fertility Society , 102–103
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
(AIUM) , 41, 94, 168
American Society of Reproductive Medicine
(ASRM) , 41–42
Amer, M.I. , 161
Ang, E.S.B.C. , 10
AntiMullerian hormone (AMH) , 65
Antral follicle count (AFC)
3D US SonoAVC , 56–58
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
defi nition , 304
gonadotropin stimulation , 304
oocytes retrieval , 304
PCOS ovary , 304, 305
sensitivity and specifi city , 303
size of , 303
Arap, M.A. , 220
Arcuate uterus , 104
Asherman, J. , 151
Asherman’s syndrome. See Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs)
Assisted reproductive techniques
(ART) , 143–145
3D US, applications of , 22–23
4D US techniques , 22
follicle monitoring, 2D ultrasound
vs. 3D ultrasound , 259
endometrial proliferation , 258–259
mature oocytes , 257–258
methods for, maturation , 253
need for , 252
normal folliculogenesis , 252–253
with power Doppler , 259–260
size and volume , 255
standard ultrasound monitoring program ,
253–256
triggering ovulation , 255–256
follicle monitoring, 3D ultrasound
advantages of , 265–266
cervical length scan , 263, 264
controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( see
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation)
endometrial receptivity , 266–268
FSH , 265
GNRH agonists , 264
increased mature oocytes , 263
outpatient monitoring , 276–277
ovarian reserve , 269–270
pituitary downregulation , 264
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) , 268–269
principle of , 266
SONO-AVC , 273–276
ovarian scanning , 8–9
TI for soft tissue , 8
Atlee, W. , 126
B
Baba, K. , 18
Badu-Peprah, A. , 154
Baerwald, A. , 239
Barnhart, K.T. , 331
Bassil, S. , 36
Battaglia, C. , 29
Bellingham, F.R. , 159
Benaceraf, B.R. , 269
Bergh, C. , 257
Bermejo, C. , 109
Bettocchi, S. , 156
Beyler, S.A. , 191
Bicornuate uterus , 104
L.A. Stadtmauer, I. Tur-Kaspa (eds.), Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9182-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
351
352
Index
Bioeffects
acoustic intensity , 4
continuous-wave (CW) Doppler equipment , 7
inertial cavitation , 6
instruments outputs , 4–5
in vitro models , 6
mammalian species, studies of , 7
nonmammalian organisms , 6–7
ODS , 7–8
PRF , 4
stable cavitation , 6
Bonney, V. , 126
Bosteels, J. , 144
Bozdag, G. , 145
C
Cantineau , 236
Capella-Allouc, S. , 157
Carmignani, L. , 218
Casper, R.F. , 271
Cavitation , 6
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) , 42
Cervical pregnancy , 332
Chan, S.S. , 136
Chason, R.J. , 160
Check, J.H. , 144, 259
Chien, L.W. , 29
Coccia, M.E. , 159
Colacurci, N. , 158
Combison 330 , 18
Condous, G. , 317
Congenital uterine anomalies
arcuate uterus , 104
bicornuate uterus , 104
clinical presentation of , 104–105
didelphys uterus , 103–104
2DUS , 106
3DUS , 106–109
female reproductive tract, embryology of , 101–102
hysterosalpingography , 106
incidence of , 101
Müllerian anomalies, classifi cation of
agenesis and hypoplasia , 102
American Fertility Society , 102–103
lateral and vertical fusion defects , 102
pelvic MRI , 106
prevalence rates , 101
reproductive outcomes, in women , 110–111
saline infusion sonography , 106
septate uterus , 104
sonohysterography , 169–170
surgical intervention , 111–112
unicornuate uterus , 103
urinary tract imaging , 109–110
Contart, P. , 29, 30
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)
follicle growth , 271
follicular aspiration , 272
follicular asynchrony , 272
follicular maturation , 271
hCG administration , 272
IVF protocols , 270
ovarian size , 271
Copperman, A.B. , 153
Coroleu, B. , 291
Coulam, C.B. , 235
Cryptorchidism , 215–216
D
Danninger, B. , 305
Dawood, A. , 152, 156
2D Doppler ultrasound
endometrial blood fl ow
color Doppler imaging , 29
power Doppler imaging , 29, 30
uterine blood fl ow , 28–29
ovarian stromal blood fl ow , 36–37
Deb, S., 276
De Geyter , 259
de Kroon, C.D. , 154
Dermoid cyst , 69
Deutch, T.D. , 273
Dewailly, D. , 70
Dickey, R.P. , 237
Didelphys uterus , 103–104
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
(DICOM) , 22
Doldi, N. , 143, 145
Dorn, C. , 33, 35
3D power Doppler ultrasound
endometrial and subendometrial blood fl ow , 30–35
normal ovary , 58
corpus luteum , 60–61
of preovulatory follicle , 60
ovarian stromal blood fl ow , 37
E
Early pregnancy
β-hCG
ectopic pregnancy , 317
intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) , 317
transabdominal ultrasound (TAU/S) , 318–319
case scenario , 315–316
complications , 316
history and physical examination , 316
progesterone , 319
ultrasound
algorithm for , 321, 322
early fetal pole , 319, 320
ectopic pregnancy , 320, 321
fetal cardiac activity , 319, 321
for fi rst trimester , 319
gestational sac , 319
heterotopic pregnancy , 322, 323
intrauterine pregnancy of unknown viability , 324
in normal intrauterine pregnancy , 320, 321
pregnancy failure , 324
pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) , 323–324
yolk sac , 319, 320
Index
353
Ectopic pregnancy
abdominal pregnancy , 334–335
after hysterectomy , 338–339
cervical pregnancy , 332
cesarean scar , 335–336
hCG level , 329
interstitial , 337–338
ovarian pregnancy , 332–334
transvaginal ultrasound
endometrial echo , 331
intradecidual sign , 329, 330
intrauterine pseudosac , 329, 330
yoke sac , 330, 331
Ectors, F.J. , 272
Ejaculatory duct obstruction , 220–222
El-Mazny, A. , 153
Embryo transfers
anteverted uterus , 295, 296
disadvantages of, ultrasound guided , 300–301
pre-ET vaginal US measurement , 295, 296
tactile ET vs. ultrasound-guided ET , 296–298
training in
abdominal US , 299, 300
coaxial catheter US-guided ET
approach , 299
marker bubbles , 298
transvaginal vs. transabdominal ultrasound , 298
T-shaped uterus , 295
Endometrial polyps
abnormal uterine bleeding , 133, 136, 145
cervical polyps , 136
cornual polyps , 133, 135
diagnosis of
ART cycles , 143–145
artifacts , 142
computed tomography scanning , 140
3D SIS , 139
3D TV sonography , 139–140
hysterosalpingography , 140
hysteroscopy , 140, 146
infertility , 142–143
recurrent implantation failure , 145
sonohysterography , 138
transient endometrial changes , 140–142
TVUS , 136–138
T2-weighted MRI , 140
endometrial ablation , 135
incidence of , 133
malignancy , 135–136
molecular mechanisms , 133
multiple polyps and submucosal
fi broids , 133, 134
natural course of , 133
prevalence of , 133
progestin treatment , 133, 135
sessile/pedunculated polyps , 133, 134
single polyp , 133, 134
uterine fundus , 133, 135
Engmann, L. , 36
Epididymal cysts , 209
Epididymis , 211–212
F
Faivre, E. , 109
Fallopian tube
anatomy of , 189–190
fi mbrial phimosis , 190
function , 190
hydrosalpinx ( see Hydrosalpinx)
Fedele, L. , 153
Fetal imaging , 4
Fimbrial phimosis , 190
G
Gambadauro, P. , 162
Gargett, C.E. , 162
Genital tuberculosis , 152
Glass-body rendering (GBR) , 20
Gleicher, N. , 288
Goldstein, S. , 168
Goswamy, R.K. , 153
Goudas, V.T. , 286
Grimbizis, G.F. , 140, 142
Gunabushanam, G. , 307
H
Hackeloer, B.J. , 251
Healthcare fraud , 44
Healy, D.L. , 162
Hemorrhagic cysts , 68, 69
Hendricks , 65
Herwig, R. , 222
Hurley, V.A. , 290
Hurst, B.S. , 117–129, 159
Hydrocele , 209, 211
Hydrosalpinx
assisted reproduction , 195–196
color Doppler sonography , 193–194
defi nition , 190–191
effects on pregnancy , 191–192
hysterosalpingogram (HSG) , 192–193
prevalence and etiology , 190–191
signs and symptoms , 191
surgery utility , 195
ultrasound appearance , 193
Hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy) , 22,
174, 175
advantages , 183
balloon catheter , 182
blood-fl ow and Doppler imaging , 184–186
cervix cleaning, aseptic solution , 182
contrast agent , 181–182
contrast medium injection , 183
conventional B-mode transvaginal scan , 183
Cusco’s (bivalve) speculum insertion , 182
documentation , 183
vs. laparoscopy , 183
with SonoVue
®
dye , 181
three-dimensional coded contrast imaging , 184, 185
verbal consent , 182
with water and air , 181
354
Index
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
congenital uterine anomalies , 106
cornual polyps , 135
endometrial polyps , 140
hydrosalpinx , 192–193
intrauterine adhesions , 153–155
tubal patency
bilateral peritoneal spillage , 180
disadvantages of , 180–181
follicular phase of , 180
vs . laparoscopy , 180
uterine fundus , 135
Hysteroscopic myomectomy, uterine
fi broids , 125–126
Hysteroscopy, endometrial polyps , 140, 146
I
Insurance fraud , 44
Interstitial ectopic pregnancy , 337–338
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) , 144–145
Intrascrotal hemangioma , 209
Intratesticular cysts , 216
Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs)
causes , 151–152
classifi cation , 151
diagnosis of
3D ultrasound and HSG , 153–154
hydrosonography , 155
hysterosalpingography , 153–155
hysteroscopy , 153
SCHS , 154–155
sonohysterography , 154, 171
sonohysterosalpingography , 155
transvaginal sonography , 153
effects of , 152
incidence of , 151
manifestation , 151
prevention of
bipolar resection , 162
fl uid barriers , 161
fresh/dried amnion grafts , 161
IUCD and Foley catheter , 161
postoperative estradiol , 162
risk factors , 152
treatment of
hysteroscopic adhesiolysis , 155–158
PLUG technique , 159
preoperative endometrial sonography , 159
radiographic methods , 160
Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) , 160, 161
Intrauterine synechiae. See Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs)
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
3D US in , 22, 23
endometrial blood fl ow
changes in , 35–36
2D colour Doppler ultrasound , 29
2D power Doppler ultrasound , 29, 30
3D power Doppler ultrasound , 30–35
intrauterine laser Doppler technique , 27
uterine blood fl ow , 28–29
multiple follicular development , 27
ovarian responses, prediction of , 36
ovarian stromal blood fl ow
2D Doppler ultrasound , 36–37
3D power Doppler ultrasound , 37
uterine fi broids , 120–121
IUAs. See Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs)
Ivanovsky, D. , 235
IVF. See In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
J
Jadaon, J.E. , 260
Järvelä, I.Y. , 33, 35, 85
Jayaprakasan, K. , 81, 235, 306
Jinno, M. , 27
Jirge, P.R. , 245
K
Kamel, H.S. , 138
Kan, A.K. , 290
Kauffman, E.C. , 212
Khanna, A. , 151
Kim, A.H. , 168, 236
Kirk, E. , 317
Knopman, J. , 153
Kohlenberg, C.F. , 286
Kowalczyk, D. , 154
Kratochwil, A. , 49
Kretz, P. , 18
Kupesic, S. , 29, 33, 35, 139
Kyei-Mensah, A. , 272
L
Lam, P.M. , 81
Laparoscopic myomectomy , 126–128
Lass, A. , 67, 144
Lee, P.A. , 215
Lense, J. , 167
Lenz, S. , 288
Leventhal , 237
Lieng, M. , 143
Litigation and liability
billing fraud , 41
equipment maintenance , 42
fi rst-trimester ultrasound , 43–44
general supervision , 42
healthcare fraud , 44
image acquisition and retention , 42
malpractice, elements of , 41
personal supervision , 42
personnel, inadequate training of , 41–42
study interpretation and reporting , 43
ultrasound study, adequacy of , 42
Lynch syndrome , 133
Index
355
M
Madani, T. , 144
Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound
(MRgFUS) , 128
adenomyosis , 346
clinical outcomes , 348–349
complication rates , 342
exclusion criteria , 343
FDA protocols , 344
fi broids location , 345
future fertility , 346
inclusion criteria , 344, 345
patient preparation , 347
sonication process , 343
technical suitability for , 346
thermal dose applied vs. biological outcome , 343, 344
treatment , 347–348
uterine fi broid symptoms quality of life
questionnaire , 343
vs . UAE and myomectomy , 341, 342
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
congenital uterine anomalies , 106
uterine fi broids , 124
Mahadevan, M. , 9
Makhlouf, H.H. , 248
Makris, N. , 154
Male infertility
assisted reproductive techniques , 222
defi nition , 207
ultrasound
Doppler use , 208, 209
patient positioning , 208
probes selection , 208
scrotal ultrasonography ( see Scrotal
ultrasonography)
shadowing , 208
transrectal ultrasonography ( see Scrotal
ultrasonography; Transrectal ultrasonography)
Man, A. , 311
Manzi, D.S. , 237
March, C.M. , 156
Maugey-Laulon, B. , 30
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome , 104
Mechanical index (MI) , 7–8
Mercè, L.T. , 34, 35
Microlithiasis , 218
M-mode , 5
Mol, B.W.J. , 192
Moohan, J.M. , 305
Moon, M.H. , 215
Müllerian anomalies (MA). See Congenital uterine
anomalies
Mumps orchitis , 217
Murtinger, M. , 17–24, 263–274, 276, 278
N
Nagori, C.B. , 162
Narayan, R. , 153
Nargund, G. , 235, 260
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) , 7
Ng, E.H.Y. , 27–34, 37
Nilsson, L. , 271
O
OmniView , 20
Orchitis , 216–217
Orhue, A.A. , 161
Output Display Standard (ODS) , 7–8
Ovarian cancer , 69–70
Ovarian cysts
corpus luteum , 68
dermoid cyst , 69
endometrioma , 68–69
functional/follicular cyst , 68
hemorrhagic cysts , 68, 69
ovarian cancer , 69–70
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) ,
36, 64–65, 70
anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) , 303
antral follicle count
defi nition , 304
gonadotropin stimulation , 304
oocytes retrieval , 304
PCOS ovary , 304, 305
sensitivity and specifi city , 303
size of , 303
with ascites , 306, 307
clinical fi ndings of , 306
cyst rupture , 308
fl uid shifts , 308
hemoconcentration and resultant
hypercoagulability , 308
management and treatment
autotransfusion, ascitic
fl uid , 310
B hCG , 309
chest X-ray (CXR) , 311
hCG trigger dosing , 309
outpatient management , 310
thoracentesis , 311
ultrasound-guided paracentesis ,
309–310
vaginal ultrasound , 310
ovarian vasculature , 305
ultrasound and prevention of , 85–86
Ovarian pregnancy , 332–334
Ovarian reserve
antral follicle count , 64–65
3D ultrasound
ovarian stromal blood fl ow , 68
and ovarian volume , 65–67
endocrine markers of , 65
female reproductive ageing , 64
follicles, subtypes of , 63
primordial follicles , 63
356
Index
Ovary , 8–9
3D power Doppler vascularization
corpus luteum , 60–61
fl ow index , 60
of preovulatory follicle , 60
vascularization-fl ow index , 60
vascularization index , 58, 60
3D US
antral follicle count , 56–58
cumulus oophorus , 58, 59
dominant follicle , 57–59
volume measurement , 56, 57
transabdominal ultrasound , 49
transvaginal color Doppler
corpus luteum , 54–56
ovarian artery , 53–54
in preovulatory phase , 54
transvaginal ultrasound
corpus luteum , 50, 53
early fi rst phase , 50, 51
endovaginal technique , 49–50
follicular phase , 51–52
ovulation , 52–53
postmenopausal ovaries , 50
premenarchal ovaries , 50–51
Ovulation induction. See also Ultrasound
baseline scan
adnexal masses , 239, 240
endometrioma , 240
ovarian cyst/hydrosalpinx , 241–242
ovarian reserve , 240–241
ovarian teratomas , 240, 241
clomiphene citrate
antiestrogenic effect of , 244–245
and HMG , 248
treatment schema and monitoring , 245–246
gonadotrophic therapy
monitoring of , 246–247
patients selection , 246
principles of , 246
growth rate , 239, 240
intrauterine insemination (IUI)
optimal timing of , 236
premature luteinization , 236–237
medications , 239
patients selection , 242
scanning tips
follicle , 243
ovaries , 242
sono AVC , 243
transvaginal sonography , 239
ultrasound complications
multiple pregnancies , 248
ovarian hyperstimulation , 248
P
Paltnik, L. , 246
Parsons, J.H. , 167
Patel, A. , 193
Patil, R.S. , 245
Perez-Medina, T. , 143
Petitti, D.B. , 12
Piketty, M. , 158
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) , 70–71
clinical phenotypes of , 75
diagnosis of , 75
ovarian stromal blood fl ow , 83–84
ovarian volume , 79–81
polycystic ovarian morphology
AMH concentrations , 77
asymptomatic women , 76–77
defi nition of , 76
follicle number and size , 77–81
multicystic ovaries , 76
OHSS , 77
stromal area and echogenicity , 82–83
ultrasound and
assisted reproduction outcome , 84–85
OHSS, prevention of , 85–86
uterine size and perfusion , 84
Popovic-Todorovic, B. , 29, 37
Popp, L. , 50
Poujade, O. , 152
Pressure lavage under ultrasound guidance
(PLUG) , 159
Pulsatility index (PI) , 28–29
Pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) , 83
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) , 4
Purohit, R.S. , 221
Q
Quigley, M.M. , 271
R
Rabinovici, J. , 346
Raine-Fenning, N.J. , 36, 67, 71, 80, 243, 273, 274
Randolph, J.R. , 167
Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) , 145
Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
(RDMS) , 41
Rein, D.T. , 160
Resistance index (RI) , 28–29
Rodriguez-Fuentes, A. , 67, 274, 276
Roest, J. , 277
Rone, H.M. , 168
Rova, R. , 307
Roy, K.K. , 157
S
Sahakian, V. , 167
Sakamoto, H. , 214
Salat-Baroux, J. , 159
Salim, R. , 136
Saline contrast hysterosonography (SCHS),
intrauterine adhesions , 154–155
Saline infusion sonography, endometrial polyps , 138
Index
357
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS), uterine
fi broids , 124
Saravelos, S.H. , 110
Scheffer, G.J. , 270
Schild, R.L. , 30, 33
Schlaff, W.D. , 159
Scott, R.T. , 272
Scrotal hydroceles , 216
Scrotal ultrasonography
CBAVD , 214
cryptorchidism , 215–216
epididymal cysts , 209
epididymis , 211–212
hydrocele , 209, 211
intrascrotal hemangioma , 209
intratesticular cysts , 216
microlithiasis , 218
mumps orchitis , 217
vs. normospermic men , 209, 211
orchitis , 216–217
scrotal hydroceles , 216
testicular microlithiasis , 209
testicular torsion/trauma , 218–220
testicular tumor , 209, 217–218
testicular volume , 214–215
varicoceles , 209, 212–214
Selub, M.R. , 272
Septate uterus , 104
Session, D.R. , 283–286, 292
Shah, D.K. , 298
Shalev, E. , 283, 286
Sharma, J.B. , 152
Sheiner, E. , 121
Sherbahn, R. , 273
SHG. See Sonohysterography (SHG)
Shoham, Z. , 247
Shokeir, T.A. , 157
Shrestha, S.M. , 234
Sikov, M.R. , 7, 10
Smith, S.W. , 18
Soares, S.R. , 154
Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
(SREI) , 168
Sonography-based automated volume calculation
(SONO-AVC) , 22, 24
antral follicle count , 71–72
normal ovary
antral follicle count , 56–58
dominant follicle , 57–59
ovarian volume , 67
Sonohysterography (SHG)
AIUM and ACOG guidelines for , 168
congenital uterine anomalies , 169–170
2D vs. 3D SHG , 172–174
endometrial polyps , 138
hydroxyethylcellulose gel , 174
vs. hysteroscopy , 167–168
indications and contraindications , 168
intrauterine adhesion , 171
intrauterine adhesions , 154
pain-free procedure , 174–175
polyps , 171–172
procedures , 168–169
Sonohysterosalpingography , 155
Spandorfer, S.D. , 331
Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) , 20
Speckle reduction imaging (SRI) , 21
Spiewankiewicz, B. , 144
Stamatellos, I. , 143
Steer, C.V. , 29
Stein, M.W. , 237
Stewart, E.A. , 348
Stoop, D. , 237
Strandell, A. , 194
Strickler, R.C. , 290, 295
Studdiford, W.E. , 335
Suginami, H. , 159
Swanton, A. , 77
Syrop, C.H. , 167
T
Tam, W.H. , 152
Taniguchi, F. , 159
Tasian, G.E. , 215
Teissier, M.P. , 257
Testicular microlithiasis , 209
Thermal index (TI) , 7–8
Thomson, A.J. , 160
Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D US)
acoustic pulse echo imaging system , 18
advantages and shortcomings of , 21–22
basic techniques of , 19
cardiology and neurology , 24
Combison 330 , 18
congenital uterine anomalies , 106–109
data storage , 17, 21
fetal and gynecologic imaging , 24
gender determination , 24
initial problems , 17
intrauterine adhesions , 153–154
IVF , 22, 23
mechanical assemblies , 19
multiple polyps and submucosal fi broids , 134
normal ovary
antral follicle count , 56–58
cumulus oophorus , 58, 59
dominant follicle , 57–59
volume measurement of , 56, 57
ovarian stromal blood fl ow , 68
ovarian volume , 65–67
in PCOS patients , 70–71
post-processing tools , 18, 21
reconstruction , 19
surgeries/biopsies , 24
three-dimensional visualization , 19
tracked freehand method , 19
untracked freehand systems , 19
uterine myoma , 22, 23
uterus arcuatus , 22, 23
358
Index
Three-dimensional ultrasonography (cont.)
visualization modalities
GRR and 4D techniques , 20
inversion mode , 20
multi-planar view , 19
OmniView , 20–21
transparency mode/maximum mode , 20
TUI/multi-slice technique , 19, 20
VCI , 19
Voluson 730 , 18
Voluson 530D 3D system , 18
19-week fetus, images of , 19
TI for bones (TIB) , 8
TI for soft tissue (TIS) , 8
Timor-Tritsch, I.E. , 194, 331
Tiras, B. , 159
Tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) , 19, 20
Transabdominal sonography (TAS)
cervix , 97
ovaries , 49
uterus , 93
Transrectal ultrasonography
ejaculatory duct obstruction , 220–222
prostate cysts , 221
seminal vesicles , 222
Transvaginal color Doppler (TVCD)
and corpus luteum , 54–56
ovarian artery , 53–54
in preovulatory phase , 54
Transvaginal ultrasonography ( TVUS)
abdominal pregnancy , 334–335
cervix , 97
cervical pregnancy , 332
cesarean scar , 335–336
endometrial echo , 331
endometrial polyps , 136–138
interstitial ectopic pregnancy , 337–338
intradecidual sign , 329, 330
intrauterine adhesions , 153
intrauterine pseudosac , 329, 330
ovarian pregnancy , 332–334
ovaries
corpus luteum , 50, 53
in early fi rst phase , 50, 51
endovaginal technique , 49–50
follicular phase , 51–52
ovulation , 52–53
postmenopausal ovaries , 50
premenarchal ovaries , 50–51
uterine fi broids , 93, 123
in lower uterus and cervix , 122
multiple intramural fi broids , 120
pedunculated fi broid , 119
submucous myoma , 119
subserosal fi broid , 118
yoke sac , 330, 331
Tubal patency
hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy)
advantages , 183
balloon catheter , 182
blood-fl ow and Doppler imaging , 184–186
cervix cleaning, aseptic solution , 182
contrast agent , 181–182
contrast medium injection , 183
conventional B-mode transvaginal scan , 183
Cusco’s (bivalve) speculum insertion , 182
documentation , 183
vs. laparoscopy , 183
with SonoVue
®
dye , 181
three-dimensional coded contrast imaging ,
184, 185
verbal consent , 182
with water and air , 181
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
bilateral peritoneal spillage , 180
disadvantages of , 180–181
follicular phase of , 180
vs . laparoscopy , 180
laparoscopy and dye test , 179–180
Tur-Kaspa, I. , 63–72, 167–175, 295–301
TVUS. See Transvaginal ultrasonography ( TVUS)
Two-dimensional ultrasonography (2D US)
congenital uterine anomalies , 106
cornual polyps , 135
multiple polyps and submucosal fi broids , 134
U
Ultrasound
bioeffects of ( see Bioeffects)
Doppler role
perifollicular blood fl ow (PFBF) , 234–235
perifollicular vascular perfusion , 235
vascular impedance , 235
VOCAL software , 235, 236
embryo/fetus susceptibility , 9–12
follicular selection
antrum, granulosa (GC), and theca cells (TC) , 233
corpus luteum , 233, 234
cumulus oophorus. , 232
dominant follicle theory , 232
FSH and LH levels , 232
hormonal profi le , 232, 233
human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)
therapy , 232
intrafollicular echoes , 233
optimal follicular size , 233
frequency , 3
hydrosalpinx
contrast medium , 194
three-dimensional , 194–195
waist sign , 193
instruments outputs , 4–6
litigation and liability
billing fraud , 41
equipment maintenance , 42
fi rst-trimester ultrasound , 43–44
general supervision , 42
healthcare fraud , 44
image acquisition and retention , 42
Index
359
malpractice, elements of , 41
personal supervision , 42
personnel, inadequate training of , 41–42
study interpretation and reporting , 43
ultrasound study, adequacy of , 42
male infertility
Doppler use , 208, 209
patient positioning , 208
probes selection , 208
scrotal ultrasonography ( see Scrotal
ultrasonography)
shadowing , 208
transrectal ultrasonography ( see Transrectal
ultrasonography)
multiple pregnancies , 237
ovarian scanning ( see Ovary)
ovulation induction ( see Ovulation induction)
in ovulation induction and early gestation , 12
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
classical picture of , 237
etiologies of , 237
incidence of , 237
ovarian volume , 237
power and intensity , 4
pulse repetition frequency , 4
resolution , 3
spatial peak-temporal average , 4
tissue characteristics , 4
ultrasound-guided surgical procedures
bladder draining , 283
embryo transfer , 289–291
hematometra , 286
hydrosalpinx aspiration , 287–288
hysteroscopy , 284
intrauterine device placement and removal , 291
intrauterine foreign bodies , 286
limitations of , 286–287
oocyte retrieval , 288–289
ovarian cyst aspiration , 287
submucosal fi broids , 285–286
synechiae , 286
urethral catheter , 283
uterine septum , 284–285
wavelength , 3
Unicornuate uterus , 103
Uterine anomalies. See Congenital uterine anomalies
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) , 128
Uterine fi broids
abdominal myomectomies , 126
color Doppler , 123, 124
and fertility , 119–120
hysterectomy , 341
hysteroscopic myomectomy , 125–126
incidence of , 117
intramural myoma , 117, 118
IVF , 120–121
laparoscopic myomectomy , 126–128
MRgFUS , 128
adenomyosis , 346
clinical outcomes , 348–349
complication rates , 342
exclusion criteria , 343
FDA protocols , 344
fi broids location , 345
future fertility , 346
inclusion criteria , 344, 345
patient preparation , 347
sonication process , 343
technical suitability for , 346
thermal dose applied vs. biological
outcome , 343, 344
treatment , 347–348
uterine fi broid symptoms quality of life
questionnaire , 343
vs . UAE and myomectomy , 341, 342
MRI , 124
observation , 124
obstetrical outcomes , 121–123
pedunculated fi broid , 117–119
prevalence of , 117
saline infusion sonography , 124
submucous myoma , 117, 119
subserosal myomas , 117, 118
symptoms , 118, 123
transvaginal ultrasound ( see Transvaginal
ultrasonography ( TVUS))
UAE , 128
Uterine myoma , 22, 23
Uterus
anatomic components of , 93
anterofl exed uterus , 95
cervix , 97–98
coronal plane , 94, 95
endometrium
late proliferative phase endometrium ,
96, 97
luteal phase endometrium , 96, 97
trilaminar layer , 96
length and height of , 94
midsagittal plane , 94
midtransverse plane of , 94
myometrium , 95–96
orientation of , 94–95
retroverted uterus , 95, 96
TAS and TVS approach , 93
Uterus arcuatus , 22, 23
V
Varasteh, N.N. , 144
Varicoceles , 209
Vascularization fl ow index (VFI) , 84
Vascularization index (VI) , 83
Virtual hysterosalpingography (VHSG)
bilateral hydrosalpinges , 205, 206
cervical pathology
cervical diverticula , 203
cervical synechiae , 202
endocervical polyp , 202, 203
stenotic cervices , 202
360
Index
Virtual hysterosalpingography (cont.)
cervical stricture , 200, 201
complications with
allergic reaction , 201
iodine vs. gadolinium use , 201, 202
radiation during , 202
CT scanners , 199
endometrial cavity pathology
endometrial polyps , 203–204
submucous myomas , 204–205
uterine malformation , 203, 204
uterine synechiae , 203, 204
maximum intensity projection , 199, 200
multiplanar reconstructions , 199, 200
patient preparation and timing , 199
technical parameters, CT equipment , 199, 200
virtual endoscopy algorithm , 200, 201
volume rendering projection , 199–201
Virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL)
endometrial volume and blood fl ow , 30–31
ovarian volume , 56, 57, 67
ovarian volume calculation , 78–80
Volume contrast imaging (VCI) , 18, 19
von Ramm, O.T. , 18
W
Westendorp, I.C. , 151
Wiley, J. , 321
Wiser, A. , 247
Wu, H.M. , 33, 35, 109
Y
Yaman, C. , 267
Yang, J.H. , 29, 30
Yasmin, H. , 158
Yavas, Y. , 272
Yee, W.S. , 218
Yucebilgin, M.S. , 155
Yu, D. , 157
Yuval, Y. , 30
Z
Zaidi, J. , 36
Zech, N.H. , 17–24, 263–278
Zhang, J. , 349
Ziskin, M.C. , 12
Zuckerman, H. , 283