Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5381_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
References 145
https://t.me/med1917
Moreno-Risueno, M.A., Busch, W., Benfey, P.N., 2010. Omics meet networks e using sys-
tems approaches to infer regulatory networks in plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13,
126e131.
Mukherjee, E., Gantait, S., Kundu, S., Sarkar, S., Bhattacharyya, S., 2019. Biotechnological
interventions on the genus Rauvolfia: recent trends and imminent prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 103, 7325e7354.
Muranaka, T., Saito, K., 2013. Phytochemical genomics on the way. Plant Cell Physiol. 54,
645e646.
Nair, V.D., Raj, R.P.D., Panneerselvam, R., Gopi, R., 2014. Assessment of diversity among
populations of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Ex. Kurtz. from Southern Western Ghats of
India, based on chemical profiling, horticultural traits and RAPD analysis. Fitoterapia
92, 46e60.
Namjoshi, O.A., Cook, J.M., 2016. Sarpagine and related alkaloids. Alkaloids Chem. Biol. 76,
63e169.
Nammi, S., Boini, K.M., Koppula, S., Sreemantula, S., 2005. Reserpine-induced central ef-
fects: pharmacological evidence for the lack of central effects of reserpine methiodide.
Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 83, 509e515.
Nascimento, G.G.F., Lacatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., Silva, G.L., 2000. Antibacterial activity of
plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol.
31, 886e891.
Ncube, N.S., Afolayan, A.J., Okoh, A.I., 2008. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial prod-
ucts of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7, 1797e1806.
Niraimathi, K., Karunanithi, M., Brindha, P., 2012. Phytochemical and in-vitro screening of
aerial parts of Cleome viscosa Linn. extracts (Capparidaceae). Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut.
Sci. 4, 27e30.
O’Connor, S.E., Maresh, J.J., 2006. Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid
biosynthesis. Nat. Prod. Rep. 23, 532e547.
Oboh, G., Adebayo, A.A., Ademosun, A.O., 2019. HPLC phenolic fingerprinting, antioxidant
and anti-phosphodiesterase-5 properties of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract. J. Basic Clin.
Physiol. Pharmacol. 30, 20190059.
Ojha, J., Mishra, U., 1985. Dhanvantari Nighantuh, with Hindi Translation and Commentary,
first ed. Deptt. of Dravyaguna, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, p. 204.
Okereke, S.C., Ijeh, I.I., Arunsi, U.O., 2017. Determination of bioactive constituents of
Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel (Asofeyeje) roots using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11, 25e31.
Okwu, D.E., Okwu, M.E., 2004. Chemical composition of Spondias mombin linn plant parts.
J. Sustain. Agri. Env. 6, 140e147.
Pandey, P., Kaur, R., Singh, S., Chattopadhyay, S.K., Srivastava, S.K., Banerjee, S., 2014.
Long-term stability in biomass and production of terpene indole alkaloids by hairy root
culture of Rauvolfia serpentina and cost approximation to endorse commercial realism.
Biotechnol. Lett. 36, 1523e1528.
Panjikar, S., Stӧckigt, J., O’Connor, S.E., Warzecha, H., 2012. The impact of structural
biology on alkaloid biosynthesis research. Nat. Prod. Rep. 29, 1176e1200.
Pathania, S., Acharya, V., 2016. Computational analysis of “-omics” data to identify transcrip-
tion factors regulating secondary metabolism in Rauvolfia serpentina. Plant Mol. Biol.
Rep. 34, 283e302.
146 CHAPTER 8 Rauwolfia serpentina
https://t.me/med1917
Pathania, S., Bagler, G., Ahuja, P.S., 2016. Differential network analysis reveals evolutionary
complexity in secondary metabolism of Rauvolfia serpentina over Catharanthus roseus.
Front. Plant. Sci. 7, 1229.
Pathania, S., Ramakrishnan, S.M., Randhawa, V., Bagler, G., 2015. SerpentinaDB: a database
of plant-derived molecules of Rauvolfia serpentina. BMC Compl. Altern. Med. 15, 262.
Patti, G.J., Yanes, O., Siuzdak, G., 2012. Innovation: metabolomics: the apogee of the omics
trilogy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 263e269.
Paul, M., Breithardt, G., Haverkamp, W., Eckardt, L., 2003. The ajmaline challenge in Bru-
gada syndrome: diagnostic impact, safety, and recommended protocol. Eur. Heart J. 24,
1104e1112.
Polz, L., Schu¨bel, H., Stoekigt, J., 1986. Characterization of 2b(R)-17-0-acetylajmalan: ace-
tylesterase - a specific enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the Rauwolfia alkaloid
ajmaline. Z. Naturforsch. 42, 333e342.
Prakash, P., Rajakani, R., Gupta, V., 2015. Transcriptome-wide identification of Rauvolfia ser-
pentina micro RNAs and prediction of their potential targets. Comput. Biol. Chem. 61,
62e74.
Pullaiah, J., 2002. Med. Plants India, vol. 2. Regency Publ, New Delhi, pp. 441e443.
Quanbeck, S.M., Brachova, L., Campbell, A.A., Guan, X., Perera, A., He, K., Rhee, S.Y.,
Bais, P., Dickerson, J.A., Dixon, P., Wohlgemuth, G., Fiehn, O., Barkan, L., Lange, I.,
Lange, B.M., Lee, I., Cortes, D., Salazar, C., Shuman, J., Shulaev, V., Huhman, D.V.,
Sumner, L.W., Roth, M.R., Welti, R., Ilarslan, H., Wurtele, E.S., Nikolau, B.J., 2012.
Metabolomics as a hypothesis-generating functional genomics tool for the annotation
of Arabidopsis thaliana genes of “Unknown Function”. Front. Plant Sci. 3, 15.
Rai, A., Kamochi, H., Suzuki, H., Nakamura, M., Takahashi, H., Hatada, T., Saito, K.,
Yamazaki, M., 2017. De novo transcriptome assembly and characterization of nine tissues
of Lonicera japonica to identify potential candidate genes involved in chlorogenic acid,
luteolosides, and secoiridoid biosynthesis pathways. J. Nat. Med. 71, 1e15.
Rai, A., Umashankar, S., Rai, M., Kiat, L.B., Bing, J.A., Swarup, S., 2016. Coordinate regu-
lation of metabolite glycosylation and stress hormone biosynthesis by TT8 in Arabidopsis.
Plant Physiol. 171, 2499e2515.
Rana, S.K., Sehrawat, A.R., Chowdhury, V.R., 2015. Assessment of clonal fidelity in micro-
propagated plantlets of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ex. Kurz. Med. Plant 7, 258e263.
Ray, S., Majumdar, A., Bandyopadhyay, M., Jha, S., 2014. Genetic transformation of sarpa-
gandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes for identification of high
alkaloid yielding lines. Acta Physiol. Plant 36, 1599e1605.
Rhee, K., 2013. Minding the gaps: metabolomics mends functional genomics. EMBO Rep.
14, 949e950.
Rohela, G.K., Bylla, P., Kota, S., Abbagani, S., Chithakari, R., Reuben, T.C., 2013. In vitro
plantlet regeneration from leaf and stem calluses of Rauwolfia tetraphylla
(R. canescens) and confirmation of genetic fidelity of plantlets using the ISSR-PCR
method. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 19, 66e75.
Rohela, G.K., Jogam, P., Bylla, P., Reuben, C., 2019. Indirect regeneration and assessment of
genetic fidelity of acclimated plantlets by SCOT, ISSR, and RAPD markers in Rauwolfia
tetraphylla L.: an endangered medicinal plant. BioMed. Res. Int. 2019, 3698742.
Rukachaisirikul, T., Chokchaisiri, S., Suebsakwong, P., Suksamrarn, A., Tocharus, C., 2017.
A new ajmaline-type alkaloid from the roots of Rauvolfia serpentina. Nat. Prod. Commun.
12, 495e
498.
References 147
https://t.me/med1917
Ruppert, M., Ma, X., Stӧckigt, J., 2005b. Alkaloid biosynthesis in Rauvolfia e cDNA cloning
of major enzymes of the ajmaline pathway. Curr. Org. Chem. 9, 1431e1444.
Ruppert, M., Panjikar, S., Barleben, L., Stӧckigt, J., 2006. Heterologous expression, purifica-
tion, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of raucaffricine glucosidase, a plant
enzyme specifically involved in Rauvolfia alkaloid biosynthesis. Acta Cryst. F62,
257e260.
Ruppert, M., Woll, J., Giritch, A., Genady, E., Ma, X., Stӧckigt, J., 2005a. Functional expres-
sion of an ajmaline pathway-specific esterase from Rauvolfia in a novel plant-virus
expression system. Planta 222, 888e898.
Ruyter, C.M., Schu¨bel, H., Sto¨ckigt, J., 1988. Novel glucoalkaloids from Rauwolfia cell cul-
tures - acetylrauglucine and related glucosides. Z. Naturforsch. C. J. Biosci. 43, 479e484.
Sagi, S., Avula, B., Wang, Y.H., Khan, I.A., 2016. Quantification and characterization of al-
kaloids from roots of Rauwolfia serpentina using ultra-high performance liquid
chromatography-photo diode array-mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408,
177e190.
Saito, K., 2013. Phytochemical genomics e a new trend. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 16, 373e380.
Salim, V., Wiens, B., Masada-Atsumi, S., Yu, F., De Luca, V., 2014. 7-Deoxyloganetic acid
synthase catalyzes a key 3 step oxidation to form 7-deoxyloganetic acid in Catharanthus
roseus iridoid biosynthesis. PhytoChem 101, 23e31.
Salim, V., Yu, F., Altarejos, J., De Luca, V., 2013. Virus-induced gene silencing identifies
Catharanthus roseus 7-deoxyloganic acid-7-hydroxylase, a step in iridoid and monoter-
pene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Plant J. 76, 754e765.
Santos, P., Herrmann, A.P., Benvenutti, R., Noetzold, G., Giongo, F., Gama, C.S., 2017. Anxi-
olytic properties of N-acetylcysteine in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 317, 461e469.
Saravanan, S., Sarvesan, R., Vinod, M.S., 2011. Identification of DNA elements involved in
somaclonal variants of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) arising from indirect organogenesis as
evaluated by ISSR analysis. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 4, 1241e1245.
Schmidt, D., Sto¨ckigt, J., 1995. Enzymatic formation of the sarpagan-bridge: a key step in the
biosynthesis of sarpagine- and ajmaline-type alkaloids. Planta Med. 61, 254e258.
Schwab, R., Palatnik, J.F., Riester, M., Schommer, C., Schmid, M., Weigel, D., 2005. Specific
effects of microRNAs on the plant transcriptome. Dev. Cell 8, 517e527.
Senapati, S.K., Lahere, N., Tiwary, B.N., 2014. Improved in vitro clonal propagation of
Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth e an endangered medicinal plant. Plant Biosyst. 148,
885e888.
Sheludko, Y., Gerasimenko, I., Kolshorn, H., Sto¨ckigt, J., 2002. New alkaloids of the sarpa-
gine group from Rauvolfia serpentina hairy root culture. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 1006e1010.
Siddiqui, S., Ahmad, S.S., Haider, S.I., 1987a. A new alkaloid ajmalimine from the roots of
Rauwolfia serpentina. Planta Med. 53, 288e289.
Siddiqui, S., Ahmad, S.S., Haider, S.I., Siddiqui, B.S., 1985a. Isolation and structure of a new
alkaloid from the roots of Rauwolfia Serpentina Benth. Heterocycles 3, 617e622.
Siddiqui, S., Ahmad, S.S., Haider, S.I., Siddiqui, B.S., 1987b. Ajmalicidine an alkaloid from
Rauwolfia serpentina. Phytochemistry 26, 875e877.
Siddiqui, S., Haider, S.I., Ahmad, S.S., 1987c. A new alkaloid from the roots of Rauwolfia
serpentina. J. Nat. Prod. 50, 238e240.
Siddiqui, S., Haider, S.I., Ahmad, S.S., Siddiqui, B.S., 1985b. Isolation and structure of a new
alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Tetrahedron 41, 4577e4580.
Silja, V.P., Varma, K.S., Mohanan, K.V., 2008. Ethnomedical plant knowledge of the Mullu
kuruma tribe of Wayanad district of Kerala. Ind. J. Trad. Knowl. 7, 604e612.
148 CHAPTER 8 Rauwolfia serpentina
https://t.me/med1917
Singh, P.K., Kumar, V., Tiwari, R.K., Sharma, A., Rao, C.V., Singh, R.H., 2010. Medico-
ethnobotany of ‘chatara’ block of district Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Adv. Biol.
Res. 4, 65e80.
Srivastava, A., Tripathi, A.K., Pandey, R., Verma, R.K., Gupta, M.M., 2006. Quantitative
determination of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina by
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 44,
557e560.
Srivastava, M., Sharma, S., Misra, P., 2016. Elicitation based enhancement of secondary me-
tabolites in Rauwolfia serpentina and Solanum khasianum hairy root cultures. Phcog.
Mag. 12, S315eS320.
Steuer, R., 2007. Computational approaches to the topology, stability and dynamics of meta-
bolic networks. Phytochemistry 68, 2139e2151.
Sto¨ckigt, J., Pfitzner, A., Keller, P.J., 1983. Enzymatic formation of ajmaline. Tetrahedron
Lett. 24, 2485e2486.
Stockigt, J., Zenk, M.H., 1977. Strictosidine (Isovincoside): the key intermediate in the
biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.
912e914.
Stӧckigt, J., Zenk, M.H., 1995. Biosynthesis in Rauvolfia serpentina - modern aspects of an
old medicinal plant. In: Cordell, G.A. (Ed.), The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Pharmacology.
Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 115e172.
Sudha, C.G., Reddy, B.O., Ravishankar, G.A., Seeni, S., 2003. Production of ajmalicine and
ajmaline in hairy root cultures of Rauvolfia micrantha Hook f., a rare and endemic medicinal plant. Biotechnol. Lett. 25, 631e636.
Sun, L., Chen, Y., Rajendran, C., Mueller, U., Panjikar, S., Wang, M., Mindnich, R.,
Rosenthal, C., Penning, T.M., Sto¨ckigt, J., 2012. Crystal structure of perakine reductase,
founding member of a novel aldo-keto reductase (AKR) subfamily that undergoes unique
conformational changes during NADPH binding. J. Biol. Chem. 30 (287), 11213e11221.
Sun, L., Ruppert, M., Sheludko, Y., Warzecha, H., Zhao, Y., Sto¨ckigt, J., 2008. Purification,
cloning, functional expression and characterization of perakine reductase: the first
example from the AKR enzyme family, extending the alkaloidal network of the plant
Rauvolfia. Plant Mol. Biol. 67, 455e467.
Sweetlove, L.J., Fell, D., Fernie, A.R., 2008. Getting to grips with the plant metabolic
network. Biochem. J. 409, 27e41.
Thakar, V.J., 2010. Historical development of basic concepts of Ayurveda from Veda up to
Samhita. Ayu 31, 400e402.
Tomar, N., De, R.K., 2013. Comparing methods for metabolic network analysis and an appli-
cation to metabolic engineering. Gene 521, 1e14.
Treimer, J.F., Zenk, M.H., 1979. Purification and properties of strictosidine synthase, the key
enzyme in indole alkaloid formation. Eur. J. Biochem. 101, 225e233.
Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., Robbers, J.E., 1988. Pharmacognosy, ninth ed. Lea & Febiger, Phil-
adelphia, PA, pp. 222e225.
Ulrich-Merzenich, G., Zeitler, H., Jobst, D., Panek, D., Vetter, H., Wagner, H., 2007. Appli-
cation of the ‘omic’ technologies in phytomedicine. Phytomedicine 14, 70e82.
Unamba, C.I., Nag, A., Sharma, R.K., 2015. Next generation sequencing technologies: the
doorway to the unexplored genomics of non-model plants. Front. Plant Sci. 6, 1074.
Vakil, R.J., 1949. A clinical trial of Rauwolfia serpentina in essential hypertension. Br. Heart
J. 10, 350e355.
References 149
https://t.me/med1917
Vakil, R.J., 1955. Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of high blood pressure: a review of the
literature. Circulation 12, 220e229.
Varchi, G., Battaglia, A., Samori, C., Baldelli, E., Danieli, B., Fontana, G., Guerrini, A.,
Bombardelli, E., 2005. Synthesis of deserpidine from reserpine. J. Nat. Prod. 68,
1629e1631.
von Schumann, G., Gao, S., Stӧckigt, J., 2002. Vomilenine reductase - a novel enzyme cata-
lyzing a crucial step in the biosynthesis of the therapeutically applied antiarrhythmic alka-
loid ajmaline. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 1913e1918.
Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M., 2009. RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics.
Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 57e63.
Warzecha, H., Obitz, P., Stӧckigt, J., 1999. Purification, partial amino acid sequence and struc-
ture of the product of raucaffricine-O-b-D-glucosidase from plant cell cultures of
Rauwolfia serpentina. Phytochemistry 50, 1099e1109.
Weiss, R.F., Fintelmann, V., 2000. Herbal. Med., second ed., vols. 229e230, pp. 387e416
Thieme, Stuttgart.
Weng, J.K., 2014. The evolutionary paths towards complexity: a metabolic perspective. New.
Phytol. 201, 1141e1149.
Wiens, B., Luca, V.D., 2016. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a benzenoid/phe-
nylpropanoid meta/para-O-methyltransferase from Rauwolfia serpentina roots. Phyto-
chemistry 132, 5e15.
Williams, K., Kubelik, A.R., Rafalski, J.A., Tingey, S.V., 1990. DNA polymorphisms ampli-
fied by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18,
1631e1635.
Wink, M., Roberts, M.W., 1998. Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal
Applications. Plenum Press, New York, ISBN 0-306-45465-3.
Woodson, R.E., Youngken, H.W., Schlittler, E., Schneider, J.A., 1957. Rauvolfia, Pharmacog-
nosy, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, first ed. Little, Brown and Company, Toronto,
Canada.
Wurtzel, E.T., Kutchan, T.M., 2016. Plant metabolism, the diverse chemistry set of the future.
Science 353, 1232e1236.
Xiao, M., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Lee, E.J., Barber, C.J., Chakrabarty, R., Desgagne´-Penix, I.,
Haslam, T.M., Kim, Y.B., Liu, E., MacNevin, G., Masada-Atsumi, S., Reed, D.W.,
Stout, J.M., Zerbe, P., Zhang, Y., Bohlmann, J., Covello, P.S., De Luca, V., Page, J.E.,
Ro, D.K., Martin, V.J., Facchini, P.J., Sensen, C.W., 2013. Transcriptome analysis based
on next-generation sequencing of non-model plants producing specialized metabolites of
biotechnological interest. J. Biotechnol. 166, 122e134.
Yang, C.Q., Fang, X., Wu, X.M., Mao, Y.B., Wang, L.J., Chen, X.Y., 2012. Transcriptional
regulation of plant secondary metabolism. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 54, 703e712.
Yang, L., Hill, M., Wang, M., Panjikar, S., Sto¨ckigt, J., 2009. Structural basis and enzymatic
mechanism of the biosynthesis of C9- from C10-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48, 5211e5213.
Zietkiewics, E., Rafalski, A., Labuda, D., 1994. Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence
repeat (SSR) - anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20,
176e183.
Rhodiola imbricata
https://t.me/med1917
CHAPTER
9
1
University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh,
2
India;
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information
Archit Pundir1, Anaida Kad1, Hemant Sood
Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
9.1 Introduction
Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. is an herbaceous, dioecious perennial plant, belonging to
Crassulaceae family that consists of over 1400 species. These species are distributed
in 33 genera including Rhodiola that is distributed worldwide especially in the regions of Northern Hemisphere and South Africa (Gupta et al., 2007). The word Rho-
diola is made up of two words, “rhodon” and “iola” where the initial is a Greek work
meaning rose owing to rose-scented roots of the plant, and the latter is a Latin word
meaning diminutive. The Rhodiola genera consists of about 130 species (Lei et al.,
2003), of which many have been abundantly used traditionally for curing chronic
illness and weakness in the regions of Tibet and Western Himalayas belt for over
1000 (Rohloff, 2002). According to GBIF, the alpine habitats of India support the
growth of 22 Rhodiola species, the most abundant of these being Rhodiola tibetica,
Rhodiola heterodonta, Rhodiola imbricata, Rhodiola quadrifida, Rhodiola sinuata,
and Rhodiola wallichiana (Chaurasia and Gurmet, 2006).
There are a number of names used for referring R. imbricata in common language such as Rose root (due to the rose-like fragrance of the fresh-cut rootstock),
Golden root, Arctic root, Shrolo (as commonly called by the locals of Ladakh region), Solo (by localites of RohtangeManali region). It is also called stone crop
or Himalayan stone crop in India because of its growth along the stony crevices
and rocky slopes of high-altitude terrain of Himalayas (Ballabh and Chaurasia,
2007).
2
9.1.1 Classification and morphology
The botanical classification of R. imbricata has been illustrated in Table 9.1.The
morphology of Rhodiola plants generally comprises an erect, succulent herb which
reaches up to the height of 10e35 cm, with a thick subcylindrical rhizome, golden
outside and pink inside which is sparsely branched and 2e2.5 cm long. Whereas the
densely arranged leaves are generally 1.3e3 cm long, oblanceolate to narrowly
elliptic, and nearly entire, sessile, glabrous with acute tip and round base, the plant
Himalayan Medicinal Plants. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823151-7.00014-3
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
151
152 CHAPTER 9 Rhodiola imbricata
https://t.me/med1917
Table 9.1 Botanical classification of Rhodiola imbricata is as
follows.
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Rosales
Family Crassulaceae
Genus Rhodiola
Species imbricata Edgew
has a massive rose-scented rootstock. The flowers exist in the form of congested
clusters of pale yellow color, surrounded by an involucre of leaves. The petals are
angular-oblanceolate, with stamens distinctly longer than the petals, filaments of
5e8 mm, anthers of distinct dark purplish red color, carpels of 3e5mm with
9e10 ovules. There are 4e5 fruits per plant having a number of seeds, but the season
of flowering and fruiting is limited to summer season of the area, thus, limiting the
availability of this pharmaceutical important plant to the months of July to
September (Singh et al., 1996; Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2007).
9.1.2 Taxonomy
In third-world countries or under developed countries, around 80% of inhabitants
depend mostly on traditional medicine for the needs related to healthcare. A major
portion of healthcare sector comprises the utilization of plant extracts or the bioactive compounds formed by the plants for general treatments. Quality control profile
and standardization for accurate recognition of the concerned species, whether it is
in fresh, dried, or powdered state, is one of the basic requirements of herbal medicines (Tayade, 2015). In preparation and administration of herbal medicine, real
threat is the flawed changeover and species misclassification (Tayade, 2015).
Most of the herbs which are mistaken for one another are the herbs having extremely
comparable appearance to the inexperienced eye. The flawed classification of species and the mistaken substitution of herbs have also given rise to serious adverse
effects (Tayade, 2015). Therefore, the taxonomic and botanical classification and
recognition for the accurate species from its natural habitat of R. imbricata
mentioned earlier is very important.
The current taxonomic status of the genus Rhodiola is quite complex due to the
generally similar morphology (Brown et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2013). According to
GBIF (2020), the genus Rhodiola comprises 175 accepted species, while the Plant
List includes 192 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus Rhodiola.
Of these, 98 are accepted species names, whereas the status of 12 is still doubtful.
9.3 Biochemical composition 153
https://t.me/med1917
9.1.3 Indigenous uses
In Tibet, Mongolia, and the upper Himalayan regions, Rhodiola species have been
used as traditional medicines for over 1000 years for the treatment of undying
weakness and illness due to infections (Rohloff, 2002). R. imbricata is not only
an important traditional medicinal plant but also widely used as food crop and is
distributed in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert regions. This edible plant is generally
consumed in the form of a local Ladakhi delicacy called “Tantur,” which is prepared
by boiling the young shoots of the plant and mixing it with yoghurt.
Roots of R. imbricata are used for treatment of cold, cough, lung problems, fever,
pulmonary complaints, and loss of energy in Tibetan and Amchi system of traditional medicine (Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2007). The plant has also proven its worth
owing to the medicinal properties exploited in order to increase work productivity,
physical endurance, longevity, and to treat asthma, fatigue, impotence, hemorrhage,
and gastrointestinal ailments.
The plant has been extensively used for traditional medicines by the people of
Leh and Ladakh. It also finds its mention in Tibetan and Chinese medicines, but
due to easy availability of Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola crenulata, the potential
of R. imbricata is yet to be explored by the large pharmaceutical companies.
9.2 Geographical distribution
R. imbricata Edgew was initially believed to have its origin in the Himalayas and the
mountainous regions of South West China. But the present scenario witnesses its distribution in mountainous as well as coastal habitats (Brown et al., 2002). The plant is
native to the whole of the Northern hemisphere (Singh et al., 1996). In India,
R. imbricata grows in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert, high Arctic latitudes, and
mountain regions of Eurasia, primarily on the rocky slopes, wet places, and higher
passes at high altitudes (12,000e18,380 ft above mean sea level) (Khanum et al.,
2005). It is commonly found in Indus and Leh valley of Indian Trans-Himalayas
(Singh et al., 1996; Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2007). The traces of vegetation of
R. imbricata are also reported in Chang La, Pensi La, and Kumaon.
As per the data of Indian portal of Biodiversity, this plant has been spotted at
three places namely, Rohtang Pass, Himachal Pradesh; Khardung La Pass, Jammu
Kashmir; and Birje Ganj pass, Uttrakhand.
9.3 Biochemical composition
Analysis of different Rhodiola species revealed six groups of active principles in
their chemical compositions (Khanum et al., 2005). These chemicals, generally secondary metabolites, form the essence of medical potential/importance of this plant
(Table 9.2).
154 CHAPTER 9 Rhodiola imbricata
https://t.me/med1917
Table 9.2 Chemical composition.
1 Phenylpropanoids The name Rosavin includes these three: Rosin, Rosavin,
2 Triterpenes b-sitosterol, Daucosterol
3 Phenol acids Hydroxycinnamic, Chlorogenic, and Gallic acids
4 Flavonoids Acetylrhodalgin, Rhodionin, Rhodiosin, Rhodiolin, and
5 Phenylethanol
derivatives
6 Monoterpenes Rosiridol
Rosarin
Tricin
Tyrosol, Rhodioloside which includes Salidroside and
Rhodosin
• The presence of Triandrine, p-coumaric alcohol, and its glucosides (Vimalin),
p-cumaric acid, caffeic acid, b-sitosterol, Daucosterol, and Salidroside (in trace
amounts) has also been detected in callus tissues cultures(Tayade, 2015).
• Hydrodistillation air-dried root of Rhodiola gives 0.05%e1% of essential oil.
Initially in the 1970s, the compound responsible for unique pharmacological
properties of Rhodiola genus was believed to be Salidroside. According to the
Russian Pharmacopeia (1989), the raw material of R. rosea should contain 0.8% salidroside (Furmanowa et al., 1998). However, further studies revealed that not only
salidroside but also rosin derivatives are important bioactive compounds ( Wagner
et al., 1994).
The information regarding the fatty acid profile (Table 9.3), amino acid composition (Table 9.4), and mineral content (Table 9.5)ofR. imbricata root can play a
major role for the pharmacological properties, bioactivity, and provide new perception in the physiological adaptation aspects of the plant in stressful and difficult
terrain of the Trans-Himalaya region (Tayade et al., 2017).
9.4 Pharmacological properties
The analysis of extensive work done on R. imbricata in the recent years has shown
that in many in vitro and in vivo studies on cells and animals, the secondary metabolites of the plant influence a number of physiological functions and have shown
strong biological activity. These include the regulation of neurotransmitter levels,
central nervous system activity, and cardiovascular function. It is used to stimulate
the nervous system, improve work performance, eliminate fatigue, reduce depression, and prevent diseases at high altitude including altitude sickness. Most of these
effects have been attributed to components such as salidrosides (rhodiolosidos),
rosavinas, colofonia, and p-tyrosol. Numerous pharmacological studies on
R. imbricata have shown that this plant has adaptogenic and protective properties
against stress (Darbinyan et al., 2000; Spasov et al., 2000; De Bock et al., 2004;
9.4 Pharmacological properties 155
https://t.me/med1917
Table 9.3 Fatty acid content in root extract of Rhodiola imbricata (Tayade
et al., 2017).
S. no. Type of fatty acid IUPAC name
1. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) 52.07 1.28
Capric acid (C10:0) Decanoic acid 16.2 0.41
Behenic acid (C22:0) Docosanoic acid 4.6 0.12
Palmitic acid (C16:0) Hexadecanoic acid (9Z) 7.6 0.19
Caproic acid (C6:0) Hexanoic acid 8.8 0.22
Lignoceric acid (C24:0) Tetracosanoic acid 5.0 0.13
2. Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) 47.22 1.2
Monounsaturated fatty acid
(MUFA)
Oleic acid (C18:1 n9c) (9Z)-Octadec-9-enoic acid 10.0 0.25
Poly unsaturated fatty acid
(PUFA)
Arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-
cis-13,16-Docosadienoic
acid (C22:2)
Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) cis, cis-9,12-
Linolelaidic acid (C18:2 n6t) (9E,12E)-Octadeca-9,12-
Eicosatetraenoic acid
cis-13,16-Docosadienoic
acid
Octadecadienoic acid
dienoic acid
Content in root
(mg/g)
12.38 0.31
35.54 0.89
6.8 0.17
4.9 0.12
12.2 0.31
5.0 0.14
Olsson et al., 2009) and acts as antioxidant (Mao et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009;
Schriner et al., 2009; Calcabrini et al., 2010), antitumor (Wo´jcik et al., 2008; Hu
et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2012), antidepressant (van Diermen et al., 2009), protective
activities for neurological wounds (Zhang et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2008), cardioprotective, antiinflammatory, and healing dermal wounds. It has also shown to have
antiaging, immunostimulatory, radioprotective, and anticancer properties (Gupta
et al., 2008). Some people have used Rhodiola sp. to treat diabetes, tuberculosis, ag-
ing, and liver damage. It also improves hearing, strengthens the central nervous system, and strengthens immunity. All these reports validate their use in the traditional
medicine system. In addition, in the traditional medicine system, Amchi and Tibetan, the roots of R. imbricata are used against lung problems, colds, cough, and
fever, loss of energy, and lung discomfort (Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2007).
Therefore, Rhodiola prepa rations can be applied therapeutically to humans to
prevent or treat disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, fatigue, hypoxia, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, cancer, and many others.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана