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260 CHAPTER 14 Valeriana jatamansi
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Brazil, South Africa, and subtropical Asia, among which 16 species and 2 subspecies of the genus were found in India. Moreover, in India, five species inhabit an altitude range of 3000 m and 1500e1800 m in Kumaon and Garhwal regions of central
Himalayas (Polunin and Stainton, 1987; Rao et al., 1997; Prakash 1999). Besides
this many of the genera of this family are reported in the Mediterranean region
(Valerianella, Fedia, and Centranthus). In North America, the species of this family
are mostly reported in subalpine forests, moist paddocks, stream beds, and rarely
beyond the tree line. The family is commonly divided into three tribes specifically,
Triplostegieae, Patriniene, and Valerianaceae (Graebner, 1906). Earlier many authors have documented 14 genera in Valerianaceae (Weberling, 1970; Cronquist,
1988). Between these, tribe Triplostegieae has a single genus Triplostegiea, while
two genera Patrinia and Nardostachys are sited in Patriniene, although recent studies
have sited these species of the South American taxa in Valeriana, thus reducing
the number of genera within Valerianaceae to eight (Borsini, 1944; Larsen, 1986;
Eriksen, 1989).
14.3 Morphology
V. jatamansi is mostly known as Indian Valerian, Muskba la, Sugandhbala, or Tagar
(Table 14.1). The species occurs in diverse geographic localities and retains inclusive morphological and genetic features. The species reproduces through sexual
(seeds) and asexual (rhizome) means (Ankush et al., 2011). The plant prefers a
temperate climate and mostly grows randomly in steep areas, moist, rocky,
disturbed grassy slopes, and on s tones with coarse sandy loam soil, resp ectively.
In the Himalayan region, this species grows frequently under the canopy of Qure-
cus leucotrichophora, Pinus roxburghii, mixed forests, and grassy habitats. It is an
aromatic, hairy dwarf, and rhizomatous perennial herb which reaches up to 50 cm
in height, covered with horizontal descending fibers and pubescent stem and leaves.
Table 14.1 Vernacular names (Patan et al., 2018).
Language Vernacular names
Hindi Balchhari, Mansi, Mushkbala, Nihani, Smak, Sumaya, Tagar
Kannada Jatale, Naatijatamaansi, Nandubatlu, Tagara
Malayalam Takaram
Marathi Thagarmool
Sanskrit Jatamansi, Natah, Tagarah
Tamil Shadamangie, Takaram
Telugu Tagara
Ayurvedic name Tagar
Unani name Tagar
Trade name Mushkbala, Tagar
FIGURE 14.1
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Representation of plant morphology.
14.4 Botanical classification 261
The rootstock is 6e10 cm thick and long fibrous roots tangled by irregular circular
edges. The plant has numerous stems which are 15e 45 cm long. Leaves are of two
types, radical and cauline. Radical leaves (2.5e8cmlongand1e3cmindiameter)
are cordate ovate, long stalked, sinuate, or toothed, while cauline leaves are few,
small, entire, or lobulated (Pata n et al., 2018; Sundaresan and Ilango 2018).
Flowers are white or tinted with pink color, ensue in flat- topped corymbose clusters
on erect, almost leafless peduncles (Fig. 14.1). Flowers are unisexual ; male and female flowers seem on different plants. Corolla is with five lobes and funnel shaped.
Fruits are crowned with a persistent pappus like a calyx. Flowering, fru iting, and
seed ripening occur in March, April, and May. Va l e r i an a can be propagated by
both seeds or as exual through rhizome, preferably in the rainy season. A total of
24 species of Valerianaceae belonging to 4 different genera have been reported
in India (Prakash, 1999).
14.4 Botanical classification
The botanical classification of the plants is given below:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Mangnoliophyta
Class: Mangnoliopsida
Order: Dipsacales
262 CHAPTER 14 Valeriana jatamansi
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Family: Valerianaceae
Genus: Valerian a
Species: jatamansi
Botanical name: Valeriana jatamansi
14.5 Agronomy technique
Valeriana can be propagated by seeds or using portions of the rootstock, preferably
in the rainy season. It is generally suitable to raise the crop by suckers, since crop
raised by seeds takes extra time to get mature. Seeds can be poised in AprileMay
and sown directly in the nursery. For raising the crop by rootsuck ers, a single mother
nursery can be retained. About 2.5e3 kg seeds are required to raise planting stock
for 1 ha of land. No specific treatment to seed is essential. Though the rootstock
is chosen as propagules, if the crop is to be raised through seeds, then the nursery
is prepared separately in AprileMay. Seeds germinated within 15e20 days are
pricked into polybags for further growth. The seedlings are ready for planting in
about 3 months.
The traditional farming system has always been time-consuming and cannot produce adequate plant material to meet industrial demands. Modern agriculture practices viz., hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation provide a better solution to produce
higher yield with no compromise to crop loss. The nutrient solution is the most
important factor required for the improvement of crop production. Plants that are
usually collected from wild for local and trade purposes somehow affect its natural
habitat. It is fascinating to know that herbal medicine in India roots back to
2000 years. They traditionally used and relied heavily on these medicinal plants.
Nevertheless, around 80% of the Indian population still uses herbal medicines.
Therefore, herb production and sustainable utilization have become a growing
concern with the ever-growing population. The gap between demand and supply
of medicinal plants is estimated at 40,000 tonnes and expected to rise to 1,52,000
tonnes by 2025. Thus, ever-rising demands lead to a situation where species become
rare and vulnerable. Therefore, plants cultivated under controlled conditions fulfill
the growing demands and offer an opportunity for qualit y produce. Hydroponic is
a water culture system and in aeroponic, nutrients are sprayed on the roots. Nearly
about 90%e70% of the water requirement is preluded. Similarly, less fertilizer is
needed to achieve good nutritive value (Linden and Stoner, 2013). Another advantage of this system is the reliable quality biomass production free from any contaminants (Hayden, 2006). A nutrient solution includes inorganic ions and each element
has a physiological role in performing the life cycle of plants (Taiz and Zeiger,
1998). The nutrient solutions composition determines the electrical conductivity
(EC) and osmotic potential of the solution. The pH of the nutrient solution indicates
the relationship between the concentration of ions and ranges between 0 and 14. In a
14.6 Phytochemistry 263
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hydroponic and aeroponic system, plant growth is closely related to nutrient uptake
and pH of the nutrient solution (Marschner, 1995). EC is an index that describes the
total amount of salts in a solution.
14.6 Phytochemistry
Natural products are popular to have a crucial role in the search of new compounds
which leads to drug development (Cragg et al., 1997; Newman et al., 2003; Newman
and Cragg, 2007). Compounds classified as low polarities have always been an in-
terest from Valeriana species and majorly included in two groups, i.e., essential oil
sesquiterpenes and valepotriates. Like most medicinal plants, its roots and rhizome
are rich in medicinally important components, i.e., valepotriates (Chopra et al.,
1956). The roots of this plant are exploited for the commercial production of Vale-
rian which is known and used for its antibacterial, leprosy, lewy body dementia, and
antiprotozoal activity (Anonymous, 1976; Bagchi and Hooper, 2011). 13 new iridoids have been isolated from fractions of the ethyl acetate portion of 95% ethanol
extract having intermediate polarity from the whole plant (Table 14.2)(Lin et al.,
2010). Navarrete et al. (2006) have isolated five lignans from the roots of the plant.
Chen et al. (2005) have reported the presence of 11-methoxyviburtinal, in acetone
fraction of ethanol extract of roots of the plant. Valeriandoids AeC, together with
three known analogues (chlorovaltrate, isovaltrate isovaleroyloxyhydrin, 1,5dihydroxy-3,8-epoxyvalechlorine), have been isolated from methanolic extract of
the roots of V. jatamansi (Xu et al., 2011a,b). Li et al. (2013) have isolated jatama-
nins NeP along with the seven known iridiods from 95% ethanolic extract of roots
extract (Table 14.2). Glaser et al. (2015) have reported podophyllotoxin and 4
demethylpodophyllotoxin in V. jatamansi. Additionally, jatamanvaltrates ReS and
jatamanin Q were reported in the roots of the plant (Dong et al., 2015). Further,
Quan et al. (2019) have isolated four new 3,8-epoxy iridoids from 95% EtOH extract
of the roots and rhizomes. Further, an iridoid (valeridoid A) and five undescribed
bis-iridoids (valeridoids BeF) have been isolated from the roots and rhizomes
(Quan et al., 2020). Navarrete et al. (2006) have isolated five lignans from the roots
of the plant (Table 14.2). In another study, jatadoids A and B were also reported in
methanol extract of the root along with jatamanvaltrate H along with a sesquiterpene
valeriananoid C (Xu et al., 2012). Li et al. (2013) have isolated jatamanins NeP
along with the seven known iridoids, from 95% ethanolic extract of roots extract.
15 chlorinated valepotriates were identified in V. jatamansi (Table 14.2)(Lin
et al., 2013).
Among the terpene class, Valerilactones A and B were rep orted in the roots of
V. jatamansi alon g with bakkenolide-H and bak kenolid e-B (Xu et al., 2011a,b).
Valeriananoids DeE and clovane-2b- isovaleroxy-9a-ol were isolated from the
roots of V. jatamansi Jones (Dong et al., 2015). Jatamansone (Valerenone),
0
-
264 CHAPTER 14 Valeriana jatamansi
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Table 14.2 Chemical compound identified in Valeriana jatamansi.
Identified compound References
Total 13 compounds, i.e., jatamanins AeM and new lignan
0
-isovaleroxylariciresinol along with 4-hydroxy-8-
(þ)-9
methoxy-3-methyl-10-methylene-2,9dioxatricyclo(4,3,1,03,7)-decane, patriscabrol, rupesin E,
lariciresinol, pinsepiol, (þ)-1-hydroxypinoresinol,
(þ)-acetoxypinoresinol, (þ)-medioresinol,
(þ)-monomethylpinoresinol, (þ)-syringaresinol,
(þ)-pinoresinol, (þ)-5
()-massoniresinol, 4,4
0
-epoxylignan, and ()-berchemol
7,9
Isolated 5 lignans, i.e., massoniresinol-4
berchemol-4
0
glucoside, 8-hydroxypinoresinol-4
pinoresinol-4-O-b-D-glucoside, from roots of the plant
Iridoid (valeridoid A) and five undescribed bis-iridoids
(valeridoids BeF)
Valeriandoids AeC, together with three known analogues
(chlorovaltrate, isovaltrate isovaleroyloxyhydrin, 1,5dihydroxy-3,8-epoxyvalechlorine)
Isolated jatamanins NeP along with the seven known
iridiods, i.e., volvatrate A, (3S,4R,5S,7S,8S,9S)-3,8epoxyoctahydro-4,8-dimethylcyclopenta[c]pyran-7-ol,
(3S,4S,5S,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-7-hydroxy-4,8
dimethylperhydrocyclopenta[c]-pyran, jatamanin G,
jatamanin A, hexahydro-6-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-4methylenecyclopenta[c]pyran-1(3H)-one and (4b,8b)-8methoxy-3-methoxy-10-methylene-2,9-dioxatricyclo
[4.3.1.03,7]decan-4-ol) 4e10, from 95% ethanolic extract of
roots extract
15 chlorinated valepotriates, designated as chlorovaltrates
AeO, together with 6 known analogues,
(1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1,5-dihydroxyvalechlorine,
volvaltrate B, chlorovaltrate, rupesin B,
(1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5hydroxyvalechlorine, and (1R,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine
However, linarin, linarin-isovalerianate, linarin-2-Omethylbutyrate, 6-methylapigenin/hispidulin,
hesperetin-7-O-b-rutinoside [2S() hesperidin], acacetin-7O þ rutinoside, 7-O-b-sophoroside and acacetin
7-O-(600-O-akaempferol 3-O-b-rutinoside, rutin, kaempferol 3-O-bglucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-bkaempferol, quercetin, acacetin 7-O-bapigenin 7-O-bcaffeic acid are also reported in roots and rhizomes of this
plant
0
-hydroxypinoresinol, (þ)-cyclo-olivil,
0
,9,70-tetrahydroxy-3,30-dimethoxy-
-O-b-D-glucoside, pinoresinol-4,40-di-O-b-D-
L-rhamnopyranosyl)-b-sophoroside,
D-glucopyranoside, daucosterol, and trans-
0
-O-b-D-glucoside, and
D-glucopyranoside,
D-glucopyranoside,
0
-O-b-D-glucoside,
D-
Lin et al. (2010)
Navarrete et al. (2006)
Quan et al. (2020)
Xu et al. (2011a,b)
Li et al. (2013)
Lin et al. (2013).
Glaser et al. (2015),
Marder et al. (2003), Tang
et al. (2003), Jugran et al.
(2019).
14.6 Phytochemistry 265
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hydroxyvalerenic acid, acetoxyvalerenic acid, valerenic acid, and isopatriniosid
were also identified in V. jatamansi (Navarrete et al., 2006; Tan et a l ., 2016).
Among the flavones glycosides, acace tin 7-O-b-sophoroside and acacetin 7-O(600-O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl)-b-sophoroside have been r eport ed along with
linarin, acacetin 7-O-bkaempferol 3-O-b-rutinoside , rutin, kaempferol 3-O-bcetin 3-O-b-
D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol, quercetin, daucosterol, and trans-
caffeic acid (Tang et al., 2003). However, Glaser et al. (2015), Marder et al.
(2003), Tang et al. (2003) and Jugr an et al. (2019) also reported compounds in
roots and r hiz omes of this plant (Table 14.2). Among the phenolic class, gallic
acid, catechin, hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and
p-coumaric acid were reported in the root and aerial part of V. jatamansi (Bhatt
et al., 2012; Jugran et al., 2016).
Essential oil of V. jatamansi composition investigated patchouli alcohol, a-bul-
nesene, aguaiene, guaiol, seychellene, viridiflorol, 8-acetoxypatchouli alcohol,
(E)-b-caryophyllene, a-patchoulene,
sane, bulnesol, and b-gurjunene as major components (Verma et al., 2011).
GC-MS analysis of dried roots shows the presence of major compounds that include
Isovaleric acid, 3-Methylvaleric acid, Valeric acid, a-Pinene, Camphene, b-Pinene,
1,8-Cineol, Camphor, a-Terpineol, Methyl thymol ether, Bornyl acetate, Copaene,
b-Patchoulene, b-Elemene, a-Gurjunene, Caryophyllene, Calarene, a-Guaiene, aCaryophyllene, Seychellene, a-Bulnesene,
florol, Guaiol, Patchoulol, and Valeranone, among which patchoulol, a-bulnesene,
isovaleric acid, a-guaiene, and 3-methylvaleric acid were the major compounds
(Liu et al., 2013). Isovaleric acid, a-santalene, b-gurjunene, ar-curcumene, xanthorrhizol, bornyl isovalerate maaliol, valtrate, didrovaltrate, patchouli alcohol,
3-methylvaleric acid, 8-acetoxypatchouli alcohol, and a-patchoulene, b-patchoulene, g-patchoulene, a-santalene, viridiflorol, a-bulnesene, a-guaiene, bornyl acetate, 7-epi-a-selinene, and b-elemene, carotol, germacrene B, cis-b-farnesene,
a-humulene, humulene epoxide-II, patchoulol, a-bulnesene, patchouli alcohol, seychellene, calarene-b-gurjunene, and a-santalene, bornyl acetate, a-guaiene, a-bulnesene/delta-guaiene, 7-epi- a-selinene, kessane, spathulenol, and viridiflorol were
reported in the V. jatamansi (Sati et al., 2005; Verma et al., 2011; Agnihotri et al.,
2011; Raina and Negi, 2015; Jugran et al., 2016). Further, baldrinal, prinsepiol-4-
O-b-D-glucoside, coniferin, hexacosanic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, b-sitosterol,
behenic acid, nonadecyl alcohol, decursi din, decursitin B, decursitin A, 3
0
toxy-4
(R)-angeloyloxy-30,40-dihydroxanthyletin, dibutyl phthalate, cinnamic acid
bornyl ester derivatives, bornyl caffeate, and villoside aglycone were also reported
from the roots of V. jatamansi (Chen et al., 2005; Jugran et al., 2019). Singh et al.
(2006) have standardized a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method
for the estimation of the marker compound valerenic acid which is a sesquiterpenoid
with a limit of detection for valerenic acid as 80 ng and limit of quantification as
500 ng.
D-glucopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside,
D-glucopyranoside, quer-
D-cadinene, b-elemene, g-patchou lene, kes-
D-Cadinene, Selina-3,7(11)-dien, Viridi-
0
(S)-ace-
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14.7 Conservation approach
14.7.1 In situ conservation
Day by day, V. jatamansi demand is increasing due to tremendous pharmaceutical
importance and wide usage in various herbal formulations. Efforts on in situ and
ex situ conservation have been taken through various approaches. Conventionally,
V. jatamansi is propagated through seeds and roots. The plants obtained through
the in vitro propagation system are not only true to type but also help to meet the
increasing market demands. Moreover, tissue culture protocols are widely being
used, with focused research on developing the propagation system of this medicinal
herb through shoot regeneration using nodal explants. A different combination of 6benzyl amino purine 1.5 mM, a-naphthalene acetic acid 0.5 mM, and gibberellic acid
(GA
) 0.1 mM was used for shoot initiation and proliferation (Purohit et al., 2015;
3
Das et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014). A high-efficiency propagation system has
been developed from leaf and rhizomes explants using different plant growth regulators. The efficiency of callus induction was significantly found best in rhizome
explant and 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D was found suitable for callus induction in
V. jatamansi (Das et al., 2013). Furthermore, various attempts for in situ conserva-
tion for V. jatamansi have been reported in the North-Eastern part of India by Shan-
kar and Rawat (2013). Plantlets obtained through seeds failed to convert into mature
plants, whereas the usage of rhizomes as propagule significantly showed good results (Raina et al., 2011; Shankar and Rawat, 2013).
14.7.2 Ex situ conservation
Ex situ conservation corresponds to conserve the plants using natural conditions and
acclimatizing those plants in their native places using these sites as seed banks
(Hamayun et al., 2006). Several researchers have reported the successful acclimatization of V. jatamansi in their native places. This herb exhibits tremendous flowering
and growth but found poor germination percentage when seeds were used as explants. Mukherjee et al. (2009) revealed the survivability of 60%e90% plants using
rhizome. The production yield of biomass was found significantly higher, but this
can be varied from site to site and altitudinal variations. Further, Nawchoo et al.
(2012) revealed the successful conservation of this endangered herb. Moreover,
Raina et al. (2011) cultivated V. jatamansi in July and August in the Mid Hill area
of Himachal Pradesh and found substantial growth of these plants and reported a significant increase in secondary metabolite (Valepotriate) after 2e3 years of plantation in the ex situ environment.
14.8 Molecular characterization
Comprising the molecular aspects of V. jatamansi, RAPD analysis of 13 populations
showed 368 amplicons by using 45 oligo prime rs which lead to 79.61% polymorphism (Singh et al., 2015). The statistical analysis of the study by PCA and AMOVA
revealed that variation was higher among the populations rather than within the
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population. In another study, authors have found two genotypically different groups
using genetic and phytocomponents analysis and concluded that it does not just
depend on genetic features but also on environmental factors (He et al., 2018).
Recently, Joglekar and Barve (2019) developed a method for accurate identification
of dry root samples. They have developed a protocol to extract genomic DNA from
the fresh and dry roots of Indian Valerian which is a modification of the CTAB
method. Jugran et al. (2013) reported a high level of genetic variability in the populations. 159 bands showed 125 polymorphic ISSR loci which were detected using
20 selected ISSR primers. Further, with a mean of 78.6%, the percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 65.4% (Dwali, 2730 m asl) to 91.2% (Pithoragarh,
1872 m asl). Nei’s genetic diversity index (He) ranged from 0.25 (Surkunda,
2775 m asl) to 0.37 (Pithoragarh, 1872 m asl), with a mean value of 0.31. Singh
et al. (2014) performed a molecular analysis using simple sequence repeats
(SSRs) to evaluate the polymorphism in 12 genotypes of V. jatamansi. In comparison
to their percentage polymorphism, mononucleotide repeats (42.9%) showed the
highest followed by di- (21.4%), tri- and hexa- (14.3%), and tetra- (7.14%)
nucleotides.
14.9 Omics approach
For the understanding of the iridoid biosynthesis pathway in V. jatamansi, transcrip-
tome sequences of leaves and tissues have been generated followed by a de novo
sequence assembly. In total, 183,524,060 transcripts and 61,876 unigenes were obtained in 13.28 Gb reads. Among all the unigenes which were analyzed by public
databases, 56,641 unigenes were annotated, while 5235 unigenes remained unannotated. Furthermore, 5195 unigenes were identified which contain SSR by MISA
analysis. Overall, 24 unigenes were reported which are related to the iridoid biosynthesis. Further six genes of the MVA pathways, nine genes of the MEP pathways,
and nine genes of the iridoid pathway were also reported. The qRT-PCR analysis
revealed their expression of these genes in different tissues. The author suggests
these genes to be a potential target for a biotechnological approach to engineer an
improved pathway for iridoid compounds yield in V. jatamansi (Shuang and Chen-
shu, 2020).
14.10 Formulated products
Industrially important V. jatamansi root part is widely used in the preparation of
various herbal formulations. In the present world, many products are available
and formulated using the root extract containing major metabolites, i.e., valerenic
acid, acetoxyvalerenic acid, and hydroxyl valerenic acid and oil. The industries
include Vadik Herbs, Dr. Axez Gangaram Mohanlal, Pure and Natural that have
commercialized the oil as the product, and Herbal Hills, Nature’s Way, Swisslove,
and Cureveda, respectively, produced and commercialized root powder. Beside
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these, companies such as Vita green, Vayam Ayurveda, and Bliss Wellness commercialized it in the form of the capsule (500 mg) which contains a combination of jatamansi and Ashwagandha.
14.11 Conclusion and future perspectives
In this chapter, the literature survey shows that V. jatamansi is a well-explored plant
herb for medicinal purposes and commercial use. With ongoing advancements in
research and new developing technologies, many formulations, new pharmaceutical
drugs, and products have been developed for human welfare. The major sector for
the commercial use of this plant is an essential oil. Drastically, the decline of the
herb has been reported from the natural habitats, and it is mainly due to the increased
demand in the perfume and other industries. Hence, this herb needs rigorous protection by developing new cultivation techniques and improved varieties to meet market demand. Hydroponics is the new and growing technique with commanding
potential to meet the demand for the production of biomass yield, essential oil,
and bioactive molecule. In addition to this, there is still a need to further explore
this plant for its biologically active compounds and study the underlying pathways
for their bioactive active compound production. Moreover, the breeding programs
are also required for suffice biomass production.
References
Agnihotri, S., Wakode, S., Ali, M., 2011. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and topical
anti-inflammatory activity of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Essential oil. J. Essent. Oil
Bear Plants 14, 417e422.
Ankush, K., Susheel, V., Puneet, S., 2011. Stylar movement in Valeriana wallichii DC.-a
contrivance for reproductive assurance and species survival. Curr. Sci. 100 (8), 143e1144.
Anonymous, 1976. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials, vol. (x). Sp-D CSIR Publication,
New Delhi, India, pp. 424e426.
Bagchi, P., Hooper, W., 2011. In: International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and
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Bhatt, I.D., Dauthal, P., Rawat, S., Gaira, K.S., Jugran, A., Rawal, R.S., Dhar, U., 2012. Char-
acterization of essential oil composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties in
wild and planted individuals of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Sci. Hortic. 136, 61e68.
Borsini, O., 1944. Valerianaceae. In: Descole (Ed.), Genera et Species Plantarum Argentina-
rum, 2, pp. 275e372 tab. 132e160.
Chen, R., Zhang, M., Lu¨, J., Zhang, X., da Silva, J.A.T., Ma, G., 2014. Shoot organogenesis
and somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Sci. Hortic.
165, 392e397.
Chen, Y.G., Yu, L.L., Huang, R., Lv, Y.P., Gui, S.H., 2005. 11-Methoxyviburtinal, a new iri-
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