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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5543_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Foreword
- •Preface to the Fourth Edition
- •Preface to the Third Edition
- •Contributors
- •Commonly Used Abbreviations in Medical Laboratories
- •Contents
- •Healthcare in India
- •Clinical Laboratories and Laboratory Personnel in India
- •1. Human Health and Clinical Diagnosis in Developing Countries
- •Human Body in Health and Disease
- •Medical Care in India
- •Status of Medical Laboratories in Developing Countries
- •Commonly Requested Laboratory Tests in India and Other Developing Countries
- •Review Questions
- •2. Introduction to Clinical Laboratories
- •Introduction to Clinical Laboratories
- •Organization of Clinical Laboratories
- •Ethics and Laboratory Medicine
- •Automation in Clinical Laboratories
- •Review Questions
- •3. Laboratory Safety and First Aid
- •Clinical Laboratory Environment
- •Laboratory Safety Policies
- •Radiation Hazard
- •Fire Hazard and Explosion
- •Specialized Equipment
- •Laboratory Hygiene and Housekeeping
- •Personal Safety of Laboratory Workers
- •Warning Signs
- •Accident Record and Training
- •First Aid Kits and Procedures
- •Poisoning with Strong Acids and Caustic Alkalis
- •Guide to Standard Precautions
- •Review Questions
- •4. Introduction to Laboratory Equipment and Basic Laboratory Operations
- •Overview
- •Identification and Use of Common Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
- •Use and Care of Laboratory Glassware and Plastic Ware
- •Techniques of Simple Laboratory Operation
- •Storage, Handling and Preparation of Laboratory Reagents
- •Techniques for Heating a Liquid in a Test Tube
- •Graphical Presentation of Data
- •Use and Care of Common Laboratory Instruments
- •Laboratory Water
- •Water for Human Consumption
- •Common Laboratory Equipment
- •Special Laboratory Equipment
- •Review Questions
- •5. Specimen Handling and Laboratory Records
- •Overview
- •Collection and Pre-Analytical Handling of Specimens
- •Procedures for Common Laboratory Specimens
- •Reporting of Laboratory Results
- •Discarding Specimens after Use
- •Clinical Laboratory Records
- •Review Questions
- •International System of Measurement: The Metric System
- •Units of Measurement
- •Preparation of Reagent Solutions
- •Laboratory Calculations
- •Review Questions
- •7. Good Laboratory Practices and Statistical Quality Control
- •Sources of Common Errors in Laboratory
- •Proficiency Testing
- •Statistical Quality Control of Quantitative Data
- •Basic Statistics
- •Summary
- •Review Questions
- •8. Introduction to Haematology
- •Introduction
- •Components of Blood and Their Functions
- •Haematopoietic System of the Body
- •Review Questions
- •9. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Haematology
- •Overview
- •Collection and Processing of Blood Specimen
- •Preparation of Blood Films
- •Cleaning of Laboratory Glassware in Haematology
- •Review Questions
- •10. Routine Haematological Tests
- •Determination of Haemoglobin Concentration
- •Determination of Haematocrit
- •Red Blood Cell Indices
- •Interpretation of Abnormal Findings
- •Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- •Enumeration of Formed Elements
- •Microscopic Study of Blood Smear
- •Automated Systems in Haematology
- •Reticulocyte Count
- •Absolute Platelet Count
- •Review Questions
- •Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemoglobinopathies
- •Screening Test for Sickle Cell Anaemia
- •Laboratory Diagnosis of Blood Parasite Infection
- •Miscellaneous Disorders
- •Review Questions
- •Review Questions
- •12. Interpretation of Laboratory Findings in Haematology
- •Overview
- •Anaemias
- •Leukaemias
- •13. Introduction to Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders
- •Haemostasis (Stoppage of Bleeding)
- •Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
- •Fibrinolysis
- •Disorders of Haemostasis
- •Control Mechanisms of Haemostasis
- •Laboratory Tests for Haemostatic Function
- •Review Questions
- •14. Laboratory Investigation of Bleeding Disorders
- •Basic Screening Tests for Bleeding Disorders
- •Coagulation Tests
- •Determination of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
- •Rapid Haemostatic Tests and Point-of-Care Instruments
- •Tests for Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP) or D-Dimer
- •Protamine Sulphate Test
- •Laboratory Diagnosis of Bleeding Disorders
- •Therapy of Bleeding Disorders
- •Review Questions
- •15. Introduction to Blood Transfusion Therapy
- •Basic Concepts of Immunology and Immunohaematology
- •Discovery of Basic Human Blood Groups (ABO)
- •Principles of Immunohaematology
- •Red Cell Antigens
- •Recognition of Immunologic Reactions of Red Cells
- •Laboratory Methods in Detecting Antibodies
- •Human Blood Group Systems
- •Basic Blood Group System: ABO
- •Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group System and Immune Antibodies
- •Other Blood Group Systems
- •Pretransfusion Testing
- •Antibody Screen
- •Compatible Blood Groups
- •Review Questions
- •16. Collection and Processing of Blood for Transfusion
- •Selection of Blood Donors
- •Method of Blood Collection
- •Transportation of Blood After Collection
- •Storage of Blood
- •Common Equipment in a Blood Bank
- •Reagents
- •Preparation of Blood Components
- •Autotransfusion
- •Plasmapheresis
- •Transportation of Blood
- •Delivery of Blood and Blood Components to Clinical Areas
- •Review Questions
- •17. Routine Laboratory Procedures in Blood Bank
- •Significance of Quality Control in Blood Bank
- •Specimen Collection for Blood Bank
- •General Laboratory Preparations in Blood Bank
- •Preparation of Laboratory Reagents in Blood Bank
- •Reporting of Haemagglutination Reaction
- •ABO Blood Grouping
- •Rh Blood Typing
- •Antihuman Globulin (AHG) or Coombs’ Test
- •Major Cross-Match
- •Antibody Screening Test
- •Identification of Unexpected Antibodies
- •Titration of Anti-D
- •Review Questions
- •18. Blood Transfusion Services and Clinical Approach to Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- •Introduction to Blood Transfusion Services
- •Pretransfusion Testing
- •Release of Blood for Transfusion
- •Blood Transfusion Therapy
- •Transfusion Reactions
- •Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus and/or Newborn
- •Review Questions
- •Laboratory Information Systems


Fourth Edition
Volume 1
Medical
Laboratory
Technology
Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests
Including Phlebotomy/Venipuncture Procedure


Fourth Edition
Volume 1
Medical
Laboratory
Technology
Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests
Including Phlebotomy/Venipuncture Procedure
Chief Editor
Kanai L Mukherjee
Professor Emeritus (Retd.)
Fulbright Professor
Essex Community College
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Co-Editor
Anuradha Chakravarthy
Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai
Hyderabad • Jharkhand • Nagpur • Patna • Pune • Uttarakhand

Disaimer
Branches
th
st
nd
Representatives

to
my wife
Late Bibha Mukherjee
who inspired me to reach higher goals
and suered most during the preparation of this book
and
to the Medical Laboratory Technologists of India
who motivated me to compile this book for them


Foreword
I perased with interest the procedure manual compiled by Dr Kanai L Mukherjee in collaboration with
several Indian and American authors. Most of the sections are written jointly by pathologists, technologists
and instructors in medical technology. Thus, the content presents a blend of their rich practical experience in
clinical laboratory activities.
The manual, in three volumes, covers all areas with the minimum necessary theoretical background. The
clinical significance of laboratory findings has been discussed so that the technicians do not lose sight of
the patient. Each chapter admirably deals with the care and use of laboratory equipment and the preparation
of reagents. Topics like haematology, blood banking, microbiology, serology, clinical pathology, clinical
biochemistry, histopathology, and cytology are well covered. All clinical tests are described step-by-step with
down-to-earth practical details to overcome errors. A brief mention of automation in haematology, clinical
biochemistry, and histology has also been made. The contents can be easily understood by the technologists
of developing countries. The narrative of the text reads as if the author is demonstrating the techniques by the
side of the reader; illustrations supplement the narration.
Dr Mukherjee has many years of experience in the supervision and training of medical laboratory
technicians in the United States. Hence, he has a thorough understanding of the most suitable approach for
training clinical laboratory personnel. He has travelled widely in India as a Fulbright Visiting Professor in
Medical Laboratory Technology (1983-1984) and has admirably tailored this manual to conditions in India
and other developing countries by staying in close touch with the clinical laboratory technologists of India.
This manual will not only serve as an indispensable workbench reference book for the medical laboratories
but will also be a valuable guide for the training of clinical laboratory personnel.
Vijaya Hospital Jaganatha Reddy, MD
Madras 600 026 Ex-President
INDIA Indian Association of
Pathologist and Microbiologists


Preface to the Fourth Edition
In our eort to carry the author’s legacy forward, we have attempted to update the material of the book to cover the
latest developments in the technology and the techniques adopted in the modern medical laboratories. The foremost
areas of recent literature include molecular pathology, laboratory information systems, immunohistochemistry and
polymerase chain reaction in clinical diagnosis (popularly called PCRs).
This edition of the book features the following innovative additions to fully educate the readers in all such elds
which are now utilized in medical laboratory diagnosis.
Volume 1
z Phlebotomy/Venipuncture Procedure covering Specic Venipuncture Guidelines, Special Venipuncture
Considerations, Selection of Venipuncture Site
z Proper Use of Safety Equipment
z Laboratory Information Systems
Volume 2
z Molecular Pathology
z Morphology and Life Cycles of Human Parasites
Volume 3
z Basics of Immunohistochemistry
z Polymerase Chain Reaction in Clinical Diagnosis
z Important Appendices covering drug aecting results of blood studies, electrolytes, blood gas analysis and
isotope studies
We do wish that this three volume title should prove as the essential textbook for medical laboratory technology
students and a valuable reference for the medical laboratory technicians in practice and doctors associated with
diagnostic laboratories.
Publisher
CBS Publishers and Distributor Pvt Ltd
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