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Файл:Английский язык для бакалавров сферы кораблестроения. Учебное пособие
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Ex. 9. Find English equivalents in the text:
проходить несколько стадий −
военно-морской архитектор −
судно строится на судоверфи −
суда заканчивают свой срок службы
многими способами −
после начального чернового
наброска − ______________________
проект более сложных судов − _____
длиться от нескольких месяцев − ___
иметь большое значение −
строительство начинается с корпуса −
когда судно получает официальное
название − _
основной ремонт выполняется в сухом
доке −
по мере старения судна − _
прочность корпуса подвержена
гниению −
искусственный риф −
отношения между судовладельцами и
проектировщиками −
судно спускается на воду −
спецификация −
создать проектную схему −
улучшать проект на каждой стадии −
_
включать планировку парусов −
корпусной материал и размеры
судна −
строить по шаблону −
водружение надстройки −
судно на плаву −
периоды снижения рабочего
состояния −
требовать постоянного
обслуживания −
осмос и гниль −
сесть на мель или затонуть в море −
Ex. 10. Fill in the gaps with the words given in the box:
the ship-owners, operators, designers and the .
basic_______of spaces and displacement.
describing the of the vessel.
launched, blueprints, ceremony, repair, sustained, peculiarities, stages,
1. A ship passes through several during its career.
2. The details of contract to build the ship are widely based on ____between
3. After the vessel is it goes into service.
4. A naval architect creates a project outline according to required and
5. The designer produces an overall and general
6. The construction are used at the building site.
shipyard, plan, lasts, mold, maintenance, biological growths,
relationships, construction, layout, specification, welded, painted,
dimensions, sandblasting, expectancy
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7. The period of ship construction to several years and
the______takes place in a shipyard.
8. The hull of fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a while
the steel hull of a cargo ship is made of a large units together.
9. The hull assembled and , it is launched.
10. Ship launching is often a of great significance.
11. Constant is needed during the whole ship career.
12. Performed operations in drydocks and pierside are suitable for_____and
conversion.
13. Repair and maintenance include removing on the hull,
_______ and repainting the hull.
14. Ships major damage can be repaired or converted.
15. A life of a ship can last between 20 and 100 years.
Ex. 11. Answer the questions to the text:
1. How many stages does a ship pass through its life?
2. What are these phases?
3. Where does a ship begin its life?
4. What moments does ship‘s design include?
5. How long does ship‘s construction last?
6. Need a ship be repaired during its life?
7. What is the average period of a ship‘s life?
Ex. 12. Read the first passage of the text once more and tell your groupmates about the functions of a naval designer.
Ex. 13. Enumerate the stages of a ship‟s construction. Use the information
from the 3d passage if necessary.
Ex. 14. Constant maintenance during a ship‟s career is a rather important
stage, isn‟t it? Prove it.
Ex. 15. Read passage 5 and say what forces influence ships as they age.
Ex. 16. Group 2-3 students and discuss stages of a ship‟s life.
Ex. 17. Make up a report on a ship‟s lifecycle.
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UNIT 14. SHIP POLLUTION
pollution – загрязнение
to accelerate – ускорять
to pose – предлагать, излагать,
принимать вид
threat – угроза
diversity – разнообразие
spill – пятно
devastating – разрушительный
crude – сырой
to contain – содержать
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon –
полицикличный ароматический
углерод
to expose – подвергать
to exhibit – выставлять
susceptibility – восприимчивость
disease – болезнь
reproductive cycle – цикл
воспроизведения
sheer – явный, абсолютный
stipulation – условие
stringent – строгий
pathogen – болезнетворный организм
toxin – токсин
alteration – изменение
disruption – разрушение
hormone – гормон
disorder – расстройство, беспорядок
cancer – рак
tumor – опухоль
exhaust emission – выхлопная эмиссия
nitrogen – азот
fossil fuel – ископаемое (окаменелое)
топливо
sulphur – сера
approach – подход
to report – представлять отчет,
составлять отчет
goal – цель
oversight – надзор
to impact – воздействовать
to track – прослеживать
consumption – потребление
harmful – вредный, губительный
problem globalization
traffic aromatic routine
transfer
immune atmosphere
accelerate ocean
port toxin
normal operation
organism genetic
ballast percent
nitrogen
pollution affect
climate tanker
fleet
Ex. 1. Active Vocabulary. Read and learn new words:
if necessary.
productive – reproductive;
Ex. 2. Work with international words. Guess the meaning:
Ex. 3. State the part of speech of the words. Translate them. Use a dictionary
Pollute – pollutant – pollution – antipollution;
glob – global – globalization – globalize – globosity – globular – globule;
manage – manageable – management – manager – manageress – managerial;
produce – producer – producible – product – production – productivity –
environ – environment – environmental – environmentalist;
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devastate – devastated – devastating – devastation;
1) to accelerate
2) disease
3) sheer
4) to include
5) to destroy
6) destruction
7) stipulation
8) contamination
9) alteration
a) collapse
b) to contain
c) change
d) illness
e) to wreck
f) pollution
g) evident
h) condition
i) to speed up
1) navigation
2) diversity
3) to expose
4) spill
5) harmful
6) raw
7) global
8) stringent
9) menace
a) world
b) strict
c) variety
d) crude
e) to subject
f) threat
g) spot
h) shipping
i) destructive
civil −
animate −
tolerant −
measured −
natural −
freezing −
to infect −
moral −
doubted −
sense −
harmony −
known −
health −
mobile −
legal −
ability −
balance −
perfect −
to charge −
interested −
qualified −
eatable −
stop −
to load −
to allow −
conductor −
literacy −
toxic −
date −
valid −
to claim −
location −
to mantle −
normal −
order −
to understand −
connected −
possible −
dimensional −
controllable −
pollution −
smoker −
to connect −
employment −
limited −
emit – emission – emissive;
consume – consumer – consumables – consumption.
Ex. 4. Find pairs of words with the same meaning:
Ex. 5 Form words with the opposite meaning from the given words with the
help of prefixes (see Appendix 5, Table 13):
Ex. 6. Read the text “SHIP POLLUTION”.
has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an
increasing threat to the world‘s oceans and waterways as globalization continues.
Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that
ab-, dis-, mis-, in-, im-, il-, non-, un
SHIP POLLUTION
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Because of increased traffic in ocean ports, pollution from ships also directly affects
coastal areas. The pollution produced affects biodiversity, climate, food, and human
health.
1. Oil spills
Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and
last for years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species constantly
exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and
abnormal reproductive cycles.
By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered
something of a threat to the environment. The International Tanker Owners Pollution
Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974. According to this study,
most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo,
and taking on fuel oil. Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull
failures, and explosions are much larger.
The United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which
included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be double-hulled by 2015.
The European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages, which require
all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010.
2. Ballast water
When a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads car- go,
seawater is pumped into compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the
ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments. One
of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms.
Ballast and bilge discharge from ships can also spread human pathogens and
other harmful diseases and toxins potentially causing health issues for humans and
marine life alike. Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine
pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, animals, and
microorganisms, causing alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of
hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders
resulting in cancer, tumors, and genetic abnormalities or even death.
3. Exhaust emissions
Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air
pollution. Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions
of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulphur from
petroleum uses into the atmosphere. In Europe ships make up a large percentage of
the sulphur introduced to the air, as much sulfur as all the cars, lorries and factories in
Europe put together. By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from
ships.
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4. Marine fuel management
ship pollution −
the world‘s oceans and waterways −
oil spills −
to clean up −
marine species − _
to exhibit developmental problems −
_
accidental spills −
discharging cargo −
double-hulled tankers −
to help stabilize and balance the ship −
human pathogens −
to cause alteration −
disruption of hormone cycles −
suppression of the immune system −
emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels −
marine fuel management −
multi-level approach −
increasing operational efficiency − the
rising costs −
governmental pressure − _
reducing fuel usage −
as trade has become globalized – ____
pollution affects coastal areas – _____
human health −
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon −
the sediment and marine environment −
susceptibility to disease −
abnormal reproductive cycle −
loading cargo −
taking on fuel oil − _
ballast water −
the transport of harmful organisms −
harmful diseases and toxins −
changes in growth −
birth defects −
exhaust emissions −
a significant source of air pollution −
emissions of sulphur from petroleum −
improving fleet management oversight −
to track and relate fuel consumption to
the work of the vessel −
Marine fuel management (MFM) is a multi-level approach to measuring,
monitoring, and reporting fuel usage on a boat or ship, with the goals of reducing fuel
usage, increasing operational efficiency, and improving fleet management oversight.
MFM has grown in importance due to the rising costs of marine fuel and increased
governmental pressures to reduce the pollution generated by the world‘s fleet.
Effective MFM requires that you know: how much fuel is used? how the fuel
was used? what things impact fuel usage? and by how much?
MFM allows a fleet owner to track actual fuel consumption and relate fuel
consumption to the work performed by the vessel. It supports the analysis of the
effectiveness of operating strategies and helps develop a clearer understanding of
how well a vessel uses its fuel.
Ex. 7. Translate from English into Russian:
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Ex. 8. Render into English:
загрязнение от судоходства −
рост проблемы − _
увеличение движения в портах −
влиять на биологическое
разнообразие −
оставаться на многие годы −
восприимчивость к болезням −
неправильный репродуктивный цикл −
владелец танкера −
исследовать случаи разлива нефти −
столкновение −
взрыв −
соглашение −
балластные воды −
откачивать морскую воду −
способствовать равновесию и
балансировке корабля −
балластная и льяльная разгрузка −
вызывать проблемы со здоровьем −
приводить к заболеваниям рака и
различным опухолям −
управление морским топливом −
цель снижения потребления топлива −
повышать затраты −
отслеживать потребление топлива −
загрязнение воздуха и воды −
представлять растущую угрозу
мировому океану −
нефтяные пятна − _
разрушительный эффект на
окружающую среду −
проблемы развития −
по явному количеству − _
перевозимая нефть −
международная федерация владельцев
танкеров по вопросам загрязнения −
посадка на мель −
повреждение корпуса судна −
танкер с двойным корпусом −
пакеты документов по вопросам
строжайшей защиты окружающей
среды −
перевозка вредных организмов −
распространение человеческих
болезнетворных организмов −
сброс в прибрежные воды −
источники загрязнения −
выхлопная эмиссия −
выброс серы в воздух −
многоуровневый подход −
использование топлива −
улучшать надзор за потреблением
топлива −
увеличить правительственное
давление −
disease, double-hulled, harmful organism, disruption of hormone cycle, marine fuel
management.
Ex. 9. Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:
biodiversity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pollution, susceptibility to
97
Ex. 10. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary (see Appendix 5,
Table А5.2):
because of, into, with, of, on, by, to, in, from
1. Ship pollution is the pollution ___ air and water ___ shipping.
2. Pollution _____ ships directly affects ___ coastal areas ___ increased traffic
___ ports.
3. Oil spills effect ___ the environment.
4. Marine species exposed ___ PAHs can exhibit developmental problems.
5. Modern oil tankers must be considered something ___ a threat ___ the
environment ___ the sheer amount ___ oil carried.
6. ___ 2015 all tankers must be double-hulled.
7. ___ stabilize and balance the ship seawater is to be pumped ___
compartments ___ the hull.
8. The transport harmful organisms is one the problems
ballast water transfer.
9. Ballast and bilge waters ships can spread human pathogens and
other harmful diseases.
10. Exhaust emissions ships is a significant source air pollution.
Ex. 11. Make up a plan to the text.
Ex. 12. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is ship pollution?
2. What does pollution affect?
3. What effects on the environment do oil spills have? Give examples.
4. What stipulations are necessary for oil tankers?
5. Ballast and bilge waters are potentially causing human health prob- lems and
adversely affecting sea animals, aren‘t they?
6. What do exhaust emissions result in?
7. What is the average percent of air pollution coming from ships?
8. What is the major goal of MFM?
9. What does effective MFM require?
10. What does MFM allow a fleet owner?
11. What analysis does MFM support?
Ex. 13. Write down key words and word-combinations from the text according to the plan.
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Ex. 14. Write a summary of the text. Use the key word-combinations. Ex. 15.
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Good afternoon. I am an inspector of Marine Pollution Control
Department1. The point is that we have found a big oil spill on the
water surface not far from your ship.
I‘m afraid, you‘re mistaken, Inspector. Out ship has got all the
necessary facilities to prevent any pollution.
It‘s all very good. Perhaps I‘m wrong, but I‘m on duty to check all
the possible sources of pollution. D‘you keep an Oil Record
Book2?
Yes, certainly. Here you are.
Oh, yes, according to your entries3 you have had no spillage for a
long time.
By the way, I can show you our International Oil Pollution
Prevention Certificate. And you can make a tour of the ship to
make sure that there are no traces of oil spill or oil leakage.
Have you taken oil samples from that area?
Yes, we have.
Then I‘ll ask you to take samples of oil from our tanks and the
analysis will show you if those samples are identical or not.
Thank you for your assistance, Sir.
Read the dialogue.
Notes to the dialogue:
1) Marine Pollution Control Department – отдел по защите морской среды;
2) to keep an Oil Record Book – вести журнал нефтяных операций;
3) entry – запись.
загрязнений.
места разлива.
Ex. 16. Answer the questions to the dialogue:
1. Why has the Inspector come on board the ship?
2. How can the ship prove that she is not to blame for the oil spill?
Ex. 17. Find the following sentences in the dialogue from Exercise 15:
1. Вы не правы.
2. У нас есть все необходимое оборудование для предотвращения любых
3. Посмотрите наш журнал нефтяных операций.
4. Пройдите по нашему судну.
5. Убедитесь, что нет никаких следов разлива и утечки топлива.
6. Возьмите образцы топлива из наших танков.
7. Сравните образцы топлива из наших танков с образцами топлива с
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Ex. 18. Read the dialogue.
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Chief Engineer:
Inspector:
Good morning, will you take a seat, please.
Good morning. It‘s the second time that I have the pleasure of
seeing you.
I have invited you to inspect our vessel as they may lay charges
2
to our ship for our having allegedly3 spilled fuel oil. Yesterday
the cast inspector came on board our ship and carried out an
investigation4.
How did they explain the purpose of their investigation?
They suspected that our ship had poured out oil into the water.
The spill was noticed from the coast guard helicopter.
Did they take samples of oil from the ship‘s tank?
Yes, they did. They hinted5 that the coast guards were checking 5
or 6 ships in this very area.
What do the pilots report?
They report that they have seen traces of oil on the ladder.
Is it really oil?
No, it isn‘t oil. There are remains6 of an old cargo of sugar left
from the last voyage. When they are raw they remind of
molasses7.
I must have scrapings of this substance. They will be analyzed in
my office. Well, may I see the vessel‘s Oil and Ballast Pumping
Record Book?
Here you are. As you can see 6 days before the incident 2 vessel‘s
sump8 tanks were washed and filled with sea water. Then the
water contaminated with heavy oil fuel was passed through the
separator in the engine room.
It seems to me the analysis made by the Port Authorities has not
proved your fault9.
So far they abstain from arresting our vessel.
That‘s a good sign. I think the Authorities are awaiting the results
of the laboratory tests before deciding whether to lay charges. So,
let‘s hope for the best.
1) to suspect – подозревать;
2) to lay charge – предъявлять обвинение;
3) allegedly – якобы;
4) to carry out an investigation – проводить
расследование;
5) to hint – намекать;
6) remains – остатки;
7) molasses – черная патока;
8) sump – маслосборник;
9) to prove the fault – доказать вину.
Ship Suspected1 of Oil Pollution
Notes to the dialogue:
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