Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5824_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
X
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1: Ultrasound in Reproductive Medicine: Is It Safe?
- •Introduction
- •A Short Review of Ultrasound Physics
- •Instrument Outputs
- •Ultrasound Bioeffects
- •The Output Indices
- •Ovarian Scanning
- •Ultrasound and the Ovum
- •Embryo/Fetus Susceptibility
- •Safety Aspects of Ultrasound in Ovulation Induction and Early Gestation
- •Summary and Recommendations
- •References
- •Tissue Characteristics
- •2: Principles of 3D Ultrasound
- •Introduction
- •Basic Techniques of 3D US
- •Reconstruction and Visualization of 3D Images and Post-processing
- •Advantages and Shortcomings of 3D US Techniques
- •Applications of 3D Ultrasound in ART
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Endometrial Blood Flow
- •Blood Flow of Uterine Vessels
- •Endometrial and Subendometrial Blood Flow by 2D Doppler
- •Endometrial and Subendometrial Blood Flow by 3D Doppler
- •Changes in Endometrial and Subendometrial Blood Flow
- •Prediction of Ovarian Response to Gonadotrophin
- •Ovarian Stromal Blood Flow by 2D Doppler
- •Ovarian Stromal Blood Flow by 3D Doppler
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •4: Legal Aspects of Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine
- •Legal Aspects of Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive Medicine
- •Performance of the Ultrasound Study
- •Personnel Performing Ultrasound Examinations
- •Adequacy of the Ultrasound Study
- •Ultrasound Supervision
- •Image Acquisition and Retention
- •Equipment Maintenance
- •Study Interpretation and Reporting
- •New Horizons in Ultrasound Liability
- •First-Trimester Ultrasound
- •Healthcare Fraud
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •5: The Normal Ovary (Changes in the Menstrual Cycle)
- •Transabdominal Ultrasound
- •Transvaginal Ultrasound
- •Postmenopausal Ovaries
- •Premenarchal Ovaries
- •Reproductive Age Ovaries
- •Color Doppler of the Normal Ovary
- •TVCD in Preovulatory Phase
- •TVCD and the Corpus Luteum
- •Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Visualization of the Normal Ovary
- •Volume of the Ovary
- •Antral Follicle Count (AFC)
- •3D of the Dominant Follicle, Ovulation, and Formation of Corpus Luteum
- •3D Power Doppler of the Preovulatory Follicle and Corpus Luteum
- •References
- •6: Ovarian Reserve and Ovarian Cysts
- •Introduction
- •Antral Follicle Count and Ovarian Reserve
- •Endocrine Markers of Ovarian Reserve
- •3D Ultrasound and Ovarian Volume
- •Evaluation of Ovarian Stroma Flow with 3D Ultrasound
- •Ovarian Cysts and Masses
- •Ultrasound and Polycystic Ovary (PCO)
- •Antral Follicle Count and SonoAVC
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •7: Ultrasound and PCOS
- •The Polycystic Ovarian Morphology
- •Follicle Number and Size
- •Ovarian Volume
- •Stromal Area, Volume, and Echogenicity
- •Ovarian Stromal Blood Flow
- •Uterine Size and Perfusion
- •Ultrasound and Assisted Reproduction Outcome
- •Ultrasound and Prevention of OHSS
- •Future Points
- •References
- •8: The Normal Uterus
- •Uterus
- •Myometrium
- •Endometrium
- •Cervix
- •References
- •Uterus Didelphys
- •Bicornuate Uterus
- •Septate Uterus
- •Arcuate Uterus
- •Müllerian Agenesis
- •Clinical Presentation of Congenital Uterine Anomalies
- •Imaging of Congenital Uterine Anomalies
- •Hysterosalpingography
- •Two-Dimensional Ultrasonography
- •Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography
- •Urinary Tract Imaging
- •9: Congenital Uterine Anomalies
- •Introduction
- •Embryology of the Female Reproductive Tract
- •Overview of the Uterine Anomalies
- •Unicornuate Uterus
- •Reproductive Outcomes with Uterine Anomalies
- •Indications for Surgical Intervention
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •10: Uterine Fibroids
- •Background
- •Fibroids and Fertility
- •Fibroids and IVF
- •Myomas and Obstetrical Outcomes
- •Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids
- •Ultrasound
- •Saline Infusion Sonohysterography
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Management of Uterine Fibroids
- •Observation
- •Surgery
- •Hysteroscopic Myomectomy
- •Abdominal Myomectomy
- •Laparoscopic Myomectomy
- •Uterine Artery Embolization
- •MRgFUS
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •11: Endometrial Polyps
- •Introduction
- •Diagnosis
- •Transvaginal Ultrasonography
- •Sonohysterography
- •Three-Dimensional TVUS and Three- Dimensional SIS
- •Other Imaging Modalities
- •False-Positive, False-Negative, and Artifacts
- •Impact of Polyps on Fertility
- •Polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology
- •Intrauterine Lesions in Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •12: Intrauterine Adhesions
- •Introduction
- •Incidence
- •Manifestation
- •Causes
- •Risk Factors
- •Effects
- •Diagnosis
- •The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis
- •Management of IUA
- •Hysteroscopic Surgery
- •Treatment Outcome
- •Role of Ultrasonography in the Treatment
- •Radiographic Methods
- •Prevention of IUA
- •Mechanical Barriers
- •Fluid Barriers
- •Tissue Barriers
- •Recent Advances
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •13: Sonohysterography in Reproductive Medicine
- •Introduction
- •SHG vs. Hysteroscopy
- •Practice Guidelines for SHG
- •Indication and Contraindication
- •SHG Procedure [ 14, 27, 28, 32 ]
- •SHG for Congenital Uterine Anomalies
- •SHG for Acquired Uterine Abnormalities
- •2D vs. 3D SHG
- •Gel Instillation SHG
- •No Pain with SHG
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •14: Evaluation of Tubal Patency (HyCoSy, Doppler)
- •Laparoscopy and Dye Test (Chromopertubation)
- •Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
- •The Technique
- •Three-Dimensional Coded Contrast Imaging (3D CCI) During HyCoSy
- •Blood-Flow and Doppler Imaging
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •15: Hydrosalpinx
- •Introduction
- •Anatomy of the Fallopian Tube
- •Tubal Function
- •Signs and Symptoms
- •Effects on Pregnancy
- •Imaging
- •Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
- •Ultrasound Appearance
- •Color Doppler Sonography
- •Contrast Medium
- •Three-Dimensional (3-D) Ultrasound
- •Utility of Tubal Surgery
- •Assisted Reproduction
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •16: Virtual Hysterosalpingography: A New Diagnostic Technique for the Study of the Female Reproductive Tract
- •General Concepts
- •Clinical Experience with Virtual Hysterosalpingography in Reproductive Medicine
- •Cervical Pathology in Infertility
- •Pathology of the Endometrial Cavity in Infertility
- •Evaluation of the Fallopian Tubes
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •17: Ultrasound in Male Infertility
- •Introduction
- •Overview of Genitourinary Ultrasonography
- •Scrotal Ultrasonography
- •Paratesticular Structures
- •Epididymis
- •Varicocele
- •Vas Deferens
- •Testicular Ultrasound
- •Cryptorchidism
- •Cysts, Hydrocele, Infectious Processes
- •Testicular Masses
- •Microlithiasis
- •Testicular Torsion/Trauma
- •Transrectal Ultrasonography
- •Prostate
- •Cysts
- •Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction
- •Seminal Vesicles
- •Assisted Reproductive Techniques
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •18: Ultrasound in Follicle Monitoring for Ovulation Induction/IUI
- •Follicular Selection: Morphological and Ultrasound Observations
- •The Role of Doppler in Reproduction
- •Ovulation Induction and Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
- •Multiple Pregnancies
- •Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- •The Classical Picture of PCOS
- •Ultrasound Diagnosis
- •Induction of Ovulation
- •Selection of Patients
- •Technical Tips on How to Scan the Ovaries and Follicular Growth
- •Clomiphene Citrate
- •Antiestrogenic Effects on the Cervix and Endometrium
- •Treatment Schema and Monitoring of Clomiphene Citrate Therapy
- •Gonadotropins
- •Clomiphene Citrate and hMG
- •The Help of Ultrasound: Assessing Complications
- •Final Remarks
- •References
- •19: 2D Ultrasound in Follicle Monitoring for ART
- •Introduction
- •Why Monitor the Follicular Phase?
- •Normal Folliculogenesis
- •Monitoring Follicular Maturation
- •Methods for Monitoring
- •Standard Ultrasound Monitoring Program
- •Follicular Size and Volume
- •Criteria Used for Triggering Ovulation
- •How to Predict Retrieval of Mature Oocytes?
- •Monitoring of Endometrial Proliferation
- •Monitoring with 2D Versus 3D
- •Monitoring with Power Doppler (In Relation to 2D)
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •20: 3D Ultrasound for Follicle Monitoring in ART
- •Introduction
- •Use of 3D Ultrasound of the Female Reproductive System Before and During IVF in Regard to Endometrial Receptivity
- •US Monitoring of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Patients
- •Ultrasound in Estimation of the Ovarian Reserve
- •Follicle Tracking During Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation
- •New Applications of 3D US
- •Optimal Outpatient Monitoring
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •21: Ultrasound-Guided Surgical Procedures
- •Introduction
- •Ultrasound Guidance at Time of Uterine Surgery: Uterine Septum Resection, Myoma Excision, Synechiae Lysis, Intrauterine Foreign Bodies, Hematometra
- •Uterine Septum
- •Submucosal Fibroids
- •Synechiae
- •Intrauterine Foreign Bodies
- •Hematometra
- •Limitations of the Technique
- •Summary
- •Ovarian Cyst and Hydrosalpinx Aspiration
- •Ovarian Cyst Aspiration
- •Hydrosalpinx Aspiration
- •Oocyte Retrieval
- •Embryo Transfer
- •Intrauterine Device Placement and Removal
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •22: Ultrasound Role in Embryo Transfers
- •Introduction
- •Transvaginal Versus Transabdominal Ultrasound for ET
- •Training in Embryo Transfer
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •23: Ultrasound and Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- •Ultrasound in the Prediction of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- •Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- •Ultrasound in the Management and Treatment of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- •References
- •24: Pregnancy of Unknown Viability
- •Introduction
- •Early Pregnancy Complications: Vaginal Bleeding and Pelvic Pain
- •History and Physical Exam
- •β-hCG
- •Progesterone
- •Ultrasound
- •Ultrasound Characteristics of Normal Intrauterine Pregnancy
- •Ultrasound Characteristics of Abnormal Pregnancy
- •Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL)
- •Ultrasound Characteristics of Early Pregnancy Failure and Intrauterine Pregnancy of Unknown Viability
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •25: Ultrasound Evaluation of Ectopic Pregnancy
- •Cervical Pregnancy
- •Ovarian Pregnancy
- •Abdominal Pregnancy
- •Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy
- •Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy
- •Ectopic After Hysterectomy
- •Summary
- •References
- •26: Focused Ultrasound for Treatment of Fibroids
- •Introduction
- •How Does It Work?
- •Patient Selection
- •Impact on Future Fertility
- •Other Conditions That Can Be Treated
- •Adenomyosis
- •Patient Preparation
- •Treatment
- •Outcomes
- •Cost
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Index

Laurel A. Stadtmauer
Ilan Tur-Kaspa
Editors
Ultrasound Imaging in
Reproductive Medicine
Advances in
Infertility Work-up,
Treatment, and ART
123

Ultrasound Imaging in Reproductive
Medicine


Laurel A. Stadtmauer • Ilan Tur-Kaspa
Editors
Ultrasound Imaging in
Reproductive Medicine
Advances in Infertility Work-up,
Treatment, and ART

Editors
Laurel A. Stadtmauer, MD, PhD
Jones Institute for Reproductive
Medicine
Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology
Eastern Virginia Medical School
Norfolk, VA
USA
Ilan Tur-Kaspa, MD
Institute for Human Reproduction (IHR)
Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-9181-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-9182-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9182-8
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956430
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this
legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material
supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for
exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is
permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its
current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for
use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable
to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility
for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or
implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (
www.springer.com)

A special thanks and dedication of the book
to my parents Doris and Seymour, husband
Ivan, and daughter Alessandra, who
inspire me every day and have offered their
love
Laurel A. Stadtmauer
This book is dedicated to the love of my
life, my wife Hana Tur-Kaspa, and to our
children Leeron, Adi, and Tomer, for their
continuous love, support, and
encouragement, and to the living memories
of my parents, Miriam and Chaim TurKaspa, that their wisdom and passion for
education are an inspiration for us all
Ilan Tur-Kaspa


Foreword
It is with great pleasure that I introduce this book on Ultrasound Imaging in
Reproductive Medicine: Advances in Infertility Work-up, Treatment, and
Assisted Reproductive Technology. Ultrasound has proven to be essential in
the care of the patient with infertility and in many aspects of reproductive
medicine, and a high-quality book that encompasses what anyone in the fi eld
needs to know is a very valuable resource indeed.
This book is laid out in a very logical sequence, starting with general information about ultrasound safety in reproductive medicine, technique for 3D
ultrasound and Doppler applications, and legal aspects of ultrasound imaging.
The second part addresses the use of ultrasound in the infertility work-up starting with ultrasound of the ovary, the uterus, and the fallopian tube and male
infertility. Each part addresses the normal changes followed by detailed chapters
on specifi c abnormalities related to infertility. The third part focuses on ultrasound in infertility treatment with detailed description of the role of ultrasound
in follicle monitoring, oocyte retrieval, embryo transfer, early pregnancy evaluation, ectopic pregnancy, and focused ultrasound for the treatment of fi broids.
A formidable team of authors with international prominence was assembled to contribute various chapters in their specifi c areas of expertise. The
book is written in a style that is easy to read and is replete with ultrasound
images, illustrating various normal and abnormal conditions. The reader will
learn about various aspects of ultrasound imaging in reproductive medicine
from world authority on the subject in a systematic and comprehensive fashion. Various chapters refl ect the current state of the science in pelvic imaging
as it relates to the evaluation and management of the infertile couple.
Kudos to Dr. Laural Stadtmauer and Dr. Ilan Tur-Kaspa, the book’s editors, for their vision and hard work in accomplishing this masterpiece. Laurel
is a gifted scientist, an actively practicing physician, and a superb gynecologic sonologist with tremendous expertise in advanced ultrasound imaging.
Ilan is an internationally known expert in reproductive medicine and infertility and gynecologic ultrasound. Their skills and background present a special
perspective as an editor that is evident throughout the book and translates into
an evidence-based practical approach to ultrasound imaging.
This book belongs on the desk of any healthcare worker involved in the
fi eld of infertility. From my standpoint, this book will become the ultimate
book on ultrasound in reproductive medicine.
Norfolk, Virginia Alfred Z. Abuhamad, MD
vii


Pref ace
Can one imagine infertility diagnosis and treatment without imaging?
Ultrasound has become the main tool and has revolutionized the practice by
reproductive specialists worldwide and is used daily by the authors. From the
fi rst encounter with the patients who have been suffering from infertility,
ultrasound will be used for the evaluation of uterus and ovaries to rule out any
abnormalities and evaluation of ovarian reserve. Ultrasound will be part of
the monitor of a natural cycle, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with oral
and injectable medications, and for ART. It will then be used to confi rm intrauterine pregnancy and for the investigation of a pregnancy of unknown location and evaluation and treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
Therefore, it was natural for us, the coeditors, who have been involved in
advanced infertility work-up and treatment for about 20 years and have
served as Chairs of the Reproductive Imaging Special Interest Group of the
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) to compile this book
for gynecologists, infertility specialists, ultrasonographers, radiologists, and
nurses involved in imaging and the diagnosis and treatment of the infertile
couple. It is a practical book covering all normal fi ndings and abnormalities
found in women of reproductive age. Following this practical framework of
the book, the chapters are covered in three parts and include the principles of
ultrasound; the normal and abnormal uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries; and
the use of ultrasound in infertility and ART treatments along with complications and ultrasound-guided techniques.
The authors have compiled many original ultrasound images with the
chapters. All authors are all internationally recognized specialists in reproductive medicine as well as imaging, and their contribution made this book a
unique comprehensive coverage of the modern role of ultrasound in reproductive medicine. We hope you fi nd the book helpful in improving your evaluation and treatment of your patients and an enjoyable experience. See better,
do ART better.
Norfolk, VA, USA Laurel A. Stadtmauer
Chicago, IL, USA Ilan Tur-Kaspa
, MD, PhD
, MD
ix
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана
