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Файл:Corporate Social Responsibility. Monograph
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The highest value of the Jaccard’s coefficient is equal to 0.258
Jaccard which suggests the presence of a stable relation between the codes
“exchange of ideas” and “business projects”.
Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers – owners is presented
in Fig. 8.
Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers completely coincides
with the identified general model.
Proximity of co-occurring codes for a group of chief executive
officers – hired managers is presented in Table 12.
The highest value of the Jaccard’s coefficient is equal to 0.232
prompting suggests that there is a stable relation between the codes “wages”
and “incentives for innovation”.
As we can see, there is a change in the discourse direction, if
network cooperation is more important for chief executive officers –
owners (proximity of the codes “exchange of ideas” and “business
projects”), then chief executive officers – hired managers emphasize the
components of the innovative human capital (proximity of codes “wages”
and “incentives for innovation”).Code clustering model of qualitative
content analysis according to Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive
officers – hired managers takes a slightly different form (fig.9).
Clustering model as a whole has remained the same, the change
occurred only in the degree of proximity within the codes of the second
cluster.
The relation of the code “professional experience, skills” appeared
closer to the code “knowledge” than to the code “development”. The reason
for this is the principle of code grouping into clusters to a large extend,
when the basis is the proximity of the codes on the relative value of the
Jaccard’s coefficient. Thus, Jaccard’s coefficient between the codes
“professional experience, skills” and “development” is equal to 0.198, and
between the codes “professional experience, skills” and “knowledge” is
equal to 0.122.
Code intersection of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers is presented in
Table13.
The highest value of the Jaccard’s coefficient is equal to 0.356
prompting suggests that there is a stable relation between the codes
“exchange of ideas” and “business projects”.
81
However, the clustering model takes a very different form to a large
Core
Code
Number
of codes
% of
codes
Numbe
r of
texts
% of
texts
Innovative
human capital
Incentives for
innovation
131
11,94
27
30
Wages
193
17,59
51
56,7
Knowledge
46
4,19
26
28,9
Investment
nature of
labour
Education
34
3,10
16
17,8
Development
124
11,30
39
43,3
Professional
experience
256
23,34
60
66,7
Network
nature of the
labour
Exchange of
ideas –
innovative
environment
200
18,23
44
48,9
Business
projects
113
10,30
37
41,1
extend due to the fact that the highest value of the Jaccard’s coefficient
exceeds in many times all its other values (Figure 10).
The obtained model coincides completely to the original model
designed by us for qualitative content analysis. The original prerequisite for
singling codes of qualitative content analysis out was the presence of three
cores: “innovative human capital”, “investment nature of cognitive labour”,
“network nature of cognitive labour”. This model has been confirmed firmy
in the expert discourse of non-chief executive officers.
Summarizing the analysis of the code similarity in the discourse of
the various expert groups we can talk about the proximity of the position of
chief executive officers-owners and chief executive officers-hired
managers. Position of non-chief executive officers coincided with the
research model indicated by us. The explanation for this can be the style of
the texts of expert groups: if the description of the situation aimed at
identifying of the real conditions of business functioning is more common
for chief executive officers, then comparing the situation with some ideal
model, revealing not only the current situation but also determination of due
situation is more common for non- chief executive officers.
Table 8
Code statistics for the qualitative content analysis. Dictionary
analysis of the organization leaders’ texts.
82
Fig. 6. Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis based
Core
Code
Number of
codes
% of codes
Number of
texts
% of texts
Number of
words
% of words
Innovativ
e human
capital
Incentive
s for
innovatio
n
131
14,7 3 100
2171
2,9
Wages
113
12,7 3 100
3389
3,5
Knowled
ge
46
5,2 3 100
686
0,7
Investme
nt nature
of labour
Education 34
3,8 3 100
520
0,5
Develop
ment
124
13,9 3 100
2033
2,1
Professio
nal
experienc
e
211
23,7 3 100
1692
1,7
Network
nature of
the
labour
Exchang
e of ideas
–
innovativ
e
environm
ent
123
13,8 3 100
3480
3,6
Business
projects
108
12,1 3 100
2330
2,4
on Jaccard’s coefficient for the texts of organization leaders.
Table 9
Code statistics for the qualitative content analysis of the formal
texts of expert statements based on the singling out of three expert groups.
83
Table 10
business projects
development
education
exchange of ideas
incentives for
innovation
knowledge
professional
experience
wages
business
projects
1
development
0,061
1
education
0,015
0,058
1
exchange of
ideas
0,266
0,084
0,037
1
incentives for
innovation
0,138
0,052
0,012
0,187
1
knowledge
0,071
0,073
0,061
0,033
0,03
1
professional
experience
0,073
0,2
0,081
0,07
0,083
0,103 1
wages
0,021
0,053
0,048
0,054
0,183
0,063
0,15
1
Code intersection of qualitative content analysis according to the
Jaccard’s coefficient of the texts of expert statements based on the singling
out of three expert groups.
Fig. 7. Clustering code model of qualitative content analysis based
on Jaccard’s coefficient for texts of the three expert groups.
84
Table 11
business projects
development
education
exchange of ideas
incentives for
innovation
knowledge
professional
experience
wages
business
projects
1
development
0,077
1
education
0
0,03
1
exchange of
ideas
0,258
0,065
0,015
1
incentives
for
innovation
0,094
0,09
0
0,161
1
knowledge
0,045
0,088
0,033
0,089
0,014
1
professional
experience
0,066
0,182
0,12
0,103
0,082
0,097
1
wages
0,012
0,031
0,029
0,087
0,134
0,05
0,148
1
Code intersection of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers – owners.
according to Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers – owners.
Fig. 8. Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis
85
Code intersection of qualitative content analysis according to
business projects
development
education
exchange of ideas
incentives for
innovation
knowledge
professional
experience
wages
business
projects
1
development
0,078
1
education
0,026
0,022
1
exchange of
ideas
0,159
0,116
0,038
1
incentives
for
innovation
0,2
0,038
0,022
0,176
1
knowledge
0,101
0,081
0,095
0,016
0,021
1
professional
experience
0,11
0,198
0,066
0,05
0,052
0,122
1
wages
0,04
0,038
0,016
0,053
0,232
0,029
0,139
1
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers – hired managers.
Table 12
Fig.9. Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the chief executive officers – hired managers.
86
Code intersection of qualitative content analysis according to
business projects
development
education
exchange of
ideas
incentives for
innovation
knowledge
professional
experience
wages
business
projects
1
development
0,02 1
education
0,0
14
0,1
82
1 exchange of
ideas
0,3
56
0,0
63
0,05 1
incentives
for innovation
0,1
07
0,0
39
0,0
13
0,2
15
1
knowledge
0,05 0,0
37
0,0
38
0,0
11
0,0
62
1
professional
experience
0,0
38
0,2
29
0,0
53
0,0
56
0,1
27
0,0
83
1
wages
0,01 0,1
11
0,1
09
0,0
32
0,1
84
0,13 0,1
68
1
Jaccard’s coefficient for the non-chief executive officers.
Table 13
Fig.10. Code clustering model of qualitative content analysis according to
Jaccard’s coefficient for the non-chief executive officers.
87
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (AN EXAMPLE
OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS IN RUSSIA)
At the present time the problem of social responsibility is very
actual. Russian entrepreneurship is interested most of all in the theme of
corporate social responsibility. The number of organizations, having
declared its aim as realization of ethnic principals in the practice of business
relations, increases. If before enterprises declared that affair of business is
the business, but today the more long-sighted entrepreneurs perceive that
reputation and financial operating results of their firms depends on directly
whether their business activities are the worthful part of civil society.
Russian entrepreneurs change over gradually from system less
charity to more complex corporate programs of social responsibility, to
strategic forms of interaction with society and the state.
The use of principles of social responsibility of business in strategic
plans of enterprises development strengthens their adaptability on the
market and the quality of the management system, promotes to
legitimization of the activity of business structures in the eyes of society,
enhances reputation and the image of an enterprise, elevates its investment
attractiveness, acts as a condition of economical efficiency in a long- term
perspective [2].
The CSR development in Russia proceeds in accordance with world
trends, however, the CSR is mainly based on the large business, including
the sector of small and medium business incompletely, which is not limited
only by the charity of local scale, but presents it as the main form of its
social responsibility. It is explained by the growth of capitalization of the
most Russian companies.
Today the theme of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the
sphere of entrepreneurship is one of the most hot-button issues in the
business world. It is connected with that the role of entrepreneurship has
been increased noticeably in the society development, requirements to the
openness in the business sphere were increased. Many enterprises have
been fully aware that it is not impossible to run a business, functioning in
isolate space. That’s why integration of the principle of corporate social
responsibility in the strategy of entrepreneurial development is becoming
the distinctive feature of leading companies[3].
Contemporary world exists in the critical conditions of social
problems and in that regard the social responsibility is the most important in
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the sphere of small and medium business of enterprises and organizations,
connected with working out, production, products and services supply,
trade and finance, because they possess by the main financial and physical
resources, which allow to engage in activities for decision of social
problems, facing the world. Understanding by business leaders their key
value and the major part in such work brought to the birth of the definition
“corporate social responsibility” in the late XX century, which has become
an essential part of the concept of sustainable development is not only for
business, but also for humanity as a whole.
So, corporate social responsibility in the business environment is
not simple a tribute to fashion, but the important vital necessity. Social
innovations, implemented in the framework of the CSR strategies don’t
allow to enterprises to demonstrate their civic position but they also become
the important marketing instrument, giving the opportunity to distinguish,
to develop new products and directions, to create an emotional bond
between a brand and a consumer, promoting to the growth of loyalty by this
way [3].
Writings of foreign scientists are devoted to the problem of social
responsible entrepreneurship among them works of R. Barreta [4], E.
Karnegi [5], G. Gantta [6] are distinguished most of all; the theme of
corporate social responsibility is considered in issues, devoted to the
problem of social management and development of human resources (D.
Dunkan, P.Draker, E. Kastels and others).
Questions of theory and practice of social development and social
responsibility of Russian enterprises, problems of corporate ethic and
corporate management were researched in works of native scientists to: L.I.
Abalkin[7] , N.A. Volgin [8,9], A.L. Zhukov, V. Inozemtsev [11], E. Utkin
[12,13], D. F. Shavishvilli [14] and others. Works of these scientists
introduce the value with positions of theoretical and methodological
backgrounds of the problem.
Questions of theory and practice of social development and social
responsibility of Russian enterprises, problems of corporate ethic and
corporate management were researched in works of native scientists to: L.I.
Abalkin[7] , N.A. Volgin [8,9], A.L. Zhukov, V. Inozemtsev [11], E. Utkin
[12,13], D. F. Shavishvilli [14] and others. Works of these scientists present
the value with positions of theoretical and methodological backgrounds of
the investigated problem.
Let’s determine the minimum set of instruments which will allow to
refer the economical subject to the social responsible category. For this
89
reason we turn to the standard ISO 26000: 2010 “The guidance about social
responsibility of an enterprise in Russia” [15]. This document contains the
main aspects, which allows to judge about social responsibility of an
enterprise in Russia.
Using good practices by an enterprise at all 5 above noted aspects
will give the opportunity to refer it to the social responsible category.
Legislations of developed countries have the obligatory rules, which are
aimed to protect members of a society at some minimal level from potential
damage, which can be caused by the activity of economical agents. For a
example, this potential damage can refers to discrepancies of the minimum
level of incomes of workers to the legislatively established level,
exceedance of statutory limits of industrial waste and environment pollution
without material consideration of such overrun, harming to a consumer of
goods and services in the result of discrepancy of properties of the final
product in accordance with declared. In other word, there is some level,
which is determined by the current economical situation in the country, by
the scientific computation, by demands of labour union organizations and
various non-commercial associations. The discrepancy to this level will
lead to sanctions in reference to an economical subject.
It is meant that “positive practices” are not only the correspondence
by established conditions by the legislation but and permanent and
independent increase of demands to the qualitative level of its business.
The social responsibility concept changes essentially the image
about the role of entrepreneurship in the modern society. Business activity
is considered now both as not only the main catalyst of economical
development but as well the institute, taking the active part in supporting of
social stability in the society [16].
We consider the social responsibility as the necessity to answer for
contravention of social norms in the broadest sense of the word. The
definition “corporate social responsibility” didn’t get the clear
representation in literature. As a rule, mutually advantageous cooperation
between business and a society in the process of which business undertakes
determinate obligations is called by this definition.
The mission of social responsible organization is the officially
formulated position of an organization in regard of its social politics.
Priorities of social politics of an organization are the main directions of
realization of the social programs of an organization fixed in the
documentary form. Social programs is the voluntary realizing activity of a
company on environment protection, personnel development, creation of
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