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Table 16.4 Pharmacological properties of Zanthoxylum armatum.dcont’d

https://t.me/med1917

Plant parts

Seeds Essential oil In vitro Aspergillus ﬂavus,

Leaf Methanolic In vitro Miconazole Alternaria

Leaf Essential oil In vitro Chloramphenicol Aspergillus niger *28 mm Agar dilution method Mehmood et al.

Dry fruit Essential oil In vitro Miconazole Cladosporium sp. Highest inhibition Agar dilution method Prajapati et al.

Fruits Crude

Bark Methanol In vitro Fluconazole Aspergillus niger *12 mm Agar tube dilution

Leaf Chloroform In vitro - Aspergillus

Antioxidant activity

DPPH free radical scavenging activity

Fruits Ethanolic In vitro Ascorbic acid Male Wistar rats #4.56  1.3 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Batool et al.

Leaves Essential oil In vitro Ascorbic acid - #27.0 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Negi et al. (2012) Seeds Essential oil In vitro BHT and BHA - #5.6 ml/ml DPPH free radical assay Prakash et al.

Leaves Methanolic

Stem bark Petroleum ether

Extracts used

ethanolic, nhexane, chloroform, and aqueous methanol

fraction

and ethyl acetate

In vitro/ In vivo Standard used Samples

Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus fumigates, Fusarium nivale, Penicillum italicum, and Trichoderma viride

alternata Curvularia lunata

In vitro Miconazole Trichophyton

longifusus Microsporum canis

fumigatus

In vitro BHT and BHA - #0.044 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Guleria et al.

In vitro Ascorbic acid - #85.16 mg/ml

**100% Agar dilution method Prakash et al.

**47.4%

**51.2%

**Ethanolic¼86% **n-hexnae¼90 % **Chloroform¼85% **Aqueous-methanol ¼70 % **Aqueous-methanol ¼87 %

*12 mm Disk diffusion method Dabral et al.

#99.25 mg/ml

Value of Detection Method References

(2012)

Agar dilution method Guleria et al.

Agar tube dilution method

method

DPPH free radical assay Mukhija and

(2013)

(2015) Alam and Saqib

(2017)

Siddhanadham et al. (2017a)

(2019)

(2010)

(2012)

(2013)

Kalia (2014)

Stem bark Ethanolic In vitro Ascorbic acid Male Wistar rats þþ50% DPPH free radical assay Sati et al. (2011)

https://t.me/med1917

Leaf Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - #2.6 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Kanwal et al.

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - #3.63 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Karmakar et al.

Stem bark Ethyl acetate In vitro Ascorbic acid - #99.25  2.53 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Mukhija et al.

Seed coat Essential oil In vitro Ascorbic acid Indian foods þþ98.5% DPPH free radical assay Joshi et al. (2016) Seeds Essential oil In vitro BHT and Catechin - #10.72 ml/ml DPPH free radical assay Dhami et al.

Fruit Methanol In vitro Quercetin/Vitamin C - #70.40.5

Stem bark Essential oil In vitro BHT and Catechin - #12.580.04 ml DPPH free radical assay Dhami et al.

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - #57.83 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Khan et al. (2020) Fruits

(cultivated and wild)

Leaves Methanol In vitro BHT and Catechin - #50.87 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Singh et al.

Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - # 40.62 mg/ml and 45.62 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Phuyal et al.

mg/ml

DPPH free radical assay Alam et al. (2019)

(2015)

(2018)

(2019)

(2020b)

(2020)

H2O2scavenging activity

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - #79.13 mg/ml Hydrogen peroxide

scavenging assay method

Khan et al. (2020)

Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

Fruit Methanol In vitro Baicalein - # 70.32.1 mg/ml 5-LOX assay Alam et al. (2019)

Metal Chelating activity

Leaves Ethyl acetate

fraction

Leaf Essential oil In vitro --þþ70.47% Spectrophotometric

Seeds Essential oil In vitro EDTA - #18.25 ml/ml Spectrophotometric

Stem bark Essential oil In vitro EDTA - #18.780.09 ml and #19.670.61 ml Spectrophotometric

Leaves Methanol In vitro EDTA - #19.42 mg/ml Spectrophotometric

In vitro Quercetin - þþ60.1% Spectrophotometric

method

Guleria et al. (2013)

Mehmood et al. (2013)

Dhami et al. (2018)

Dhami et al. (2019)

Singh et al. (2020)

Continued

Table 16.4 Pharmacological properties of Zanthoxylum armatum.dcont’d

https://t.me/med1917

Plant parts

Nitric oxide scavenging activity

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - @105 1.64 mg/ml Nitric oxide radical

Stem bark Petroleum ether

Stem bark Ethyl acetate In vitro Ascorbic acid - #94.81  2.56 mg/ml Nitric oxide radical

Reducing power assay

Leaves Methanolic

Leaf Essential oil In vitro - - @0.094 mM And 0.684 mM Potassium ferricyanide

Stem bark Petroleum ether

Leaf Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid

Stem bark Ethyl acetate In vitro Ascorbic acid - @Ethyl acetate¼1.287  0.009 mg/ml Potassium ferricyanide

Seeds Essential oil In vitro Ascorbic acid - -RP

Fruit Methanol In vitro Quercetin/Vitamin C - #14.40.6 mg/ml DPPH free radical assay Alam et al. (2019) Stem bark Essential oil In vitro Ascorbic acid - -RP

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - -RP

OH Scavenging Activity

Fruits Ethanolic In vitro - Male Wistar rats þþ47% Benzoic acid

Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - @28.10  0.75 mg/ml Hydroxyl radical Karmakar et al.

Leaves Ethanol In vivo Ascorbic acid Albio mice @8.46 mg/ml Hydroxyl radical Rynjah et al.

Extracts used

and ethyl acetate

fraction

and ethyl acetate

In vitro/ In vivo Standard used Samples

In vitro Ascorbic acid - # 72.39 mg/ml

In vitro BHT and BHA - #0.3 mg/ml Potassium ferricyanide

In vitro Ascorbic acid - @Petroleum ether¼1.537 mg/ml

- @1.411 nm Potassium ferricyanide

(2.86nm)

#94.81 mg/ml

@Ethyl acetate¼1.287 mg/ml

¼18.45 ml/ml Potassium ferricyanide

¼ 17.910.07 ml) and -RP50¼

18.590.28 ml ¼ 28.93 mg/ml - Singh et al.

Value of Detection Method References

scavenging method Nitric oxide radical

scavenging method

eferric chloride method

Potassium ferricyanide

eferric chloride method

Potassium ferricyanide eferric chloride method

hydroxilation method

Karmakar et al. (2015)

Mukhija and Kalia (2014)

Mukhija et al. (2015)

Guleria et al. (2013)

Mehmood et al. (2013)

Mukhija and Kalia (2014)

Kanwal et al. (2015)

Mukhija et al. (2015)

Dhami et al. (2018)

Dhami et al. (2019)

(2020)

Batool et al. (2010)

(2015)

(2017)

Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity

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Leaves Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - #19.80  0.96 mg/ml Superoxide Karmakar et al.

(2015)

Phosphomolybdate Assay

Fruit Methanol In vitro Ascorbic acid - @0.183 nm Phosphomolybdenum

method

Kanwal et al. (2015)

Anthelmintic activity

Seeds Methanol In vitro Piperazine citrate Pheretima

posthuma

(Pheritimidae)

Seeds Aqueous In vitro Levamisole Haemonchus

contortus worms

-þ5.18  0.40 (paralysis)

-þ15.5  0.40 (deaths)

-þ100 mg/ml (100%) - Singh et al.

- Mehta et al.

(2012)

(2016)

Antidiabetic Activity

Bark Hydro

Leaves Ethanol In vivo Acarbose Albio mice ^ 79.82 % a-glucosidase inhibition

Leaves and bark

Leaves Methanol In vitro Acarbose - $88.080.055% a-amylase inhibition

methanolic

Methanol In vitro/

In vivo Glibenclamide Rats @264.0  12.88 to 256.09.274 gm

@282.0 15.94 to 286.013.64 gm

Gibenclamide Albino mice ^96.61% and 93.58% Antidiabetic assay Alam et al. (2018)

In vivo

Antidiabetic assay Karki et al. (2014)

assay

Rynjah et al. (2017)

Khan et al. (2020)

Antiinﬂammatory activity

Stem bark Ethanolic In vivo Ibropfen (39.68%) Wistar rats £19.12% Direct contact method Sati et al. (2011) Stem bark Aqueous In vivo Diclofenac Sodium Wistar rats £44.43% Direct contact method Mukhija et al.

Seeds Essential oil In vitro Diclofenac Sodium

Stem bark Essential oil In vitro Diclofenac

Leaves Methanol,

chloroform

In vitro Diclofenac Sodium

(IB

¼13.42 ml)

Sodium(IB

(IB

¼19.63 mg)

¼13.420.13)

Albumin ©31.96 ml

Albumin ©16.400.48 ml Indirect method Dhami et al.

Albumin ©28.53 mg Indirect method Singh et al.

Indirect method Dhami et al.

(2012)

(2018)

(2019)

(2020)

Analgesic activity/Antinociceptive activity

Leaves Essential oil In vivo Ibuprofen Albio mice 58.41% 400 mg/kg Writhing method Ibrar et al. (2012)

54.02%400 mg/kg Formalin-induced

Bark Methanolic In vivo Diclofenac Sodium Albino mice 47.8% Tail immersion method Siddhanadham Bark Methanolic In vivo Diclofenac sodium Albino mice 39.2% Acetic acid induced

ﬂinching

et al. (2017b)

writhing method

Continued

Table 16.4 Pharmacological properties of Zanthoxylum armatum.dcont’d

https://t.me/med1917

Plant parts

Bark Methanolic In vivo Diclofenac Sodium Albino mice 65.2% Formalin method

Seeds Ethanolic In vivo Diclofenac Sodium Wistar rats m8.330.42 min 200 and 400 mg/kg Tail clip method Pathakala et al.

Fruits Hydroethanolic In vivo Diclofenac Sodium Wistar rats m7.010.12 Hot plate method Kour et al. (2019)

Antispasmodic activity

Stem bark Ethanolic In vivo Loperamide (100%) Mice 60% - Gilani et al.

Fruits and leaves

Leaves, bark, and fruits

Fruit and leaves

Cardiovascular disorders

Fruit and leaves

Fruit Hydroethanolic In vitro Verapamil Rat Group-III¼ TC, FFA, and TG (increased) Standard methods Mangalanathan

Fruit Ethanol In vitro Phenylephrine Rabbit’s aortic

Fruit Hydroethanolic Verapamil Rat Group III¼AST, ALT, LDH, CK-MB, and

Cytotoxic activity

Fruits Crude Ethanolic In vitro Paracetamol Brine shrimp Ò20.00 Brine-Shrimp Microwell

Leaves, bark, and fruits

Leaves Methanol In vitro - EAC tumor

Stem bark Ethyl acetate In vitro - Lung cancer and

Leaves Ethanol In vitro DMSO Human cervical

Extracts used

Ethanolic and nhexnae

Essential oil In vitro Ciproﬂoxacin Rabbit’s jejunum 100% - Ullah et al.

Ethanol In vitro Verapamil Rabbit’s jejunum @0.7 mg/ml and 3mg/ml

Ethanol In vitro Verapamil Guinea pig 2.1 and 3.4 mg/ml Caþþchannel blocking

Essential oil In vitro Paracetamol Brine shrimp Ò15.90 Brine Shrimp Toxicity

In vitro/ In vivo Standard used Samples

m6.30.5 200 and 400 mg/kg Hot plate method

In vitro Atropine and without

atropine

Rabbit’s jejunum @8.86 mg/ml and 7.49 mg/ml

rings

bearing mouse

Pancreatic cell lines

cell lines

(spontaneous and potassium induced contraction)

0.8 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml (spontaneous and potassium induced contraction)

1.0 and 8.5 mg/ml Ca

Troponin-T (increased)

#102.3 mg/ml Trypan blue exclusion

#85.33 mg/ml #78.0 mg/ml

#60 mg/ml Trypan blue exclusion

Value of Detection Method References

(2018)

(2010)

- Ullah et al.

- Alam and Shah

method

þþ

channel blocking

method Standard methods Mangalanathan

Cytotoxicity Assay

Assay

method Trypan blue exclusion

method

(2013a)

(2013b)

(2019)

Gilani et al. (2010)

et al. (2017) Alam and Shah

(2019)

et al. (2019)

Ullah et al. (2011)

Ullah et al. (2013b)

Karmakar et al. (2015)

Mukhija et al. (2015)

Singh et al. (2015)

Leaves,

https://t.me/med1917

bark, and fruit

Fruits Chloroform and

Crude methanol and crude saponin

Aqueousmethanol

In vitro Actinomycin-D Breast cancer cell

lines

In vitro Etoposide Artimia salima UChloroform and aqueous-

MTT assay (#200 mg/ml)

NRU assay (#100 mg/ml)

methanol¼21.4 and 29.6 mg/ml

Crude methanol (MDA MB 468 cells) Zb¼99.76%

Crude saponins (MDA MB 468 cells) ¼ZfSa¼95%

Crude saponin (MDA MB 468 cells, MCF cells) ¼ZfSa-100%, ZbSa¼100% ZlSa¼100%

Saponin fraction (MDA MB 468 cells) ¼ZbSa¼95.25%

MTT and NRU method Alam et al. (2017)

Brine-Shrimp Microwell Cytotoxicity Assay

Alam and Saqib (2017)

Gastrointestinal disorders

Aerial parts (stem, leaves, and seeds)

Fruit, leaves, and bark

Aqueousmethanol extract

Ethanol In vivo Verapamil Rabbit Fruit ¼ 2.4 and 0.9 mg/ml

In vivo Verapamil Rabbit 2.4 and 0.6 mg/ml - Gilani et al.

- Alam and Shah

Leaves ¼ 1.2 and 3 Bark¼ 3.1 and 0.7 mg/ml (carbachol

(1mM) and high K þ (80 mM) precontractions

(2010)

(2019)

Hepatoprotective activity

Leaves Ethanol In vivo Silymarin Wistar albino rats @500 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Bark Ethanol In vivo Silymarin Male Wistar rats @400 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Leaves and fruits

Leaves Essential oil In vivo Diazepam Albio mice 50% Direct contact Ibrar et al. (2012)

Crude Ethanolic In vivo Saline Albino mice All survived Direct contact Ullah et al. (2011)

method

Verma and Khosa (2010)

Ranawat et al. (2010)

Continued

Table 16.4 Pharmacological properties of Zanthoxylum armatum.dcont’d

https://t.me/med1917

Plant parts

Bark Ethanol In vivo Silymarin Male Wistar rats @400 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Leaves Ethanol In vivo Silymarin Albino rats @2000 mg/kg (no mortality) Acute toxic classic

Leaves Ethanol In vivo Metformin Albio mice @5000 mg/kg Karber method Rynjah et al.

Fruit Aqueous In vivo Paracetamol Mice @100 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Leaves Methanol In vivo Imipramine Fasted Mice @100 and 200 mg/kg Direct contact Barua et al.

Rhizome Methanol In vivo Paracetamol Wistar albino rats @500 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Fruit, bark, and leaf

Seeds Hydroethanolic In vivo Imipramine Fasted Mice @100 and 200 mg/kg Direct contact Barua et al.

Fruits Hydroethanolic In vivo Paracetamol Female swiss

Insecticidal activity

Seeds Seed oil/vanillin In vivo DEET Aedes aegypti -þ100% Direct contact Kwon et al.

Leaf n-hexane In vitro - Plutella xylostella U2988.64ppm Direct contact Kumar et al.

Fruits Crude

Pericarp n-hexane In vitro - Pieris brassiacae -þ67.92% Standard soxhlet

Extracts used

Methanol In vivo Saline Balb mice @3g/kg (all survived) Acute toxic classic

Ethanolic, nhexane, chloroform and Aqueousmethanol

In vitro/ In vivo Standard used Samples

mice and Wistar rats

In vitro Coopex Rhyzopertha

dominica Callosobruchus analis

@2000 mg/kg Acute toxic classic

Crude ethanolic, n-hexane, and chloroform (90% mortality) Crude ethanolic and n-hexane (80 and 90% mortality)

Value of Detection Method References

method

Direct contact Alam and Saqib

extraction method

Ranawat and Patel (2013)

Oinam et al. (2017)

(2017) Sabir et al. (2017)

(2018) Talluri et al.

(2019) Alam and Shah

(2019)

(2019) Kour et al. (2019)

(2011)

(2015)

(2017)

Kaleeswaran et al. (2019)

Phytotoxic activity

https://t.me/med1917

Leaves and fruits

Fruits Crude

Crude Ethanolic and n- hexane

Ethanolic, nhexane, chloroform and Aqueousmethanol

In vitro Paracetamol Lemna minor L V 100% Lemna assay Ullah et al. (2011)

In vitro Paraquat Lemna minor L V90% Lemna assay Alam and Saqib

(2017)

Sedative-Hypnotic activity

Leaves Essential oil In vivo Bromazepam Mice @58  2.17 300 mg/kg Open ﬁeld method Muhammad

@No. of steps ¼8.95 2.76

Staircase method @No. of rearing¼ 4.76  2.89 (300 mg/kg)

@230  1.34 400 mg Forced swimming

method ∞58.06 2.92 (60 min) Muscle relaxation

method

*¼ Inhibition zone, þ¼ Percent inhibition of bacterial growth, -¼ not speciﬁed, **¼ percent inhibition of mycelial growth, #¼ IC

^¼ percent inhibition of a- glucosidase, $ ¼ percent inhibition of a- amylase, *** ¼ not speciﬁed, -þ¼mortality, £ ¼ Carrageenan-induced paw edema, © ¼ IB

, ¼percent protection, U ¼ LC50, Ò ¼ LD50, V ¼ percent growth inhibition, ∞ ¼ muscle relaxant activity.

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; CK-MB, creatinekinase-MB; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPH,

, þþ¼free radical scavenging activity, @¼ concentration, -¼RP50,

, m ¼ percentage response, ¼

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EAC, ehrlich ascites carcinoma; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; FFA, free fatty acids; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDA, MB- 468 and MCF-7- human breast cancer cells; MTT, methyl-thiazolyl tetrazolium; NRU, neutral red uptake essay; TC, total cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; Zb, Zanthoxylum bark; ZFH, n-hexane extract of fruits; Zfsa, saponin extract of fruits.

et al. (2013)

350 CHAPTER 16 Zanthoxylum armatum

https://t.me/med1917

gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Micrococcus luteus, S. faecalis, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Streptococcus viridans, E. coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Ciproﬂoxacin and gentamicin sulfate were used as the standard drug. Cipro-

ﬂoxacin and gentamicin sulfate were effective against all tested bacterial strains of S. faecalis, M. luteus, S. aureus, S. viridans, and E. coli (Negi et al., 2012; Ullah

et al., 2013b; Dhami et al., 2018, 2019; Singh et al., 2020).

The essential oil exhibited more potent antibacterial activity than methanol, the ethanol fraction, and the ethyl acetate fraction, whereas the hexane fraction was inactive against bacteria (Joshi and Gyawali, 2012). Another study suggested that the ethanol extract of Z. armatum leaf has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity compared with an aqueous extract. The extracts were tested by the well diffusion method against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia (Akbar et al., 2014). Based on the biological activities, it was concluded that the essential oil of Z. armatum was the best source for treating various animal, plant and human diseases and could also be greatly signiﬁcant in the food industry (Alam and Saqib, 2017; Dhami et al.,

2018, 2019). Z. armatum was used to treat infectious diseases such as dental prob-

lems, skin infection, diarrhea, dysentery, and urinary tract infection caused by the pathogens studied (Srivastava et al., 2013; Phuyal et al., 2020b).

16.7.2 Antifungal activity

The essential oil of leaves of Z. armatum was evaluated for antimycotic potential against various fungal strains such as Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Asper- gillus ﬂavus, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton longifusus (Ullah et al., 2013b ; Prakash et al., 2012; Mehmood et al., 2013; Prajapati et al.,

2015). A general pattern of dose dependency was observed (i.e., the effect became

more prominent with an increasing concentration of the tested samples). The best antifungal strains were observed against T. longifusus (90%) followed by M. canis (87%), which was inhibited by fruit n-hexane and aqueous-methanol extract (Alam and Saqib. 2017). Moreover, the leaf essential oil extract inhibited certain fungal strains such as M. canis (84%), C. albicans (83%), and C. glabrata (79%). Most of the results proved that all fungal strains were inhibi ted by the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Z. armatum (Ullah et al., 2013b). Fruit of Z. armatum was used as an aromatic tonic to treat fever, dyspepsia, and skin diseases and to expel roundworms (Medhi et al., 2013).

16.7.3 Antioxidant activity

The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the leaves was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assay. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. The antioxidant potential evaluated by three assays of different extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of the study suggested that Z. armatum exhibited remarkable scavenging effects on DPPH and showed maximum reducing ability as an

16.7 Medical signiﬁcance 351

https://t.me/med1917

antioxidant capacity and total antioxidant activity (Guleria et al. 2013; Mehmood

et al., 2013; Mukhija and Kalia, 2014; Kanwal et al. 2015; Kamakar et al., 2015; Mukhija et al., 2015; Joshi et al., 2016; Dhami et al., 2019). Various authors reported

that phenols, carotenoids, ﬂavonoids, and ascorbic acid present in the plants are mostly responsible for strong antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening of Z. armatum indicat ed the presence of various ﬂavonoids, ﬂavonol glycosides, alkaloids, lignans, phenolics, terpenoids, amino acids, and fatty acids (Batool et al.,

2010; Brijwal et al., 2012; Guleria et al. 2013; Mukhija and Kalia, 2014; Mukhija et al., 2015; Akbar et al., 2014).

In this study, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform extracts of the plant were evaluated for their free radical scavenging property using different in vitro models. In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by using DPPH, nitric oxide scavenging assay and ferric reducing power assay. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant have shown potent antioxidant potential (Mukhija et al., 2015; Mukhija and Kalia, 2014). Methanolic lea f extract and ascorbic acid exhibited highest superoxide radical scavenging, phosphomolybdate assay, reducing power and antioxidant capacity at the highest concentration (Alam et al.,

2019; Guleria et al., 2013; Kanwal et al., 2015; Karmakar et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2020; Phuyal et al., 2020a; Singh et al., 2020). The entire plant was used as

a good ﬂavouring agent and good source of phytotherapy as natural herbal antioxidants and highly acceptable in selected Indian food products (Joshi et al., 2016;

Phuyal et al., 2020a; Sabir et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2020). It was observed that

the methanolic extract of fruit exhibit maximum inhibitory activity and the lipoxygenase enzymes are also associated with the inﬂammatory conditions like asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis and allergic rhinitis (Alam et al., 2019).

16.7.4 Anthelmintic activity

Aqueous, petroleum ether, and methanol extracts of the seeds of Z. armatum were tested against Pheretima posthuma (earthworm). Piperazine citrate was taken as the standard. The extracts caused paralysis and death of the worms even at the low concentration of 10 mg/mL. The methanol extract was the most potent (Mehta

et al., 2012). The aqueous extract of seeds was tested against Haemonchus contortus

worms. Levamisole was taken as the standard. The extract showed complete (100%) mortality at a concentration of 100 mg/mL at an 8-h exposure (Singh et al., 2016).

16.7.5 Anticholinergic, antihistaminic, and antiserotonergic

The n-hexane extracts of Z. armatum seeds induced concentration-depend ent inhibition of isolated ileum of rat and guinea pig and fundus of rat. The n-hexane extracts of Z. armatum seeds (1000 mg/mL) were signiﬁcantly higher than the EC choline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine (Saikia et al., 2017). The essential oil of Z. armatum caused bronchorelaxation and demonstrated antiasthmatic properties; this was tested at two dose levels (200 and 400 mL/kg). Dexamethasone is an effective antiasthmatic agent used to treat asthma (Sharma et al., 2018).

activity

of acetyl-

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